United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________

No. 97-3389
___________

Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, *
                                         *
              Petitioner,                *
                                         *
Ameritech Corporation; Time Warner       *
Communications Holdings; US              *
Telephone Association; GTE Service       *
Corporation; GTE Alaska,                 *
Incorporated; GTE Arkansas,              *
Incorporated; GTE California,            *
Incorporated; GTE Florida,               *
Incorporated; GTE Midwest,               *
Incorporated; GTE South, Incorporated; *
GTE Southwest, Incorporated; GTE         * Petitions for Review of an Order
North, Incorporated; GTE Northwest, * of the Federal Communications
Incorporated; GTE Hawaiian Telephone * Commission
Company, Incorporated; GTE West          *
Coast, Incorporated; Contel of           *
Minnesota, Inc.; Contel of the South,    *
Inc.; Association for Local              *
Telecommunications Services; Bell        *
Atlantic-Maryland, Inc.; Bell Atlantic- *
Washington, D.C., Inc.; Bell Atlantic- *
West Virginia, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-      *
New Jersey, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-Delaware,*
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-Pennsylvania, Inc.;  *
Bell Atlantic-Virginia, Inc.; New York *
Telephone Company; New England           *
Telephone and Telegraph Company;         *
Independent Telephone and                *
Telecommunications Alliance,             *
                                      *
      Intervenors on Appeal,          *
                                      *
      v.                              *
                                      *
Federal Communications Commission; *
United States of America,             *
                                      *
      Respondents,                    *
                                      *
American Telephone and Telegraph      *
Company; Telecommunications           *
Resellers Association; MCI            *
Telecommunications Corporation; LBC *
Communications, Inc.; Worldcom, Inc.; *
Competitive Telecommunications        *
Association,                          *
                                      *
      Intervenors on Appeal.          *


___________

No. 97-3576
___________

US West, Inc.,                        *
                                      *
      Petitioner,                     *
                                      *
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, *
                                      *
      Intervenor on Appeal, *
                                      *
Ameritech Corporation; Time Warner    *
Communications Holdings, Inc.; US     *
Telephone Association; Ameritech      *

                                     -2-
Corporation; Time Warner                 *
Communications Holdings, Inc.;           *
Association for Local Tele-              *
communications Services; GTE Service *
Corporation; GTE Alaska, Incorporated; *
GTE Arkansas, Incorporated; GTE          *
California, Incorporated; GTE Florida, *
Incorporated; GTE Midwest,               *
Incorporated; GTE Southwest,             *
Incorporated; GTE South, Incorporated; *
GTE North, Incorporated; GTE             *
Northwest, Incorporated; GTE Hawaiian *
Telephone Company, Incorporated;         *
GTE West Coast, Incorporated; Contel *
of Minnesota, Inc.; Contel of the South, *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-Washington, D.C.,    *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-West Virginia, Inc.; *
Bell Atlantic-New Jersey, Inc.; Bell     *
Atlantic-Maryland, Inc.; Bell Atlantic- *
Delaware, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-           *
Pennsylvania, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-       *
Virginia, Inc.; New York Telephone       *
Company; New England Telephone and *
Telegraph Company; Independent           *
Telephone and Telecommunications         *
Alliance,                                *
                                         *
       Intervenors on Appeal,            *
                                         *
       v.                                *
                                         *
Federal Communications Commission; *
United States of America,                *
                                         *
       Respondents,                      *
                                         *
American Telephone and Telegraph         *

                                        -3-
Company; Telecommunications             *
Resellers Association; MCI              *
Telecommunications Corporation;         *
LBC Communications, Inc.; Worldcom,     *
Inc.; Competitive Telecommunications    *
Association,                            *
                                        *
      Intervenors on Appeal.            *

