United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 97-3861
                                    ___________
South Dakota Mining Association,         *
Inc.; Homestake Mining Company, of       *
California; Wharf Resources, a           *
Montana General Partnership; Golden      *
Reward Mining Company Limited            *
Partnership; Naneco Minerals, Inc.;      *
Fred J. Gali; Iwalana I. Gali,           * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the
   Plaintiffs - Appellees,               * District of South Dakota.
                                         *
   v.                                    *
                                         *
Lawrence County, a Political             *
Subdivision of the State of South        *
Dakota,                                  *
                                         *
   Defendant - Appellee,                 *
                                         *
Jack Cole,                               *
                                         *
   Intervenor - Appellant.               *

                                    ___________

                             Submitted: April 20, 1998
                                 Filed: September 16, 1998
                                  ___________

Before McMILLIAN, LOKEN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
       Jack Cole appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment in favor of the
South Dakota Mining Association, Inc., Homestake Mining Company of California,
Wharf Resources, Golden Reward Mining Company, L.P., Naneco Minerals, Inc., Fred
J. Gali, and Iwalana I. Gali (collectively, the plaintiffs), and its order permanently
enjoining enforcement of a Lawrence County, South Dakota, ordinance prohibiting the
issuance of any new or amended permits for surface metal mining within the Spearfish
Canyon Area. The district court ruled that the ordinance was preempted by the Federal
Mining Act of 1872, 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-26 (1994). See South Dakota Mining Ass’n v.
Lawrence County, 

, 1405-07 (D.S.D. 1997). Cole, who intervened
on the side of defendant Lawrence County, argues that the ordinance is not preempted.
We affirm.

                                    I. Background

       On November 5, 1996, a 51 percent majority of the voters of Lawrence County,
South Dakota, approved an initiated ordinance that amended Lawrence County’s
zoning laws.2 The voter-approved ordinance adds the following language to the
county’s zoning provisions: “No new permits or amendments to existing permits may
be issued for surface metal mining extractive industry projects in the Spearfish Canyon
Area.” The Spearfish Canyon Area defined in the ordinance includes approximately
40,000 acres of Lawrence County, encompassing about 10 percent of the total land area


      1
       The Honorable Richard H. Battey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of South Dakota.
      2
        The Lawrence County Board of County Commissioners did not draft the
proposed ordinance. The Commissioners merely placed the proposed ordinance on the
ballot pursuant to South Dakota state law after backers obtained the requisite number
of signatures in favor of the ordinance. See S.D. Codified Laws § 7-18A-13 (Michie
1993). The ordinance became law when it was approved by a majority of the voters
in Lawrence County. See 

                                          -2-
of the county. Approximately 90 percent of the area is within the Black Hills National
Forest and is under the supervision and control of the United States Department of
Agriculture's Forest Service, and the United States Department of Interior’s Bureau of
Land Management. This public land contains unpatented mining claims or properties
which are open to the public for mineral developments. The remaining 10 percent of
the area contains privately owned patented mining claims. The area is also home to
“some of the most beautiful land in the Black Hills.” South Dakota Mining 

.

      The following three paragraphs, containing the undisputed factual background,
come from the district court's opinion.

      Five mining companies have had active surface mining operations within
Lawrence County in the past fifteen years. Two of the plaintiffs, Wharf Resources
(Wharf) and Golden Reward Mining Company, L.P. (Golden), either had or currently
have active surface mining operations. Both Wharf and Golden have patented and
unpatented mining claims within the area defined in the ordinance. Some of Wharf’s
and Golden’s unpatented mineral properties are undergoing active mineral exploration.
Wharf is also conducting active surface mining on some privately owned patented
mining claims within the area.

       Two members of the South Dakota Mining Association who are not plaintiffs,
LAC Minerals (U.S.A.) Inc. (LAC Minerals), and Brohm Mining Corp. (Brohm), also
either had, or currently have, surface mining operations. LAC Minerals owns or
controls patented and unpatented mineral properties within the Spearfish Canyon Area
as defined in the ordinance. From 1988 to the fall of 1993, LAC Minerals operated the
Richmond Hill Mine which was an active gold and silver surface mining operation.
The mine was undergoing reclamation activities at the time of this action. Brohm owns
or controls the Gilt Edge Mine, an active gold and silver surface mining operation.


                                         -3-
       Plaintiff Homestake Mining Company (Homestake) has both patented and
unpatented mining claims within the area defined in the ordinance. Plaintiff Naneco
Minerals, Inc., (Naneco) holds a state surface mine permit, but has not yet begun
mining in the Spearfish Canyon Area. Naneco also owns or controls patented mining
claims on privately owned land located within the Area. Plaintiffs Fred and Iwalana
Gali own patented mining claims within the area defined as Spearfish Canyon. The
Galis lease these mineral rights to mining companies while retaining a royalty.

