United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                 No. 96-3288EM
                                 _____________

Frank J. Carman,                    *
                                    *
           Appellant,               *
                                    * On Appeal from the United
    v.                              * States District Court for
                                    * the Eastern District
                                    * of Missouri.
McDonnell Douglas Corporation,      *
                                    *
           Appellee.                *
                               ___________

                            Submitted: April 14, 1997
                                Filed: June 11, 1997
                                 ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, FAGG and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge.

     In October 1992, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corporation laid off Frank
Carman as part of a reduction in force of its management staff. Carman then sued
McDonnell Douglas, claiming that his termination violated the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, the Missouri Human Rights Act, and the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974. In the course of discovery, the District Court denied
Carman’s request for the production of certain documents, holding that they were
protected by the "Ombudsman Privilege." The District Court later granted summary
judgment to McDonnell Douglas, a decision which Carman now appeals. Because we
hold that the District Court lacked sufficient justification for creating an ombudsman
privilege and denying Carman's discovery request, we reverse and remand.

                                           I.

       In June 1994, Carman requested 54 sets of documents from McDonnell Douglas.
Item No. 53 was a request for "[a]ll notes and documents reflecting data known to . . .
Clemente [a company ombudsman] . . . concerning" the plaintiff, a number of other
individuals, and various topics including "[m]eeting notes regarding lay-offs in
Plaintiff’s Division" and "[m]eeting notes regarding Plaintiff Frank Carman."
Appellant's App. 346-47. McDonnell Douglas objected to this and many other requests
as vague, overbroad, and irrelevant, and further objected "with regard to documents
known to Therese Clemente because her activities as an 'ombudsman' were considered
confidential and any information and documents relating to her activities are immune
from discovery." 

In response, plaintiff filed a motion to compel production
of certain documents. The Court granted the motion in part and ordered the defendants
to produce a number of documents, including those requested in Item No. 53. 

Two months later, however, in clarifying its order with respect to Item No. 53,
the Court ruled that "defendant is not required to produce documents protected by the
Ombudsman Privilege." 

The Court also held that McDonnell Douglas did
not have to produce adverse impact analyses prepared in anticipation of litigation and
limited Carman's request for information about McDonnell Douglas's past reductions
in force to the McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company, the component company of
McDonnell Douglas Corporation where Carman worked. In February 1996, the Court
granted McDonnell Douglas's motion for summary judgment. The Court assumed that
Carman had established a prima facie case of age discrimination but held that he had
failed to present sufficient evidence that McDonnell Douglas's stated reasons for laying
him off were pretextual. This appeal followed.




                                          -2-
                                          II.

       Carman first contends on appeal that the District Court erred in granting
summary judgment before McDonnell Douglas complied with two document requests
with respect to which the District Court had granted a motion to compel. The first was
a request for various employee personnel files. In its order denying plaintiff's motion
to amend or alter the judgment, the District Court found that these records had been
made available to the plaintiff prior to the deadline for responding to defendant's
summary-judgment motion. This finding was not clearly erroneous, and we uphold it.
To establish that this material was not available, Carman points to correspondence
between attorneys which was not before the District Court when it ruled on defendant's
summary-judgment motion. We grant defendant's motion to strike this evidence, but
also note that it does not in any event establish that the District Court's finding was
clearly erroneous.

         The second group of documents at issue was described in a request for "all
employee rating and/or ranking lists or documents used in making lay-offs in McAIR
[McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company] and/or MDA-E [McDonnell Douglas
Aerospace East] during 1989 through 1993." Appellant's App. 349. It is undisputed
that McDonnell Douglas had not complied with this request before the District Court
granted its summary-judgment motion. The District Court held that, assuming that
plaintiff did not have all the information he needed to respond to defendant’s summary-
judgment motion, his failure to file a Rule 56(f) affidavit explaining why more
discovery was needed defeats any argument that summary judgment was premature.
We cannot say that the District Court abused its discretion in holding Carman to the
requirements of Rule 56(f). Nothing in this opinion should be read to prevent the
District Court from giving Carman the opportunity on remand to explain why he needs
this information.




