United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                     ___________

                                     No. 97-3384
                                     ___________

Phyllis Y. Black,                    *
                                     *
             Appellant,              *
                                     *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                             *   District Court for the
                                     *   Eastern District of Arkansas.
Kenneth S. Apfel, Commissioner,      *
Social Security Administration,      *
                                     *
             Appellee.               *
                                ___________

                              Submitted: February 10, 1998

                                   Filed: April 23, 1998
                                    ___________

Before McMILLIAN, WOLLMAN, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Phyllis Y. Black appeals the district court’s1 judgment affirming the denial of her
application for social security disability benefits. We affirm.




      1
       The Honorable Jerry W. Cavaneau, United States Magistrate Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by
consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
                                           I.

       Phyllis Y. Black is a forty-nine-year-old woman who earned a high school
degree and attended 1½ years of college. Her past relevant work includes experience
as a receptionist, word processing secretary, statistical word processor, and
receptionist/inventory clerk. On December 17, 1993, Black filed applications for social
security disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. Alleging a
disability onset date of December 31, 1992, Black claimed that she was unable to work
due to scoliosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, depression and a nervous
condition.2 The Social Security Administration denied her applications initially and
again on reconsideration. Following a hearing, an administrative law judge (ALJ)
found that Black was not disabled. Pursuant to regulatory guidelines promulgated at
20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a) - (f), the ALJ found that Black had not engaged in substantial
gainful activity since December of 1992 and concluded that although she suffered from
residuals from severe scoliosis and headaches, Black did not have an impairment or
combination of impairments equivalent to a listed impairment. The ALJ further found
that Black’s impairments did not prevent her from performing her past relevant work.
See Bowen v. Yuckert, 

, 140-42 (1987) (describing the five-step eligibility
analysis). After applying principles we set forth in Polaski v. Heckler, 

,
1322 (8th Cir. 1984) (subsequent history omitted), the ALJ further concluded that
Black’s subjective allegations of disabling pain were not credible.

      The Appeals Council denied Black’s request for further review, and she
subsequently sought judicial review pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court




      2
       Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine. See The Sloane-Dorland Annotated
Medical-Legal Dictionary, p. 471 (1992 Supp.). Carpal tunnel syndrome is
“compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, with pain and burning or tingling
paresthesias in the fingers and hand, sometimes extending to the elbow.” 

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granted the Commissioner’s motion for summary judgment, finding that substantial
evidence supported the Commissioner’s decision to deny Black’s benefits.

                                          II.

      We will uphold the Commissioner’s determinations if they are supported by
substantial evidence on the record as a whole. See Spradling v. Chater, 

,
1073-74 (8th Cir. 1997). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence which a reasonable
mind would accept as adequate to support the Commissioner’s conclusion. See Woolf
v. Shalala, 

, 1213 (8th Cir. 1993). “In assessing the substantiality of the
evidence, we must consider evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] decision
as well as evidence that supports it.” 

not reverse the Commissioner
merely because substantial evidence exists supporting a different outcome. See Smith
v. Shalala, 

, 1374 (8th Cir. 1993).

       We first address Black’s argument that the ALJ failed to consider the opinion of
her treating physician, Dr. G. Randall Guntharp, who wrote to the Social Security
Administration urging that Black be granted disability benefits. Dr. Guntharp’s letter,
characterizing Black’s scoliosis as “extreme,” stated that it was only after his urging
that Black applied for benefits and that Black “is much more handicapped than many
of the people presently receiving disability.” Black argues that the letter represented
Dr. Guntharp’s opinion that she was disabled. She contends that the ALJ was
compelled by our decision in Prince v. Bowen, 

, 285 (8th Cir. 1990), to
discuss Guntharp’s opinion. In Prince we held that “[a]n ALJ’s failure to consider or
discuss a treating physician’s opinion that a claimant is disabled constitutes error
where, as here, the record contains no contradictory medical opinion.” 

      The ALJ’s decision discussed the medical evaluations contained in Dr.
Guntharp’s letter and noted relevant information from the doctor’s treatment notes.
Although the ALJ apparently incorporated Dr. Guntharp’s findings into his decision,

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he did not specifically discredit the physician’s conclusions. Black, contending that the
letter was an unequivocal statement of Dr. Guntharp’s opinion, alleges this was an
error. Although required to develop the record fully and fairly, an ALJ is not required
to discuss every piece of evidence submitted. See Miller v. Shalala, 

, 613
(8th Cir. 1993) (per curiam). An ALJ’s failure to cite specific evidence does not
indicate that such evidence was not considered, see Montgomery v. Chater, 

, 275 (8th Cir. 1995). Given the ALJ’s specific references to the medical findings
set forth in Dr. Guntharp’s letter, it is highly unlikely that the ALJ did not consider and
reject Dr. Guntharp’s opinion that Black was disabled as a result of her extreme
scoliosis.