___________

No. 97-3663
___________

Ameritech Corporation,                   *
                                         *
       Petitioner,                       *
                                         *
Time Warner Communications Holdings, *
Inc.; US Telephone Association;          *
Association for Local Telecommun-        *
ications Services; Southwestern Bell     *
Telephone Company; GTE Service           *
Corporation; GTE Alaska, Incorporated; *
GTE Arkansas, Incorporated; GTE          *
California, Incorporated; GTE Florida, *
Incorporated; GTE Midwest,               *
Incorporated; GTE South, Incorporated; *
GTE Southwest, Incorporated; GTE         *
North, Incorporated; GTE Northwest, *
Incorporated; GTE Hawaiian Telephone *
Company, Incorporated; GTE West          *
Coast, Incorporated; Contel of           *
Minnesota, Inc.; Contel of the South,    *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-Washington, D.C.,    *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-West Virginia, Inc.; *
Bell Atlantic-New Jersey, Inc.; Bell     *

                                        -4-
Atlantic-Maryland, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-
                                      *
Delaware, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-        *
Pennsylvania, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-    *
Virginia, Inc.; New York Telephone    *
Company; New England Telephone and    *
Telegraph Company; Independent        *
Telephone and Telecommunications      *
Alliance,                             *
                                      *
      Intervenors on Appeal,          *
                                      *
      v.                              *
                                      *
Federal Communications Commission; *
United States of America,             *
                                      *
      Respondents,                    *
                                      *
American Telephone and Telegraph      *
Company; Telecommunications           *
Resellers Association; MCI Tele-      *
communications Corporation; LBC       *
Communications, Inc.; Worldcom, Inc.; *
Competitive Telecommunications        *
Association,                          *
                                      *
      Intervenors on Appeal,          *

___________

No. 97-4106
___________

Southern New England Telephone            *
Company,                                  *
                                          *
      Petitioner,                         *

                                          -5-
                                         *
Independent Telephone and Tele-          *
communications Alliance; Ameritech       *
Corporation; Time Warner                 *
Communications Holdings, Inc.; US        *
Telephone Association; Association for *
Local Telecommunications Services;       *
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company; *
GTE Service Corporation; GTE Alaska, *
Incorporated; GTE Arkansas,              *
Incorporated; GTE California,            *
Incorporated; GTE Florida,               *
Incorporated; GTE Midwest,               *
Incorporated; GTE South, Incorporated; *
GTE Southwest, Incorporated; GTE         *
North, Incorporated; GTE Northwest, *
Incorporated; GTE Hawaiian Telephone *
Company, Incorporated; GTE West          *
Coast, Incorporated; Contel of           *
Minnesota, Inc.; Contel of the South,    *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-Washington, D.C.,    *
Inc.; Bell Atlantic-West Virginia, Inc.; *
Bell Atlantic-New Jersey, Inc.; Bell     *
Atlantic-Maryland, Inc.; Bell Atlantic- *
Delaware, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-           *
Pennsylvania, Inc.; Bell Atlantic-       *
Virginia, Inc.; New York Telephone       *
Company; New England Telephone and *
Telegraph Company,                       *
                                         *
       Intervenors on Appeal,            *
                                         *
       v.                                *
                                         *
Federal Communications Commission; *
United States of America,                *
                                         *

                                        -6-
      Respondents,                    *
                                      *
American Telephone and Telegraph      *
Company; Telecommunications           *
Resellers Association; MCI Tele-      *
communications Corporation; LBC       *
Communications, Inc.; Worldcom, Inc.; *
Competitive Telecommunications        *
Association,                          *
                                      *
      Intervenors on Appeal.          *
                              ________________

                             Submitted: January 15, 1998
                                  Filed: August 10, 1998
                                ________________

Before BOWMAN,1 WOLLMAN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                      ________________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

     Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 402(a) (1994) and 28 U.S.C. § 2342(1) (1994), various
incumbent local exchange carriers (incumbent LECs)2 petition for review of the Federal
Communication Commission's (FCC's) Third Order on Reconsideration and Further
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions


