OPINION OF THE COURT

PERADOTTO, J.

The primary question presented by this appeal is whether a prevailing plaintiff in a sex discrimination action against the State may recover attorneys' fees and expenses pursuant to the New York State Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA) (CPLR art 86). We agree with plaintiff and her former attorney, appellant Emmelyn Logan-Baldwin, that they are entitled to seek attorneys' fees and expenses under the plain language of the EAJA.

Facts and Procedural History

Plaintiff, a former State Trooper, commenced this action in 1995 alleging that she was subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex and to acts of sexual harassment and retaliation; she also alleged that she was exposed to a hostile work environment for approximately 15 years. Plaintiff asserted violations of, inter alia, the Human Rights Law (Executive Law art 15) and sought compensatory damages, declaratory and injunctive relief, and reinstatement as a State Trooper. Plaintiff was awarded damages upon a jury verdict in her favor, and this Court affirmed that judgment on a prior appeal (Kimmel v State of New York, 49 A.D.3d 1210 [2008], lv dismissed 11 N.Y.3d 729 [2008]). Thereafter, plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin each moved for, inter alia, an award of attorneys' fees and expenses pursuant to the EAJA. In opposition to the motions, defendants contended, inter alia, that the EAJA does not apply to this action and that the fees sought by plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin were unreasonable.

Logan-Baldwin's attorney issued a subpoena duces tecum directing the attorneys for defendants, Jaeckle, Fleischmann & Mugel, LLP (JFM), to produce

Plaintiff's attorney likewise issued a subpoena duces tecum directing JFM to produce

Defendants moved to quash the subpoenas pursuant to CPLR 2304 contending, inter alia, that their fee records were irrelevant to the court's determination of the reasonableness of the legal fees incurred by plaintiff.

Plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin appeal from the order denying their respective motions for, inter alia, attorneys' fees and expenses pursuant to the EAJA. Supreme Court concluded that "the EAJA does not apply to a situation where a plaintiff has recovered compensatory damages for tortious acts of the State and its employees." The court also in effect granted defendants' motions to quash the subpoenas. We conclude that the order should be reversed insofar as appealed from inasmuch as the court erred in determining that the EAJA is inapplicable to this action and in granting in their entirety defendants' motions to quash the subpoenas.

The Motions of Plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin

New York enacted the EAJA in 1989 in order "to create a mechanism authorizing the recovery of counsel fees and other reasonable expenses in certain actions against the state of New York" (CPLR 8600). The purpose of the EAJA is "to assist economically disadvantaged litigants in obtaining legal assistance in the prosecution of actions seeking to obtain redress from wrongful actions of the state" (Matter of Scott v Coleman, 20 A.D.3d 631, 631 [2005], lv dismissed 5 N.Y.3d 880 [2005]). To that end, the EAJA provides that eligible parties who prevail in a civil action against the State are entitled to legal fees and other expenses incurred in the prosecution of that action (see CPLR 8601 [b]). Eligible parties include those individuals "whose net worth, not including the value of a homestead used and occupied as a principal residence, did not exceed [$50,000] at the time the civil action was filed" (CPLR 8602 [d] [i]).

1. The Plain Meaning of the EAJA

In determining the applicability of the EAJA to this action, it is axiomatic that we must "turn first to the plain language of the statute[ ] as the best evidence of legislative intent" (Matter of Malta Town Ctr. I, Ltd. v Town of Malta Bd. of Assessment Review, 3 N.Y.3d 563, 568 [2004]; see Majewski v Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 N.Y.2d 577, 583 [1998]). CPLR 8601 (a) states that

The EAJA defines "`[a]ction'" as "any civil action or proceeding brought to seek judicial review of an action of the state as defined in subdivision (g) of [CPLR 8602], including an appellate proceeding, but does not include an action brought in the court of claims" (CPLR 8602 [a]). CPLR 8602 (g) defines "`[s]tate'" as "the state or any of its agencies or any of its officials acting in his or her official capacity."

We conclude that, under a plain reading of the statute, the EAJA applies to this action. The EAJA unambiguously applies to "any civil action brought against the state" (CPLR 8601 [a] [emphasis added]; see Matter of Greer v Wing, 95 N.Y.2d 676, 680 [2001]), "except as otherwise specifically provided by statute" (CPLR 8601 [a]). As defendants acknowledge, the Human Rights Law does not specifically provide for counsel fees (see Executive Law art 15) and, accordingly, this action does not fall within that statutory exception (cf. Matter of Beechwood Restorative Care Ctr. v Signor, 5 N.Y.3d 435, 443 [2005]). The only other statutory exception is for "action[s] brought in the court of claims" (CPLR 8602 [a]). The instant action was commenced in Supreme Court pursuant to Executive Law § 297 (9) and thus does not fall within that exception.