       Black also argues that the ALJ improperly discredited her subjective complaints
of pain. “As is true in many disability cases, there is no doubt that the claimant is
experiencing pain; the real issue is how severe that pain is.” 

.
In analyzing a claimant’s subjective complaints of pain, an ALJ must examine: (1) the
claimant’s daily activities; (2) the duration, frequency, and intensity of the pain; (3)
dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of medication; (4) precipitating and aggravating
factors; and (5) functional restrictions. See 

. Other relevant
factors include the claimant’s relevant work history and the absence of objective
medical evidence to support the complaints. See 

may discount subjective
complaints of pain if inconsistencies are apparent in the evidence as a whole. See

.

       Applying the Polaski directives, the ALJ examined the objective medical
evidence of Black’s physiological impairments and the inconsistencies in Black’s
claims and determined that Black’s subjective complaints of disabling pain lacked
credibility. The ALJ observed that although Black complained of debilitating pain, she
was still able at times to engage in many normal daily activities including household
work, visiting friends, and attending church. See Lawrence v. Chater, 

,
676 (8th Cir. 1997). The ALJ also noted that although Black does experience some

                                           -4-
limitation, pain, and discomfort, she has never undergone surgery and has relied on a
conservative course of treatment, including exercises, home cervical traction, a back
brace, and medication.3 See Robinson v. Sullivan, 

, 840 (8th Cir. 1992).

       Black claims that physical activity frequently precipitates and aggravates her
severe pain. The ALJ cited Black’s daily activities as inconsistent with her assertions.
It was for the ALJ to resolve any contradictory evidence of Black’s functional
limitations. See Bentley v. Shalala, 

, 787 (8th Cir. 1995) (“Where the
medical evidence is equally balanced, as we find it is here, the ALJ resolves the
conflict.”).

       The objective medical evidence revealed scoliosis, spondylolisthesis,4 and
headaches. The ALJ correctly found that no diagnostic tests or objective medical
findings existed to support Black’s carpal tunnel syndrome and psychological claims.
Black was also getting some relief from her medications and physical therapy, while
Dr. Guntharp’s records reveal a diminishing concern for her back problems. See
Marciniak v. Shalala, 

, 1354 (8th Cir. 1995) (idiopathic scoliosis requiring
surgery was not a disabling condition).

      Black’s lengthy work history supports her subjective complaints of disabling
pain. As the ALJ found, however, offsetting this work history is the fact that (1) Black
was laid off from her position, rather than forced out due to her condition, see
Browning v. Sullivan, 

, 821 (8th Cir. 1992); (2) she continued to seek
work after her alleged disability onset date, see 

; and (3) she

      3
        The record reflects that Black’s medication protocol included muscle relaxants
and anti-inflammatory drugs. Of the several other prescribed medications that Black
lists, some were recommended for unrelated conditions such as sinus and chest
ailments.
      4
      Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of one vertebra over another. See
The Sloane-Dorland Annotated Medical-Legal Dictionary at 483.

                                          -5-
continued to receive unemployment benefits after her alleged disability onset date, see
Barrett v. Shalala, 

, 1024 (8th Cir. 1994).

       Black contends that the ALJ improperly rejected the lay testimony of her parents.
Black’s parents were not qualified to give an opinion regarding her capacity to work,
however, and their testimony merely corroborated Black’s testimony regarding her
activities. The ALJ, having properly discredited Black’s complaints of pain, was
equally empowered to reject the cumulative testimony of her parents. See Ostronski
v. Chater, 

, 419 (8th Cir. 1996). The ALJ’s decision, which reflects a
proper application of the Polaski factors, is supported by the record as a whole.

       Finally, Black argues that the ALJ’s determination that she can return to her past
relevant work is not supported by substantial evidence. She contends that her work as
a receptionist/inventory clerk is beyond her residual functional capacity for light work.
Black’s past relevant work, however, includes her experience as a receptionist, a
position classified as having sedentary work requirements. See Dictionary of
Occupational Titles, § 237.367-038 (4th ed. rev. 1991); see also Evans v. Shalala, 

, 834 (8th Cir. 1994). Thus, we conclude that the ALJ’s determination that
Black could return to her past relevant work is consistent with his findings regarding
Black’s residual functional capacity.

      The judgment is affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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