      1
      The Hon. Pasco M. Bowman became Chief Judge of the United States Court
of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on April 18, 1998.
      2
        Ameritech Corp., Southern New England Telephone Co., Southwestern Bell
Telephone Company, and U.S. West, Inc. all filed petitions for review. These
petitions have been consolidated, and Bell Atlantic Telephone Companies, GTE
Entities, and United States Telephone Association have all intervened in support of
the consolidated petitions. We refer to this group collectively as "petitioners"
throughout.
                                         -7-
in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, CC Docket No. 96-98, 12 FCC Rcd. 12460
(Aug. 18, 1997) (Third Order on Reconsideration). The consolidated petitions
challenge both the FCC's determination that shared transport constitutes a network
element as defined by 47 U.S.C.A. § 153(29) (West Supp. 1998), and the FCC's
determination that incumbent LECs must make shared transport available to new
entrants on an unbundled basis pursuant to 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(3), (d)(2). We affirm
the FCC's order and deny the consolidated petitions for review.

                                           I.

       In 1996, Congress amended the Communications Act of 1934 with the purpose
of fostering competition in both the interexchange and local exchange markets. See
Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56 (to be codified as
amended in scattered sections of Title 47, United States Code) (the Act).3 The issues
presented in this case relate to the Act's local competition provisions. The Act requires
incumbent LECs to allow new entrants access to their networks in three different ways.
Specifically, a LEC must (1) permit requesting competitors to interconnect with the
LEC's local network, (2) provide competitors with access to individual elements of its
network on an unbundled basis, and (3) allow competitors to purchase its
telecommunications services for resale. 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(2)-(4). Together, these
duties regarding interconnection, unbundled access, and resale are intended to provide
would-be competitors with realistic opportunities to enter the market for local exchange
service.

     The issues presented in the consolidated petitions for review pertain to the
incumbent LECs' duties regarding unbundled access. Section 251(c)(3) requires
incumbent LECs to provide new entrants with "nondiscriminatory access to network


      3
      All citations to sections and subsections of the Act are to the 1998
Supplement to West's United States Code Annotated.
                                          -8-
elements on an unbundled basis at any technically feasible point on rates, terms, and
conditions that are just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory." (emphasis added). The
Act defines "network element" as follows:


      The term "network element" means a facility or equipment used in the
      provision of a telecommunications service. Such term also includes
      features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such
      facility or equipment, including subscriber numbers, databases, signaling
      systems, and information sufficient for billing and collection or used in the
      transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service.

47 U.S.C.A. § 153(29).

        Although Congress defined the term "network element" in the Act, it invested the
FCC with the authority to determine which network elements should be made available
to new entrants on an unbundled basis. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(d)(2). Section
251(d)(2) limits the FCC's authority in this regard only insofar as it requires the FCC to
consider two factors "at a minimum" as it makes this decision. These factors are
whether "access to such network elements as are proprietary in nature is necessary," and
whether "the failure to provide access to such network elements would impair the ability
of the telecommunications carrier seeking access to provide the services that it seeks to
offer." 

8, 1996, the FCC issued its First Report & Order, Implementation of
the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, CC Docket
No. 96-98, 11 FCC Rcd. 15499 (Aug. 8, 1996) (First Report & Order), in which it
established rules to implement the local competition provisions of the Act. In this order,
the FCC identified various network elements and determined, pursuant to its authority
under section 251(d)(2), that an incumbent LEC must make each of the elements the
FCC had identified available to the LEC's competitors on an unbundled



                                           -9-
basis. See First Report & Order ¶ 262; 

B (47 C.F.R. § 51.319).4 Salient for
our purposes is the FCC's treatment of interoffice transmission facilities, specifically
shared interoffice transmission facilities. Interoffice transmission facilities are the
highways of the local exchange. They connect the end offices and tandem switches
within the local exchange to one another and carry telephone traffic between and among
these offices and switches. See First Report & Order, A.P.. B (47 C.F.R. §
51.319(d)(1)). Interoffice transmission facilities are distinct from both the local loops,
which connect end users to the local exchange, see 

§ 51.319(a)), and the
various switches (local and tandem), which determine which interoffice transmission
facilities are used to transport the traffic from switch to switch, see 

§
51.319(c)). In its First Report & Order, the FCC emphasized that switching and
transport are distinct network elements, each of which must separately be made
available to entrants on an unbundled basis. See 

440; accord 47 U.S.C.A.
§ 271(c)(2)(B)(v, vi) (requiring LECs to offer "[l]ocal transport . . . unbundled from
switching or other services" and "[l]ocal switching unbundled from transport, local loop
transmission, or other services").