Contrary to the contention of defendants and the conclusion of the court, there is nothing in the text of the EAJA that limits recovery of attorneys' fees to CPLR article 78 proceedings or to declaratory judgment actions. Indeed, if the Legislature had intended the EAJA to apply exclusively to those types of proceedings, then the language excluding actions commenced in the Court of Claims would be unnecessary inasmuch as such proceedings do not generally fall within that court's limited jurisdiction (see Court of Claims Act § 9; Matter of Capruso v New York State Police, 300 A.D.2d 27, 28 [2002] [the State is "not a `body or officer' against whom a CPLR article 78 proceeding may be brought"]; Ferrick v State of New York, 198 A.D.2d 822, 823 [1993] [same]; Wikarski v State of New York, 91 A.D.2d 1174 [Court of Claims generally does not have authority to render a declaratory judgment]). It is well established that "legislation is to be interpreted so as to give effect to every provision[, and a] construction that would render a provision superfluous is to be avoided" (Majewski, 91 NY2d at 587).

Moreover, the EAJA was modeled on its federal counterpart that, notably, is not limited to proceedings brought to review administrative determinations. Rather, the federal Equal Access to Justice Act provides that,

We agree with plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin that the court improperly characterized this action as a "tort action." "A discrimination claim under the Human Rights Law is an action created by statute, which did not exist at common law, and therefore cannot give rise to tort liability" (Monsanto v Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 141 A.D.2d 514, 515 [1988]; see also Mills v County of Monroe, 89 A.D.2d 776 [1982], affd 59 N.Y.2d 307 [1983], cert denied 464 U.S. 1018 [1983]; Polvino v Island Group Admin., 264 A.D.2d 720 [1999]). In any event, "tort actions" are not specifically excluded from the scope of the EAJA (see CPLR 8602 [a]; see generally Matter of Alfonso v Fernandez, 167 Misc.2d 793, 798 [1995] [CPLR 8601 "applies to actions in any civil litigation ... includ(ing) actions brought to enforce one's civil rights, or to remedy a violation thereof, against the State"]).

Generally, where the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, a court must give effect to its plain meaning (see Matter of M.B., 6 N.Y.3d 437, 447 [2006]; see also Matter of Polan v State of N.Y. Ins. Dept., 3 N.Y.3d 54, 58 [2004] [A "statute's plain language is dispositive"]; Riley v County of Broome, 95 N.Y.2d 455, 463 [2000] ["As a general rule, unambiguous language of a statute is alone determinative"]). As explained by this Court:

Of course, a court may look beyond the text of a statute where the plain language would lead to absurd, futile or unreasonable results (see New York State Bankers Assn. v Albright, 38 N.Y.2d 430, 436-437, mot to amend remittitur granted 39 N.Y.2d 744 [1976]). That principle, however, is "to be adopted with extreme caution and only where the plain intent and purpose of a statute would otherwise be defeated" (Bright Homes v Wright, 8 N.Y.2d 157, 161-162 [1960]). If the language employed has "a definite meaning, which involves no absurdity or contradiction, there is no room for construction and courts have no right to add to or take away from that meaning" (Tompkins v Hunter, 149 N.Y. 117, 123 [1896] [emphasis added]).

We conclude that the phrase "any civil action" contained in the EAJA means just that—any civil action, including this action seeking relief pursuant to the Human Rights Law. Defendants urge us to limit the scope of the EAJA based upon its legislative history. This we decline to do. Because attorneys' fees are available to plaintiff under the plain language of the EAJA, there is no need to resort to legislative history to discern the intent of the Legislature (see Matter of Amorosi v South Colonie Ind. Cent. School Dist., 9 N.Y.3d 367, 372-373 [2007]; Sega v State of New York, 60 N.Y.2d 183, 191 [1983], rearg denied 61 N.Y.2d 670 [1983] ["While legislative intent is the great and controlling principle ..., it should not be confused with legislative history, as the two are not coextensive. Inasmuch as the legislative intent is apparent from the language of (the statute), there is no occasion to consider the import, if any, of the legislative memorandum" (citation omitted)]).

