United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 14-3387
                        ___________________________

                             Angel Miranda-Romero

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                           v.

               Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General of United States

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: June 9, 2015
                              Filed: August 12, 2015
                                  ____________

Before GRUENDER, MELLOY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) determined that Angel Miranda-
Romero, a Mexican citizen, was ineligible for cancellation of removal because he had
committed a crime involving moral turpitude punishable by one or more years of
imprisonment. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229b(b)(1)(C), 1227(a)(2). Angel-Romero petitions
our court for review, and we deny the petition.
       Miranda-Romero was arrested in Kansas City, Missouri for multiple traffic
offenses. Law-enforcement officials identified Miranda-Romero as a citizen of
Mexico who had not been admitted or paroled for entry into the United States. As a
result, Miranda-Romero faced removal proceedings. After conceding that he was
removable, Miranda-Romero requested cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b. The immigration judge found that Miranda-Romero was not eligible for
cancellation because he had been convicted in 1993 of violating California Penal Code
§ 472, a statute that criminalizes forgery and related conduct. On review, the BIA
determined that § 472 is categorically a crime involving moral turpitude that carries
a potential sentence of one year or more in prison. Accordingly, the BIA held that
Miranda-Romero was ineligible for cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1229b(b)(1)(C), 1227(a)(2); Avendano v. Holder, 

, 734 (8th Cir.
2014) (“The Immigration and Nationality Act provides that an alien who is convicted
of a crime involving moral turpitude is ineligible for cancellation of removal, where
the offense is punishable by a sentence of one year or longer.”). Miranda-Romero
does not dispute that his conviction was punishable by one year or more in prison but
argues that his prior offense does not constitute a crime involving moral turpitude.

       “Although we lack jurisdiction to review the ultimately discretionary denial of
cancellation of removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), we are not precluded from
considering ‘constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for
review,’ § 1252(a)(2)(D).” Sanchez-Velasco v. Holder, 

, 735 (8th Cir.
2010). We review these questions de novo, “according substantial deference to the
agency’s interpretation of immigration statutes and regulations.” 

“crime involving moral turpitude” is not defined by statute and thus “the meaning of
the phrase was left ‘to future administrative and judicial interpretation.’” 

(quoting Franklin v. INS, 

, 572 (8th Cir. 1995)). We have
approved the BIA’s “‘longstanding general definition’ of a crime involving moral
turpitude, which include[s] ‘acts accompanied by a vicious motive or a corrupt
mind.’” 

v. Ashcroft, 

, 814 (8th Cir. 2004)).

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“[C]rimes that have a specific intent to defraud as an element have always been found
to involve moral turpitude.” In re Kochlani, 24 I. & N. Dec. 128, 130-31 (BIA 2007);
see Bobadilla v. Holder, 

, 1057 (8th Cir. 2012) (explaining that offenses
that require fraud as an element are categorically crimes involving moral turpitude).



       Miranda-Romero argues that § 472 criminalizes both acts requiring a specific
intent to defraud and acts without this mens rea. See 

(explaining that our first step in the crime-involving-moral-turpitude analysis is to
apply the “categorical approach” and determine whether an offense is inherently a
crime involving moral turpitude). In Miranda-Romero’s view, the BIA erred in
determining that the statute categorically includes only crimes involving moral
turpitude. Thus, the sole issue in this appeal is whether Miranda-Romero’s 1993
conviction under § 472 necessarily required a specific intent to defraud and therefore
is categorically a crime involving moral turpitude.

      Section 472 provides:

      Every person who, with intent to defraud another, forges, or counterfeits
      the seal of this State, the seal of any public officer authorized by law, the
      seal of any Court of record, or the seal of any corporation, or any other
      public seal authorized or recognized by the laws of this State, or of any
      other State, Government, or country, or who falsely makes, forges, or
      counterfeits any impression purporting to be an impression of any such
      seal, or who has in his possession any such counterfeited seal or
      impression thereof, knowing it to be counterfeited, and willfully conceals
      the same, is guilty of forgery.

Miranda-Romero argues that the phrase “with intent to defraud another” refers only
to the conduct of forging or counterfeiting various government or corporate seals or
a court record. Thus, according to Miranda-Romero, the criminal conduct of one
“who falsely makes, forges, or counterfeits any impression purporting to be an

                                          -3-
impression of any such seal” or one “who has in his possession any such counterfeited
seal or impression thereof, knowing it to be counterfeited, and willfully conceals the
same” does not require a specific intent to defraud for a conviction under § 472.

        Section 472 was enacted in 1872 and its language has never been revised.
California courts have interpreted § 472 as categorically requiring an intent to defraud.
 See Villatoro v. Holder, 

, 878 (8th Cir. 2014) (looking to Iowa case law
to help determine whether an Iowa statute was categorically a crime involving moral
turpitude). As early as 1901, the California Supreme Court explained that “[s]ections
470, 471, and 472 provide that every person who, with intent to defraud another, does
certain acts therein enumerated is guilty of forgery.” People v. Terrill, 

, 305
(Cal. 1901). More recently, a California appellate court interpreted § 472 when
reviewing a defendant’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge. People v. Castellanos,

, 546-47 (Cal. App. 4th 2003). In its analysis, the court explained
that a specific intent to defraud was a required element for a conviction of possessing
a forged or counterfeit document under § 472. 

relies only on his parsing of the statute’s text and
does not cite any relevant California authority that supports his interpretation. In light
of the California courts’ longstanding interpretation of this statute, we hold that a
conviction under § 472 always includes the element of a specific intent to defraud and
is thus categorically a crime involving moral turpitude. See In re Kochlani, 24 I. &
N. Dec. at 130-31. We deny Miranda-Romero’s petition.
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