        In the First Report & Order, the FCC distinguished dedicated transmission
facilities from shared transmission facilities, and treated each separately for purposes
of unbundled access. 

§ 51.319(d)(1)). Dedicated transmission facilities,
which do not here concern us, are those transmission facilities used by a single customer
or carrier. 

facilities, on the other hand, carry traffic of multiple
customers or carriers. 

transmission facilities, the FCC initially
determined only that incumbent LECs must provide "unbundled access to shared
transmission facilities between end offices and the tandem switch." 

       4
        Because the version of 47 C.F.R. § 51.319 attached to the First Report &
Order differs in relevant respects from the current version, we refer to appendix B of
the First Report & Order when speaking of the regulation as originally adopted in
that order.
                                           -10-
The FCC did not explain its meaning in detail, but some of its comments suggested that
the FCC perhaps anticipated that each individual shared transmission facility—i.e., each
link—must be made available as a separate unbundled network element. See 

("We find that it is technically feasible for LECs to unbundle the foregoing interoffice
facilities as individual network elements."); 

("By unbundling various dedicated
and shared interoffice facilities, a new entrant can purchase all interoffice facilities on
an unbundled basis as part of a competing network, or it can combine its own interoffice
facilities with those of the incumbent LEC."); but see 

B (47 C.F.R. §
51.319(d)(2)) (referring to the "use of the features, functions, and capabilities of
interoffice transmission facilities shared by more than one customer or carrier."). The
exact nature of the incumbent LECs' unbundling duties regarding shared transmission
facilities remained subject to dispute until the FCC issued its Third Order on
Reconsideration, discussed below.

       On July 18, 1997, this court issued an opinion in which we affirmed in part and
vacated in part the FCC's First Report & Order. See Iowa Utils. Bd. v. FCC, 

, 819-20 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. granted sub nom., AT&T Co. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 

(1998). In particular, we affirmed the FCC's determination that various
features, functions and capabilities of the local exchange network, such as operational
support services, operator services, and signaling systems, were "network elements" for
purposes of the Act. Iowa Utils. Bd., 120 at 808-10. We similarly affirmed the FCC's
determination that various facilities, such as interoffice transmission facilities, fell within
the statutory definition of network element. See 

n.38 (implying by omission
that this regulation was upheld). Finally, we upheld the FCC's section 251(d)(2)
determination that the network elements it had recognized should be made available to
competitors on an unbundled basis. 

809-10.

       After the FCC issued its First Report & Order, various interested parties filed
petitions for reconsideration and clarification with the FCC. Two of these petitions
requested clarification regarding what incumbent LECs must do to make shared

                                             -11-
transmission facilities available to new entrants on an unbundled basis, pursuant to 47
U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(3). On August 18, 1997, the FCC issued its Third Order on
Reconsideration, in which it addressed the issues presented in these two petitions. The
FCC acknowledged that, in its First Report & Order, it had only required incumbent
LECs to "provide 'shared transport' between the end office and tandem." Third Order
on Reconsideration ¶ 2. Upon reconsideration, the FCC eliminated this limitation,
concluding that incumbent LECs "should be required to provide requesting carriers with
access to shared transport for all transmission facilities connecting LECs' switches—that
is, between end office switches, between an end office switch and a tandem switch, and
between tandem switches." 

see also 

26; 

A (47 C.F.R. §
51.319)(d)(1)(ii)). Additionally, the FCC clarified that the function of "shared
transport" constitutes a single network element, and directed incumbent LECs to make
this function available on an unbundled basis. See 

33, 42-43, 47.