        The record shows that surface metal mining is the only mining method that has
been used to mine gold and silver deposits located in the vicinity of the Spearfish
Canyon Area in the past 20 years. (J.A. at 151, 158.) Although underground and other
types of gold and silver mining are prevalent in parts of South Dakota, the record here
discloses that surface metal mining is the only mining method that can actually be used
to extract these minerals in the Spearfish Canyon Area. (Id. at 151-52, 158-59.) This
is because the gold and silver deposits within the Spearfish Canyon Area are
geologically located at the earth’s surface. (Id. at 151-52, 159.) The plaintiff mining
companies have also made substantial investments of both time and money to explore
the area for mineral deposits and to develop plans for mining that conform to federal,
state, and local permitting laws.

        On February 24, 1997, the plaintiffs filed suit in federal district court against
Lawrence County, alleging, among other claims, that federal and state mining laws
preempted the county ordinance banning surface metal mining within the Spearfish
Canyon Area. The plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment to this effect and an
injunction barring enforcement of the ordinance. On March 24, 1997, the plaintiffs
filed a motion for summary judgment on their claim that federal and state mining laws
preempted the ordinance. The plaintiffs and the county stipulated that no material facts
were in dispute and that discovery was unnecessary pending the district court’s
resolution of the summary judgment motion.


                                          -4-
       On April 28, 1997, Jack Cole, a private landowner within the Spearfish Canyon
Area, filed a motion to intervene and defend the ordinance. The plaintiffs did not
object to Cole intervening, and the district court granted the motion. The court also
granted the State of South Dakota and Action for the Environment (Action) leave to file
amicus curiae briefs regarding the summary judgment motion. The state filed a brief
in support of the plaintiffs' summary judgment motion and Action filed a brief opposing
the motion. Cole joined in Action’s brief.

       Prior to any ruling on the summary judgment motion, the district court ordered
the parties to brief the issue of whether the case presented a justiciable controversy.
The court noted that even though the case was brought as a declaratory judgment action
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202, the action must be ripe for a federal court to
resolve it. The parties then submitted briefs and affidavits regarding the ripeness issue.

       The district court ruled that the action was ripe and that it would therefore decide
the case on the merits. See South Dakota Mining 

. The
court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, ruling that the Federal
Mining Act of 1872, 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-26, preempted the Lawrence County ordinance
and ordered a permanent injunction barring enforcement of the ordinance. See 

Cole appeals.3

                                      II. Analysis

                                      A. Ripeness




      3
        Lawrence County did not appeal the district court’s ruling and has filed a brief
in this court arguing in support of the district court’s order invalidating the ordinance
and enjoining its enforcement. Accordingly, Lawrence County is designated as an
appellee before this court.

                                           -5-
       Although not raised by the parties in this appeal, we first analyze whether the
present action is ripe for federal court adjudication. We have explained that “[r]ipeness
is demonstrated by a showing that a live controversy exists such that the plaintiffs will
sustain immediate injury from the operation of the challenged provisions.” Employers
Ass’n, Inc. v. United Steelworkers, 

, 1299 (8th Cir. 1994). This means
that “[a] plaintiff who challenges a statute must demonstrate a realistic danger of
sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute’s operation or enforcement.” Babbit
v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 

, 298 (1979). A plaintiff does not
have to “await consummation of threatened injury” before bringing a declaratory
judgment action. 

(internal quotation omitted). Instead, an action is ripe for
adjudication if the plaintiff faces injury that “is certainly impending.” 

omitted).

       The plaintiffs here have shown a realistic danger of sustaining an immediate,
direct injury as a result of the operation or enforcement of the challenged Lawrence
County ordinance. Plaintiffs Homestake, Wharf, Golden, Naneco, and Fred and
Iwalana Gali all own patented or unpatented mining claims within the Spearfish Canyon
Area as defined in the Lawrence County ordinance. Plaintiff South Dakota Mining
Association also has members who own patented or unpatented mining claims within
the area. Under the plain text of the Lawrence County ordinance, none of the plaintiffs
may be granted a new or amended permit for surface metal mining on any of their
mining claims within the Spearfish Canyon Area. Because applying for and being
denied a county permit for surface metal mining would be an exercise in futility, we
will not require plaintiffs to do so before they may challenge the ordinance. See
Sammon v. New Jersey Bd. of Med. Examiners, 

, 643 (3d Cir. 1995)
(“Litigants are not required to make such futile gestures to establish ripeness.”). We
agree with the district court and conclude that the plaintiffs’ preemption claim is ripe.