2. The Legislative History of the EAJA

Even if we were to consider the legislative history of the EAJA, we would reach the same result. Although defendants rely heavily on the 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1986 drafts of the bill, the text of the EAJA that was enacted into law in 1989 bears little resemblance to those prior versions. Notably, the earlier versions of the bill, which were vetoed by two Governors, were intended to amend the State Administrative Procedure Act rather than the CPLR. The 1982 bill explicitly excluded state employees from its purview and was limited to cases involving "judicial review of an agency action"—defined as "an action by a state agency [that] compels a regulated entity to act, enjoins a regulated entity from acting[ ] or fines a regulated entity" (1982 NY Assembly Bill A11940-A). According to one of its sponsors, the bill was designed to "cut red-tape and ... relieve the regulatory burden on New York State small businesses" (Letter from Assemblyman Schimminger to Governor Carey, at 2, 1982 NY Assembly Bill A11940-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 273 of 1982). In vetoing the 1982 bill, the Governor noted that the "bill has nothing to do with helping the poor to gain access to the courts to redress wrongs—its `Equal Access to Justice' title is a misnomer—and that its clear intent is to discourage governmental entities from exercising legally mandated regulatory responsibilities with respect to business entities" (Governor's Veto Message, at 2, 1982 NY Assembly Bill A11940-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 273 of 1982).

The 1983 and 1984 versions of the bill specifically limited recovery of attorneys' fees to small businesses (see 1984 NY Senate Bill S9054-B; 1983 NY Senate Bill S434-A). The Governor's veto messages again noted that the bills did not establish a policy of enabling the poor to gain access to the judicial forum but instead shifted to taxpayers the litigation costs of certain businesses (see Governor's Veto Message, 1984 NY Senate Bill S9054-B, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1984, at 14; Governor's Veto Message, 1983 NY Senate Bill S434-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 71 of 1983, at 90).

In contrast to the earlier versions of the EAJA, the 1989 bill that was subsequently codified as CPLR article 86 contains no exclusion for state employees and is not limited to judicial review of "agency actions" (see L 1989, ch 770). Although the bill jacket for the 1989 bill contains statements suggesting that the primary intent of the bill was to award attorneys' fees in proceedings challenging agency action or inaction, there is nothing in the bill jacket that evinces a legislative intent to restrict the application of the EAJA to those types of actions or to exclude actions such as the one at issue here from the purview of the statute. To the contrary, many statements contained in the bill jacket reflect a broader view of the 1989 bill. For example, a September 21, 1989 letter from one of the sponsors to the Governor states that the bill "would allow ... individuals with a net worth of up to $50,000 (excluding their primary residence) to be reimbursed for their legal fees if they win a civil action brought against the State and the court finds that the State's position lacks substantial justification" (Letter from Assemblyman Schimminger, Bill Jacket, L 1989, ch 770, at 6 [emphasis added]). The Assembly Memorandum in Support of Legislation likewise states that "certain parties who prevail in adversary adjudications and civil actions brought against the State of New York will be entitled to attorneys' fees and related expenses unless the government action was substantially justified or special circumstances make an award unjust" (Bill Jacket, L 1989, ch 770, at 12 [emphasis added]).

Similarly, the Report on Legislation (Report) issued by the Association of the Bar of the City of New York states that the 1989 bill "seeks to promote equal justice by authorizing an award of attorneys['] fees and other reasonable expenses incurred by prevailing parties in civil proceedings, with the exception of tort actions, against the State" (Bill Jacket, L 1989, ch 770, at 55). The Report notes that

The Report further observes that

We thus conclude that the legislative history of the EAJA does not reveal a clear legislative intent to exclude the instant action from the purview of the statute. Although defendants contend that the Legislature did not intend the EAJA to apply to actions "seeking monetary damages for the tortious and/or otherwise wrongful acts of state officials generally, and an action for millions of dollars in damages for alleged sexual harassment and discrimination under the Human Rights Law particularly," we note that the plain language of the EAJA contains no such exceptions. This Court may not "legislate under the guise of interpretation" (Bright Homes, 8 NY2d at 162) and, if application of the EAJA to this action is an unintended result of the plain language of the statute, then that is a consequence best left to the Legislature to evaluate and, if necessary, resolve (see Amorosi, 9 NY3d at 372-373).