       The consolidated petitions seek review of the FCC's Third Order on
Reconsideration, arguing that it is contrary to both the Telecommunications Act of 1996
and this court's decision in Iowa Utilities Board. We affirm the FCC's order and deny
the petitions for review.

                                           II.

       We have jurisdiction to review final orders of the FCC pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2342(1) (1994) and 47 U.S.C. § 402(a) (1994). As we noted in Iowa Utilities 

, we defer to administrative interpretations of statutes unless they
conflict with the plain meaning of a statute, unreasonably construe an ambiguous statute,
or are arbitrarily or capriciously adopted. See Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council, Inc., 

, 842-45 (1984). We emphasize here,
as we did in Iowa Utilities Board, that we in no way purport to evaluate the wisdom or
prudence of the policy decisions underlying the 

. Rather, if we


                                          -12-
find that the agency's reading of a statute is a permissible one, "we give that reading
controlling weight, even if it is not the answer 'the court would have reached if the
question initially had arisen in a judicial proceeding.'" Regions Hosp. v. Shalala, 

, 915 (1998) (quoting 

n.11).


A.    The Designation of "Shared Transport" as a Network Element is Consistent
      with the Act and Our Decision in Iowa Utilities Board.

       Petitioners argue that the FCC misinterpreted the Act when it determined that
shared transport constitutes a network element as defined in section 153(29). They
argue that, because the First Report & Order (arguably) defined each shared
transmission facility between an end office and a tandem switch as a separate network
element, the FCC has no power to aggregate all of an incumbent LEC's shared
transmission facilities and designate the function which these facilities serve—shared
transport—as a single network element. They further argue that because the function
of "shared transport" constitutes so significant a portion of the local exchange, it cannot
be considered a mere "network element." We disagree.

        The term "network element" is defined by the Act. This definition states that both
the individual "facilit[ies] or equipment" of the local exchange and the "features,
functions, and capabilities which are provided by means of such facilit[ies] or
equipment" constitute "network elements" for purposes of the Act. See 47 U.S.C.A. §
153(29); see also Iowa Utils. 

. For this reason, we held in Iowa
Utilities Board that operational support services, operator services, directory assistance,
call waiting, caller I.D., call forwarding, and signaling—all features or functions
supported by a variety of different facilities or equipment—fell within the statutory
definition of "network element." 

. There we wrote as follows:

      Simply because these capabilities can be labeled as "services" does not
      convince us that they were not intended to be unbundled as network


                                           -13-
      elements. While subsection 251(c)(4) does provide for the resale of
      telecommunications services, it does not establish resale as the exclusive
      means through which a competing carrier may gain access to such
      services. We agree with the FCC that such an interpretation would allow
      the incumbent LECs to evade a substantial portion of their unbundling
      obligation under subsection 251(c)(3). We believe that in some
      circumstances a competing carrier may have the option of gaining access
      to features of an incumbent LEC's network through either unbundling or
      resale. [The features then at issue] satisfy the definition of "network
      element;" consequently, they are subject to the unbundling requirements
      of subsection 251(c)(3).

(footnote omitted).

        Using the same logic, we conclude that shared transport is similarly a network
element. It is a "feature, function, [or] capability," and it is provided by facilities and
equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. The statutory
definition requires no more. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 153(29). In fact, the question presented
in the case at hand is easier than the one we dealt with in the above-quoted passage of
Iowa Utilities Board. There, we dealt with "finished services"5 such as directory
assistance and operations support services, while here, we deal with shared transport,
which petitioners acknowledge is of no use whatsoever unless a new entrant
additionally purchases switching. (See Br. for Pet'rs Ameritech , et al., at 29.)

      5
        In Iowa Utilities Board, we were careful not to rule on the issue of whether
operator services, directory assistance, caller I.D., call forwarding, and call waiting
could be classified as "services" subject to the resale provisions of the Act, because
that question was not properly before us. 

n.29 ("Even though
the parties seem to agree that operator services, directory assistance, caller I.D., call
forwarding, and call waiting can also be classified as 'services,' we make no ruling
on this particular issue."). We held simply that these functions, features, and
capabilities constituted network elements and were subject to the unbundling
requirements of subsection 251(c)(3), regardless of whether they additionally could
be considered services. 