                                    B. Preemption


                                          -6-
      Having determined that the plaintiffs’ preemption claim is ripe, we now address
Cole’s challenge to the district court’s order declaring the Lawrence County ordinance
preempted by federal law and enjoining its enforcement. Cole argues that the
Lawrence County ordinance is not preempted by the Federal Mining Act because the
ordinance is a reasonable environmental regulation of mining on federal lands.
Specifically, Cole claims that because the ordinance only bans one type of mining,
surface metal mining, and does so only within a limited area, the ordinance does not
prevent the accomplishment of the purposes and objectives of federal mining law.4

       “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying
the same standards as the district court.” Mayard v. Hopwood, 

, 1227
(8th Cir.1997). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record “show[s] that there is
no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view the facts and the
reasonable inferences to be drawn from them in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

,
587 (1986). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under
the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 248 (1986).

        The Supreme Court has set forth the analysis we must apply to determine if a
state law is preempted by federal law:



      4
        We note that Cole also urges us to remand the case to the district court to allow
further discovery regarding the purposes and policies underlying the ordinance. We
reject this argument because these purposes and policies are immaterial to the
preemption analysis here. See Perez v. Campbell, 

, 651-52 (1971)
(holding that “any state legislation which frustrates the full effectiveness of federal law
is rendered invalid by the Supremacy Clause” regardless of the underlying purpose of
its enactors).

                                           -7-
      State law can be pre-empted in either of two general ways. If Congress
      evidences an intent to occupy a given field, any state law falling within
      that field is pre-empted. If Congress has not entirely displaced state
      regulation over the matter in question, state law is still pre-empted to the
      extent it actually conflicts with federal law, that is, when it is impossible
      to comply with both state and federal law, or where the state law stands
      as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives
      of Congress.

California Coastal Comm’n v. Granite Rock Co., 

, 581 (1987) (emphasis
added) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2
(supremacy clause). The same preemption analysis applies when a court is determining
if federal law preempts a county ordinance. Hillsborough County v. Automated Med.
Labs., Inc., 

, 713 (1985).

      In this case, we must determine whether the Lawrence County ordinance is
preempted because it conflicts with federal law. Specifically, we address whether the
ordinance conflicts with the Federal Mining Act because it “stands as an obstacle to the
accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives of Congress” embodied in the Act.
Granite 

(internal quotation omitted). Thus, in analyzing whether
the ordinance is preempted, we must first determine the purposes and objectives of
Congress that are embodied in the Mining Act. Second, we must determine whether
the ordinance stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment of these Congressional
purposes and objectives.

       To determine the purposes and objectives that are embodied in the Mining Act,
we first look to the text and structure of statute itself. Peters v. Union Pac. R.R. Co.,

, 261 (8th Cir.1996). Congress has codified its declaration of the federal
government’s policy towards mining:

      The Congress declares that it is the continuing policy of the Federal
      Government in the national interest to foster and encourage private

                                          -8-
      enterprise in (1) the development of economically sound and stable
      domestic mining, minerals, metal and mineral reclamation industries, (2)
      the orderly and economic development of domestic mineral resources,
      reserves, and reclamation of metals and minerals to help assure
      satisfaction of industrial, security and environmental needs, (3) mining,
      mineral, and metallurgical research, including the use and recycling of
      scrap to promote the wise and efficient use of our natural and reclaimable
      mineral resources, and (4) the study and development of methods for the
      disposal, control, and reclamation of mineral waste products, and the
      reclamation of mined land, so as to lessen any adverse impact of mineral
      extraction and processing upon the physical environment that may result
      from mining or mineral activities.

30 U.S.C. § 21a.

       The Mining Act provides for the free and open exploration of public lands
for valuable mineral deposits. Specifically, the statute states:

      Except as otherwise provided, all valuable mineral deposits in lands
      belonging to the United States, both surveyed and unsurveyed, shall be
      free and open to exploration and purchase, and the lands in which they are
      found to occupation and purchase, by citizens of the United States and
      those who have declared their intention to become such, under regulations
      prescribed by law, and according to the local customs or rules of miners
      in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and not
      inconsistent with the laws of the United States.

30 U.S.C. § 22. The Supreme Court has stated that the Congressional intent
underlying this section is to reward and encourage the discovery of economically
valuable minerals located on public lands. United States v. Coleman, 

, 602 (1968). Congress has further provided that the “locators” of mineral
deposits on federal lands under § 22 shall have the exclusive right to extract
those minerals if they comply with federal law and state and local laws that do



                                         -9-
not conflict with federal law. See 30 U.S.C. § 26. The Mining Act establishes
a system whereby a prospector can “go out




                                       -10-
into the public domain, search for minerals and upon discovery establish a claim
to the lands upon which the discovery was made.” United States v. Curtis-
Nevada Mines, Inc., 

, 1281 (9th Cir. 1980).