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      With respect to the adverse-impact analyses that the District Court protected
from discovery, Carman argues that even if they were privileged, McDonnell Douglas
should still have produced the data underlying the analyses. As McDonnell Douglas
points out, however, other documents that the District Court required McDonnell
Douglas to produce would have provided plaintiff with the equivalent of the data
underlying the adverse-impact analyses.

        The District Court also did not abuse its discretion in limiting Carman's request
for information about past McDonnell Douglas reductions in force to the division in
which he worked. Company-wide statistics are usually not helpful in establishing
pretext in an employment-discrimination case, because those who make employment
decisions vary across divisions. Absent some more particularized argument from
plaintiff as to how such information might have helped in this case, we cannot say that
the District Court abused its discretion in limiting the scope of Carman's discovery
request.



                                           III.

       We now turn to the issue of the "ombudsman privilege." In the context of this
case, the term "ombudsman" refers to an employee outside of the corporate chain of
command whose job is to investigate and mediate workplace disputes.1 The corporate
ombudsman is paid by the corporation and lacks the structural independence that
characterizes government ombudsmen in some countries and states, where the office of
ombudsman is a separate branch of government that handles disputes between citizens
and government agencies. Nonetheless, the corporate ombudsman purports to

      1
        Though it is not entirely clear from the record whether this is still the case, the
head of the ombudsman office at McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company in 1991 held
the position of company vice-president. See Kientzy v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 

, 572 (E.D. Mo. 1991).

                                           -4-
be an independent and neutral party who promises strict confidentiality to all employees
and is bound by the Code of Ethics of the Corporate Ombudsman Association, which
requires the ombudsman to keep communications confidential. McDonnell Douglas
argues for recognition of an evidentiary privilege that would protect corporate
ombudsmen from having to disclose relevant employee communications to civil
litigants.2

        Federal Rule of Evidence 501 states that federal courts should recognize
evidentiary privileges according to "the principles of the common law" interpreted "in
the light of reason and experience." The beginning of any analysis under Rule 501 is
the principle that "the public has a right to every man's evidence." Hardwicke, L.C.J.,
quoted in 12 Cobbett's Parliamentary History 675, 693 (1742) (quoted with approval
in United States v. Bryan, 

, 331 (1950)). Accordingly, evidentiary
privileges "are not lightly created." United States v. Nixon, 

, 710 (1974).
A party that seeks the creation of a new evidentiary privilege must overcome the
significant burden of establishing that "permitting a refusal to testify or excluding
relevant evidence has a public good transcending the normally predominant principle
of utilizing all rational means for ascertaining truth." Trammel v. United States, 

, 50 (1980) (quoting Elkins v. United States, 

, 234 (1960)
(Frankfurter, J., dissenting)).

      The first important factor for assessing a proposed new evidentiary privilege is
the importance of the relationship that the privilege will foster. The defendant argues
that ombudsmen help resolve workplace disputes prior to the commencement of
expensive and time-consuming litigation. We agree that fair and efficient alternative

      2
        Though neither party addresses the issue in any depth, McDonnell Douglas
seems to argue that the District Court's decision to recognize the privilege is reviewable
only for abuse of discretion. We believe, to the contrary, that the scope of a privilege
and the decision whether to establish a new privilege are mixed questions of fact and
law which we review de novo.

                                           -5-
dispute resolution techniques benefit society and are worthy of encouragement. To the
extent that corporate ombudsmen successfully resolve disputes in a fair and efficient
manner, they are a welcome and helpful addition to a society that is weary of lawsuits.

       Nonetheless, far more is required to justify the creation of a new evidentiary
privilege. First, McDonnell Douglas has failed to present any evidence, and indeed has
not even argued, that the ombudsman method is more successful at resolving workplace
disputes than other forms of alternative dispute resolution, nor has it even pointed to any
evidence establishing that its own ombudsman is especially successful at resolving
workplace disputes prior to the commencement of litigation. In recognizing a privilege
for the McDonnell Douglas ombudsman's office in 1991, the court in Kientzy v.
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 

, 572 (E.D. Mo. 1991), found that the office
had received approximately 4,800 communications since 1985, but neither the court nor
McDonnell Douglas in the present case provides us with any context to evaluate the
significance of this statistic.