.
                                           -14-
Accordingly, we conclude that the plain meaning of the statute supports the FCC's
determination that shared transport is a network element as defined in section 153(29).
See 

.


B.    The FCC's Determination that Incumbent LECs Must Make "Shared
      Transport" Available to Entrants on an Unbundled Basis Comports With
      the Act.

       Logically separate from the FCC's designation of shared transport as a network
element is the FCC's determination that incumbent LECs must make shared transport
available to entrants on an unbundled basis pursuant to section 251(c)(3). As discussed
above, section 251(d)(2) provides the FCC with the authority to make such
determinations and does not limit this authority except to direct the FCC to consider two
factors as it does so. First, the FCC must consider whether "access to such network
elements as are proprietary in nature is necessary." 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(d)(2)(A).
Second, it must consider whether "the failure to provide access to such network
elements would impair the ability of the telecommunications carrier seeking access to
provide the services that it seeks to offer." 

       Where, as it has here in § 251(d)(2), Congress expressly delegates to an agency
the power to formulate policy and fill gaps in a statutory scheme, we defer to agency
regulations promulgated pursuant to such delegation "unless they are arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute." 

. Here,
Congress limited the FCC's authority only by directing it to consider "at a minimum" the
two above-described factors, and petitioners do not argue that the FCC failed to give
adequate consideration to either one. 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(d)(2). In fact, petitioners do
not assert that the FCC violated the express language of section 251(d)(2) or any


      6
      We upheld the FCC's interpretation of section 251(d)(2) in Iowa Utilities
Board. 

-12.
                                          -15-
other provision of the Act. Rather, petitioners argue that the FCC's decision that
incumbent LECs must provide shared transport on an unbundled basis is inconsistent
with Congress's overarching intention of maintaining a meaningful distinction between
unbundled access to network elements and resale.

       The distinction between unbundled access and resale is important, petitioners
argue, because sections 251(c)(3) and 252(d)(1) require incumbent LECs to provide
unbundled access at cost-based rates, while sections 251(c)(4) and 252(d)(3) allow
incumbent LECs to provide retail services for resale at a higher price, equal to the LEC's
retail subscriber rates less avoided costs. Petitioners argue that, if use of all of an
incumbent LEC's shared transport facilities may be collectively purchased on a per-
minute-of-use basis, entrants will effectively be able to purchase preassembled
platforms for resale at the lower cost-based price reserved for unbundled access to
network elements. Petitioners argue that if this is allowed to occur, the distinction
between resale and unbundled access will be obliterated.

       This argument is predicated on petitioners' speculative assumption that shared
transport will be priced on a usage-sensitive basis. Because the pricing scheme for
shared transport (and all other unbundled elements) will be determined by the state
commissions, see 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(c)(2); Iowa Utils. 

, it is
impossible for this court to determine at this time whether shared transport will be
priced in such a way as to erode the distinction between resale and unbundled access.
Since, as in Iowa Utilities Board, "we do not know what the state-determined rates [or
even what the rate structure] will be," it follows that petitioners' arguments regarding
the actual costs that entrants will incur are "speculative at 

. Until
the state commissions exercise their authority to determine how shared transport will
be priced (i.e., whether on a flat, use-sensitive, or other basis, and at what price), we
could do no more than conjecture as to whether the unbundled sale of shared transport
will erode the careful distinction between resale and unbundled access. Accordingly,
we decline at this time to consider petitioners' argument to this effect.

                                           -16-
There will be time enough to do so once a state commission has compiled a record,
applied its expert analysis, and rendered a decision, and an appeal has been taken to a
federal district court pursuant to § 252(e)(6).