Defendants' Motions to Quash

We further agree with plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin that the court erred in granting in its entirety defendants' motions to quash the subpoenas duces tecum issued to JFM. "The standard to be applied on a motion to quash a subpoena duces tecum is whether the requested information is `utterly irrelevant to any proper inquiry'" (Ayubo v Eastman Kodak Co., 158 A.D.2d 641, 642 [1990]; see Calabrese v PHF Life Ins. Co., 190 A.D.2d 1069 [1993]). Here, we agree with defendants that the rates charged by JFM—a large firm representing government parties—are not relevant to whether the rates charged by plaintiff's attorney and Logan-Baldwin are reasonable (see Blowers v Lawyers Co-op. Publ. Co., Inc., 526 F.Supp. 1324, 1327-1328 [1981]; see also Chambless v Masters, Mates & Pilots Pension Plan, 885 F.2d 1053, 1059 [1989], cert denied 496 U.S. 905 [1990]). We cannot similarly conclude, however, that the number of hours expended by JFM in defending this matter is "`utterly irrelevant' " to the reasonableness of the fees sought by plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin (Del Vecchio v White Plains Unit, Westchester County Ch., Civ. Serv. Empls. Assn., Local 860, 64 A.D.2d 975, 976 [1978]). "Pertinent to any consideration of a reasonable amount of time expended in the prosecution of a [lawsuit] is the amount of time expended by the defendant[s] in defending that [lawsuit]" (Mitroff v Xomox Corp., 631 F.Supp. 25, 28 [1985]; see Blowers, 526 F Supp at 1327 ["The amount of time spent by defendants' attorneys on a particular matter may have significant bearing on the question whether plaintiff's attorney(s) expended a reasonable (amount of) time on the same matter"]).

As the Eleventh Circuit stated in Henson v Columbus Bank & Trust Co. (770 F.2d 1566, 1575 [1985]),

Similarly, the instant litigation was commenced in 1995 and has involved no fewer than six prior appeals. Inasmuch as defendants contest the reasonableness of the fees sought by plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin, they may not fairly contend that the amount of time expended by their own attorneys is irrelevant.

Thus, while the court ultimately may choose to disregard or discount the records sought by plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin based upon, inter alia, differences in the parties' respective burdens and litigation incentives (see Serricchio v Wachovia Sec., LLC, 258 FRD 43, 45 [2009]; Coalition to Save Our Children v State Bd. of Educ. of State of Del., 143 FRD 61, 65 [1992]), that is not a proper basis upon which to grant defendants' motions to quash the subpoenas.

We agree with defendants, however, that documents, including time records and/or invoices, pertaining to parties that have been dismissed from the action are not relevant and need not be produced in response to the subpoenas.

Finally, we note that Logan-Baldwin does not contend that the court erred in denying that part of her motion seeking discovery, and we therefore deem abandoned any issues with respect thereto (see Ciesinski v Town of Aurora, 202 A.D.2d 984 [1994]).

Conclusion

Accordingly, we conclude that the part of the order denying those parts of the motions of plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin for attorneys' fees and expenses should be reversed and the matter remitted to Supreme Court to determine whether plaintiff and/or Logan-Baldwin are entitled to such fees and expenses under the EAJA and, if so, the reasonable amount of those fees and expenses. We further conclude that the part of the order granting defendants' motions to quash the subpoenas duces tecum should be reversed, the motions denied in part, and defendants directed to produce only those documents pertaining to them. In light of our conclusion, we do not address the remaining contentions of the parties.

SCUDDER, P.J. (dissenting).

We respectfully dissent. In our view, plaintiff and her former attorney, appellant Emmelyn Logan-Baldwin, are not entitled to seek attorneys' fees and expenses pursuant to the New York State Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA) (CPLR art 86), and we would therefore affirm the order denying the motions of plaintiff and Logan-Baldwin seeking, inter alia, that relief. Although we recognize that, under the unique circumstances of this case, an award of attorneys' fees and expenses may be an equitable result, we nevertheless conclude that, in drafting the EAJA, the Legislature intended that attorneys' fees and expenses be sought only in civil actions that involve the review of the actions of the State that are administrative in nature (see generally Matter of Greer v Wing, 95 N.Y.2d 676 [2001]; Matter of Scott v Coleman, 20 A.D.3d 631 [2005], lv dismissed 5 N.Y.3d 880 [2005]). Indeed, the Court of Appeals stated that "[t]he Legislature enacted the [EAJA] to help litigants secure legal assistance to contest wrongful actions of state agencies" (Matter of Wittlinger v Wing, 99 N.Y.2d 425, 431, citing Governor's Mem approving L 1989, ch 770, 1989 McKinney's Session Laws of NY, at 2436). Our research has revealed more than 70 cases in which the EAJA was applied to award attorneys' fees in cases that involved administrative actions of the State, and none that did not.