       Thus, as shown in the text and structure of the statute, Congress has set
out several purposes and objectives in the Mining Act. These include the
encouragement of exploration for and mining of valuable minerals located on
federal lands, providing federal regulation of mining to protect the physical
environment while allowing the efficient and economical extraction and use of
minerals, and allowing state and local regulation of mining so long as such
regulation is consistent with federal mining law. Having determined the
purposes and objectives of the Mining Act, we next examine the second step of
the preemption analysis—whether the Lawrence County ordinance stands as an
obstacle to these purposes and objectives.

       Both parties cite the Supreme Court’s decision in Granite Rock to support
their positions, and an examination of the case would aid us in applying the
second step of our preemption analysis. In Granite Rock, a mining company
brought a “purely facial” challenge to a California state law making it unlawful
to mine on federal lands without first obtaining a permit from the state Coastal

. The mining company claimed that the state
permit requirement was preempted by federal mining laws. Because the
company had not applied for a permit, and it was unclear what requirements the
company would have to meet to obtain a permit, the issue faced by the Supreme
Court was relatively narrow: “whether Congress has enacted legislation
respecting this federal land that would pre-empt any requirement that [the
company] obtain a California Coastal Commission permit.” 

Significant to this case, the Court stressed that the Coastal Commission did not
argue that it had the authority to ban all mining. 

(“[T]he Coastal
Commission has consistently maintained that it does not seek to prohibit mining
of the unpatented claim on national forest land.”). Instead, the Coastal



                                         -11-
Commission merely claimed that it could require the company to comply with
certain reasonable regulatory requirements designed to protect




                                      -12-
the environment prior to obtaining a permit. 

-87. In rejecting the
company’s argument that the permit requirement was preempted because it was
an impermissible land use regulation, the Court first assumed without deciding
that state land use regulations, which it defined as laws that “in essence choose[]
particular uses for the land,” were preempted. 

Second, the Court
held that state environmental regulations, laws that “do[] not mandate particular
uses of land but require[] only that, however the land is used, damage to the
environment is kept within prescribed limits,” would not always be preempted.

Coastal Commission had identified “a possible set of permit
conditions not pre-empted by federal law,” conditions which would not prohibit
the company from mining on federal land, the Court rejected the company’s
facial challenge and upheld the state permit law. 

      We initially note that, as in Granite Rock, the plaintiffs in this case bring
a facial challenge to a local permit law. However, unlike Granite Rock, we are
not confronted with uncertainty regarding what conditions must be met to obtain
a permit for surface metal mining in the Spearfish Canyon area. The Lawrence
County ordinance is a per se ban on all new or amended permits for surface
metal mining within the area. Because the record shows that surface metal
mining is the only practical way any of the plaintiffs can actually mine the
valuable mineral deposits located on federal land in the area, the ordinance’s
effect is a de facto ban on mining in the area. Thus, unlike Granite Rock, we are
not faced with a local permit law that sets out reasonable environmental
regulations governing mining activities on federal lands.

       The ordinance’s de facto ban on mining on federal land acts as a clear
obstacle to the accomplishment of the Congressional purposes and objectives
embodied in the Mining Act. Congress has encouraged exploration and mining
of valuable mineral deposits located on federal land and has granted certain
rights to those who discover such minerals. Federal law also encourages the
economical extraction and use of these minerals. The Lawrence County



                                          -13-
ordinance completely frustrates the accomplishment of these federally
encouraged activities. A local government cannot prohibit a lawful




                                   -14-
use of the sovereign's land that the superior sovereign itself permits and
encourages. To do so offends both the Property Clause and the Supremacy
Clause of the federal Constitution. The ordinance is prohibitory, not regulatory,
in its fundamental character. The district court correctly ruled that the
ordinance was preempted.

       Finally, we note that in his reply brief, Cole points out that the Spearfish
Canyon Area defined in the ordinance includes privately owned land that is
outside the purview of the Federal Mining Act. Cole contends that the district
court “erred in failing to separately analyze the ordinance’s effect on the
privately owned land.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 4.) Because Cole did not raise
this argument in his initial brief, he has not preserved this error, and we do not
address the claim. See United States v. Darden, 

, 1549 n.18 (8th
Cir. 1995) (“Appellants generally must raise and brief all issues in their opening
brief.”), cert. denied, 

(1996).

                                 III. Conclusion

      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT




                                          -15-