      Petitioners also argue that the FCC's determination that incumbent LECs must
provide shared transport on an unbundled basis is inconsistent with Iowa Utilities
Board, in which we wrote:


      [Section] 251(c)(3) does not permit a new entrant to purchase the
      incumbent LEC's assembled platform(s) of combined network elements (or
      any lesser existing combination of two or more elements) in order to offer
      competitive telecommunications services. To permit such an acquisition
      of already combined elements at cost based rates for unbundled access
      would obliterate the careful distinctions Congress has drawn in
      subsections 251(c)(3) and (4) between access to unbundled network
      elements on the one hand and the purchase at wholesale rates of an
      incumbent's telecommunications retail services for resale on the other.
      Accordingly, the Commission's rule, 47 C.F.R. § 51.315(b), which
      prohibits an incumbent LEC from separating network elements that it may
      currently combine, is contrary to § 251(c)(3) because the rule would
      permit the new entrant access to the incumbent LEC's network elements
      on a bundled rather than an unbundled 

.

       Petitioners argue that this holding should be read to prohibit the FCC from
requiring incumbent LECs to provide shared transport as a single unbundled element at
a cost-based price. They argue that treating shared transport as a single unbundled
element is the functional equivalent of requiring incumbent LECs to combine individual
transmission facilities, which are themselves network elements, and provide them to
new entrants on a bundled basis. They argue that by defining "shared transport"



                                         -17-
broadly as a function derived from numerous shared transmission facilities, the FCC
has acted in contravention of our Iowa Utilities Board decision.

        In support of this reading, petitioners quote then-FCC Chairman Reed Hundt,
who opined that the Third Order on Reconsideration "highlights the importance we
place on incumbents making available to new entrants their network elements on a
combined basis." Separate Statement of Chairman Reed Hundt (attached to the Third
Order on Reconsideration). We conclude that Chairman Hundt's remarks were
addressed to the provisions of 42 C.F.R. § 51.315(b), which then prohibited an
incumbent LEC from separating requested network elements that it currently combined
in its own configuration. Because we had not yet vacated subsection 315(b) when the
FCC issued its Third Order on Reconsideration, the FCC believed at that time that it
could prevent LECs from disassembling the combinations of individual network
elements that the LECs had already assembled in various configurations to provide local
telecommunications services. See Third Order on Reconsideration ¶ 44. Shortly after
the issuance of the Third Order on Reconsideration, we vacated subsection 315(b) in
response to a petition for rehearing. See Iowa Utils. 

. Accordingly,
to the extent that the FCC relied on subsection 315(b) as support for the Third Order
on Reconsideration, that reliance is no longer justified.

       Mr. Hundt's remarks and paragraph 44 notwithstanding, we respectfully disagree
with petitioners' argument that the Third Order on Reconsideration violates our mandate
in Iowa Utilities Board. While the existence of § 51.315(b) may have provided some
additional support for the FCC's determination that shared transport is a network
element subject to unbundled access, it was certainly not the principal basis for that
determination. As discussed above, the statutory definition of "network element"
contained in § 153(29) expressly includes both individual network facilities and the
functions which those facilities provide, either individually or in consort. Pursuant to
section 251(d)(2), it is within the authority of the FCC to determine which of these
network elements—the facilities, the functions, or both—incumbent LECs

                                         -18-
must make available on an unbundled basis. Accordingly, when the FCC made its
decision on reconsideration regarding shared transport, it was acting according to
express statutory authority.

       In Iowa Utilities Board, on the other hand, the FCC was acting in the absence of
any statutory authority and in violation of section 251(c)(3) of the Act. There we were
faced with the FCC's attempt to force incumbent LECs to make available precombined
packages of already assembled network elements (i.e., platforms), which the FCC had
never suggested were themselves network elements. Because the Act does not invest
the FCC with the authority to require LECs to "bundle" elements and provide them on
a combined basis, and because section 251(c)(3) expressly provides that network
elements are to be provided on an "unbundled" basis "that allows requesting carriers to
combine such elements," we held that the FCC had violated the Act. 

.