We agree with the majority that we must "turn first to the plain language of the statute[ ] as the best evidence of legislative intent" (Matter of Malta Town Ctr. I, Ltd. v Town of Malta Bd. of Assessment Review, 3 N.Y.3d 563, 568 [2004]). We nevertheless respectfully disagree with the majority's conclusion that the Legislature intended to permit a prevailing party in a sex discrimination action against the State to seek attorneys' fees and expenses. "Legislative intent may be discerned from the face of a statute, but an apparent lack of ambiguity is rarely, if ever, conclusive ... Generally, inquiry must be made of the spirit and purpose of the legislation, which requires examination of the statutory context of the provision as well as its legislative history" (Matter of Sutka v Conners, 73 N.Y.2d 395, 403 [1989]). In our view, when construing the EAJA as a whole (see McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 97), the "spirit and purpose of the legislation" (Matter of Sutka, 73 NY2d at 403), as gleaned from the statutory context and the legislative history, is to provide redress for litigants contesting the actions of the State in administrative matters (see Wittlinger, 99 NY2d at 431).

CPLR 8601 (a) provides that

CPLR 8602 (e) defines the "position of the state" as "the act, acts or failure to act from which judicial review is sought" (emphasis added). CPLR 8602 (b) defines "fees and other expenses" as, inter alia, the "reasonable attorney fees ... incurred in connection with an administrative proceeding and judicial action" (emphasis added). We note that the Court of Appeals clarified that the fees for administrative proceedings are available only with respect to those proceedings that follow the civil action and not those that preceded it (see Greer, 95 NY2d at 681).

As the majority correctly notes, the EAJA was originally intended to be an amendment to the State Administrative Procedure Act; however, it was subsequently codified as CPLR article 86 in 1989. Although Governor Carey and Governor Cuomo both noted the misnomer of the title in their respective vetoes of proposed legislation in 1982, 1983 and 1984 (see Governor's Veto Message, 1984 NY Senate Bill S9054-B, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1984, at 14; Governor's Veto Message, 1983 NY Senate Bill S434-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 71 of 1983, at 90; Governor's Veto Message, at 2, 1982 NY Assembly Bill A11940-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 273 of 1982), the substantive objections of both Governor Carey in 1982 and Governor Cuomo in 1983, 1984 and 1986 were not related to the misnomer. Rather, their objections were that the EAJA would have an inhibitory effect on agencies in the performance of their statutory responsibilities (see Governor's Veto Message, 1986 NY Senate Bill S8567-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1986, at 71; Governor's Veto Message, 1984 NY Senate Bill S9054-B, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1984, at 14; Governor's Veto Message, 1983 NY Senate Bill S434-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 71 of 1983, at 90; Governor's Veto Message, at 2, 1982 NY Assembly Bill A11940-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 273 of 1982); would shift to taxpayers the litigation costs of certain businesses; and would create a presumption that agencies and their employees were acting in an irresponsible fashion (see Governor's Veto Message, 1986 NY Senate Bill S8567-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1986, at 71; Governor's Veto Message, 1984 NY Senate Bill S9054-B, Veto Jacket, Veto 26 of 1984, at 14; Governor's Veto Message, 1983 NY Senate Bill S434-A, Veto Jacket, Veto 71 of 1983, at 90).

One of the sponsors of the 1989 bill, Assemblyman Robin Schimminger, advised Governor Cuomo that the bill "would protect private litigants with limited resources from unjustified State agency actions," explaining that

In approving the version of the bill submitted in 1989, Governor Cuomo stated:

In our view, the statutory context and the legislative history compel a conclusion that the Legislature intended that the EAJA would be utilized to seek attorneys' fees and expenses in an action that involved review of an administrative action of the State, and that is not the case here. We must "apply the will of the Legislature [and] not [our] own perception of what might be equitable" (Matter of Sutka, 73 NY2d at 403). Accordingly, we would affirm the order.

It is hereby ordered that the order insofar as appealed from is reversed, on the law, without costs, the motions of defendants are denied in part, defendants are directed to produce only those documents pertaining to them, and the matter is remitted to Supreme Court, Monroe County, for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion by PERADOTTO, J.