        Second, McDonnell Douglas has failed to make a compelling argument that most
of the advantages afforded by the ombudsman method would be lost without the
privilege. Even without a privilege, corporate ombudsmen still have much to offer
employees in the way of confidentiality, for they are still able to promise to keep
employee communications confidential from management. Indeed, when an aggrieved
employee or an employee-witness is deciding whether or not to confide in a company
ombudsman, his greatest concern is not likely to be that the statement will someday be
revealed in civil discovery. More likely, the employee will fear that the ombudsman is
biased in favor of the company, and that the ombudsman will tell management
everything that the employee says. The denial of an ombudsman privilege will not
affect the ombudsman's ability to convince an employee that the ombudsman is neutral,
and creation of an ombudsman privilege will not help alleviate the fear that she is not.




                                           -6-
       We are especially unconvinced that "no present or future [McDonnell Douglas]
employee could feel comfortable in airing his or her disputes with the Ombudsman
because of the specter of discovery." See Appellee's Br. 45. An employee either will
or will not have a meritorious complaint. If he does not and is aware that he does not,
he is no more likely to share the frivolousness of his complaint with a company
ombudsman than he is with a court. If he has a meritorious complaint that he would
prefer not to litigate, then he will generally feel that he has nothing to hide and will be
undeterred by the prospect of civil discovery from sharing the nature of his complaint
with the ombudsman. The dim prospect that the employee's complaint might someday
surface in an unrelated case strikes us as an unlikely deterrent. Again, it is the
perception that the ombudsman is the company's investigator, a fear that does not
depend upon the prospect of civil discovery, that is most likely to keep such an
employee from speaking openly.

       McDonnell Douglas also argues that failure to recognize an ombudsman privilege
will disrupt the relationship between management and the ombudsman's office. In cases
where management has nothing to hide, this is unlikely. It is probably true that
management will be less likely to share damaging information with an ombudsman if
there is no privilege. Nonetheless, McDonnell Douglas has provided no reason to
believe that management is especially eager to confess wrongdoing to ombudsmen when
a privilege exists, or that ombudsmen are helpful at resolving disputes that involve
violations of the law by management or supervisors. If the chilling of management-
ombudsman communications occurs only in cases that would not have been resolved at
the ombudsman stage anyway, then there is no reason to recognize an ombudsman
privilege.

      McDonnell Douglas relies on the analysis of the court in 

,
apparently one of only two federal courts to have recognized a corporate-ombudsman




                                           -7-
privilege.3 We do not find the reasoning of that opinion convincing. For example, the
Kientzy opinion argues that confidentiality is essential to ombudsman-employee
relationships because the function of that relationship is to "receive communications and
to remedy workplace problems, in a strictly confidential atmosphere. Without this
confidentiality, the office would just be one more non-confidential opportunity for
employees to air disputes. The ombudsman's office provides an opportunity for
complete disclosure, without the specter of retaliation, that does not exist in the other
available, non-confidential grievance and complaint 

.
As we have said, the corporate ombudsman will still be able to promise confidentiality
in most circumstances even with no privilege. To justify the creation of a privilege,
McDonnell Douglas must first establish that society benefits in some significant way
from the particular brand of confidentiality that the privilege affords. Only then can a
court decide whether the advantages of the proposed privilege overcome the strong
presumption in favor of disclosure of all relevant information. The creation of a wholly
new evidentiary privilege is a big step. This record does not convince us that we should
take it.

                                          IV.

       We disagree with the District Court's holding that employee communications to
Therese Clemente were protected from discovery by an ombudsman privilege. The
judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. On remand, the District Court should order the production of the evidence
it had believed the privilege protected, unless there are other reasons why discovery of
this evidence would not be appropriate. It should then reconsider its ruling on
defendant's motion for summary judgment in light of this new evidence and the parties'
arguments with respect to its significance.


      3
      The other case is Roy v. United Technologies Corp., Civil No. H-89-680 (JAC)
(D. Conn., May 29, 1990).

                                          -8-
It is so ordered.

A true copy.

       Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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