       In short, because the FCC action currently at issue—requiring LECs to provide
access to shared transport on an unbundled basis—was made pursuant to express
statutory authority, this case is distinguishable in this important respect from Iowa
Utilities Board, where we held that the FCC had no authority to order LECs to combine
network elements. Because we find that the statutory authority provided in §§ 153(29)
and 251(d)(2) is sufficient, standing alone, to support the FCC's determination that
shared transport is a network element, the fact that the FCC may have also relied on a
rule (§ 51.315(b)) we later vacated is of little consequence.

       Indeed, we believe that our decision in Iowa Utilities Board supports our decision
in the case at hand. As 

under subheading A, we expressly upheld the
FCC's section 251(d)(2) determination that various "functions" should be provided on
an unbundled basis, notwithstanding the fact that these functions could also be
considered finished services purchasable for resale pursuant to section 251(c)(4). See
Iowa Utils. 

(acknowledging that "a competing carrier may

                                          -19-
have the option of gaining access to features of an incumbent LEC's network through
either unbundling or resale"). If the FCC may require incumbent LECs to provide
unbundled access to functions and capabilities which may also be purchasable at retail
as "finished services" (e.g., caller I.D., call waiting, call forwarding, operator services,
and directory assistance), it certainly may require LECs to provide unbundled access
to a separate function or capability such as shared transport which, when combined with
other network elements, enables a new entrant to provide local telecommunications
service.

      In short, we hold that the FCC's determination that shared transport should be
made available to entrants on an unbundled basis is not arbitrary, capricious, or
otherwise contrary to law. See 

.


C.     The FCC Did Not Assert Pricing Authority in the Third Order on
       Reconsideration.

      Petitioners and intervenors have expressed concern regarding paragraphs 30 and
35 of the Third Order on Reconsideration, in which the FCC opined that shared
transport should be priced on a usage-sensitive, per-minute-of-use basis. Petitioners
correctly note that, under our cases, the FCC has no authority to establish pricing for
shared transport or any other network element. See Iowa Utils. 

-
96; Iowa Utils. Bd. v. FCC, 

, 537-38 (8th Cir. 1998), petitions for cert.
filed, 

(March 13, 1998) (Nos. 97-1519 & 97-1520).7




       7
       Only when a state commission fails to act to carry out its responsibility under
§ 252 to determine rates for unbundled access to network elements is the FCC
authorized to step in and assume the state commission's pricing role. 47 U.S.C.A. §
252(e)(5).
                                           -20-
        Clearly, any attempt by the FCC to assert authority over the pricing of unbundled
network elements would violate both the Act as we read it and our decision in Iowa
Utilities Board. However, we do not believe that the relevant passages of the Third
Order on Reconsideration reflect any such attempt on behalf of the FCC. We read the
relevant language in both paragraphs 30 and 35 to be dicta, in which the FCC expresses
its opinion as to how the states ought to approach the question of pricing. Clearly, the
FCC expresses a preference for usage-based pricing, but it follows this discussion with
an express acknowledgment that, pursuant to Iowa Utilities Board, it "may not establish
pricing rules for shared transport." Third Order on Reconsideration ¶ 30. In light of this
express acknowledgment, we reject petitioners' assertion that language in either
paragraph 30 or 35 represents an attempt to assert pricing authority in disregard of our
Iowa Utilities Board decision.

       Finally, we agree with petitioners that certain unvacated language in the First
Report & Order can be read to assert pricing authority. See 

("Carriers seeking
other elements, especially shared facilities such as common transport, are essentially
purchasing access to a functionality of the incumbent's facilities on a minute-by-minute
basis.") (emphasis added). However, this language was drafted before our decisions
in Iowa Utils. 

, and Iowa Utils. 

, and
we believe the FCC's current position is as expressed in paragraph 30 of the Third Order
on Reconsideration.

                                           III.

    Accordingly, we deny the consolidated petitions for review and affirm the Federal
Communications Commission's Third Order on Reconsideration.




                                          -21-
A true copy.


      Attest:


         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT




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