United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT



   ________________

      No. 98-1789
   ________________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        *      Appeal from the United States
      v.                                *      District Court for the
                                        *      District of Minnesota.
Romelle Monte Surratt,                  *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *

   ________________

      No. 98-1898
   ________________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Gregory Surratt, Sr.,                   *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *

                               ________________

                                Submitted: October 22, 1998
                                    Filed: March 31, 1999
                                 ________________

Before McMILLIAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                         ________________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Romelle Surratt and his brother Gregory Surratt, Sr., on federal
drug trafficking charges. Romelle Surratt was also convicted of being a felon in
possession of a firearm. The district court1 sentenced Romelle Surratt to 324 months'
imprisonment. Gregory Surratt, Sr., received a 121-month sentence. Romelle Surratt
and Gregory Surratt, Sr., appeal their convictions and respective sentences. For the
reasons stated below, we affirm the district court's judgments in all respects.

                          I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       On August 20, 1997, Hennepin County Sheriff's deputies arrested Devon Wright
for possession of crack cocaine. Wright agreed to cooperate with the police. Using
a secure phone, Wright paged his source. Upon the source's return phone call, Wright
placed an order for two ounces of crack cocaine, and officers set up surveillance in the
area where the delivery was to occur. The officers were told to expect a black male
with the initials R.M. driving either a motor home or an older gray or silver Chevrolet
Suburban bearing a particular license plate number.

      Shortly thereafter the officers spotted a Suburban matching the description. The
vehicle contained three persons: a driver, a front-seat passenger, and a rear-seat
passenger. The Suburban stopped in front of Wright's apartment building. Sergeant
Folkens, driving a marked Minneapolis Police Department patrol car, drove up behind


      1
         The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
                                           2
the Suburban and activated the patrol car's lights. The Suburban then drove away in
an apparent attempt to evade the police. Thereafter, Sergeant Folkens pursued the
vehicle until it stopped after a minor collision with an unmarked police vehicle
approaching from the opposite direction. The driver of the Suburban was later
identified as Romelle Surratt. His brother, Gregory Surratt, Sr., occupied the front
passenger seat, while Gregory's son, Gregory, Jr., rode in the back seat.

       Detectives Zimmer and Moe testified that as the Suburban was coming to a stop,
they observed the passenger later identified as Gregory Surratt, Sr., extend his arm out
of the window and toss a white bag or object towards the sidewalk.2 Detective Zimmer
was riding in the front seat of Sergeant Folkens' patrol car. He testified that the
Suburban's rear tailgate window was down and he could easily view its occupants.
According to Detective Zimmer's testimony, he observed Gregory Surratt, Sr., holding
a plastic bag containing a white substance he recognized as being crack cocaine.
Detective Zimmer further testified that he saw Gregory Surratt, Sr., toss the bag onto
the adjacent sidewalk.

      Detective Moe was traveling in a vehicle approaching the Suburban head-on.
Detective Moe testified that he saw Gregory Surratt, Sr., extend his arm out of the
window, and that he saw a white object hanging from Surratt, Sr.'s, hand. According
to Detective Moe, as the Suburban was stopping, Surratt, Sr., tossed the white object
towards the sidewalk. Detective Moe retrieved the white object from the sidewalk; it
was a plastic bag containing two ounces of crack cocaine.

      Officers then searched the Suburban and its occupants. The officers found a
pager inside the Suburban. A download of the pager's memory revealed that it


      2
         Although Sergeant Folkens did not see the white package in Gregory
Surratt, Sr.'s, hand, he testified that he saw Surratt, Sr., extend his right arm out of
the window and also saw a white ball flying through the air.
                                            3
contained the phone number for the secure phone Devon White had used to place the
drug order. While searching Romelle Surratt, the officers found, inter alia,
approximately $600, mostly in small denominations, and a receipt for rent paid for a
Minneapolis apartment located at 2633 Pleasant Avenue South. Gregory Surratt, Sr.,
likewise possessed approximately $600, primarily in small denominations. The officers
did not discover any remarkable items in their search of Gregory Surratt, Jr.

        Later that same day, August 20, 1997, officers obtained and executed a warrant
to search Romelle Surratt's apartment and motor home. The search of the apartment
uncovered a large amount of drugs, money, drug paraphernalia, and a weapon. Officers
found a .38 caliber handgun inside a hall closet, concealed in a car battery having a
false lid. They also found fourteen bags of crack cocaine (weighing approximately 748
grams) and 608 grams of marijuana in the hall closet. A safe in the bedroom contained
about $2,000 in cash and two digital gram scales. A pair of women's shoes found in
the living room contained $4,000 in cash. Notebooks that expert testimony later
identified as relating to cocaine trafficking were also seized.

       A search of the bedroom and bedroom closet uncovered miscellaneous items
linking Romelle Surratt to the apartment. Officers found documents, receipts,
photographs, and identification cards bearing Romelle Surratt's likeness and name. The
identification cards were found in a man's leather coat that also contained a bag of 13.1
grams of crack cocaine. In the motor home, officers found plastic baggies of the type
commonly used to package drugs.

       A fourteen-year-old female named Lashawnda Manson was in the apartment at
the time the officers executed the search warrant. Over the course of the investigation
and trial, Ms. Manson provided various accounts regarding the contraband found in the
apartment. At trial, for example, Ms. Manson testified that the drugs found in the
closet belonged to her former boyfriend, not one of the defendants. Ms. Manson
claimed that she hid the drugs after learning that the police had arrested the three

                                           4
Surratts. She admitted, however, that at the time of the search she told the officers that
she did not know who owned the drugs or weapon, and that she had also told the police
a different story shortly before the trial.

        The grand jury issued a superseding indictment on November 19, 1997. Counts
I and II concerned the drugs associated with the stop of the Suburban. Count I charged
Romelle Surratt, Gregory Surratt, Sr., and Gregory Surratt, Jr., with conspiring to
distribute, and possessing with the intent to distribute, over 50 grams of a mixture of
substance containing crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Count II charged
the three men with aiding and abetting each other in possessing with the intent to
distribute approximately 52 grams of a mixture of substance containing crack cocaine,
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A). Counts III and IV concerned
the contraband discovered during the search of Romelle Surratt's apartment. Count III
charged Romelle Surratt with possessing with intent to distribute approximately 365
grams of a mixture of substance containing crack, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A). Count IV charged him with being a felon in possession
of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

       Each defendant pleaded not guilty, and a single jury heard all three cases. The
jury found Romelle Surratt guilty on all four counts, and found Gregory Surratt, Sr.,
guilty on Counts I and II. Gregory Surratt, Jr., was acquitted. The district court
sentenced Romelle Surratt to 324 months of imprisonment, and Gregory Surratt, Sr.,
received a 121-month sentence.

                           II. ROMELLE M. SURRATT

A.    Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Romelle Surratt argues that the government failed to present sufficient evidence
to support the jury's verdict with respect to Counts III and IV of the superseding

                                            5
indictment. Counts III and IV relate to the drugs and weapon found during the search
of Romelle Surratt's apartment. In Count III, the government charged Romelle Surratt
with possession with the intent to distribute 365 grams of crack cocaine; Count IV
charged Romelle Surratt with being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm. "'In
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government,
and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury's
verdict.'" United States v. Smith, 

, 1200 (8th Cir. 1996) (quoting United
States v. White, 

, 82 (8th Cir. 1996)). "We will uphold the jury verdict if
a reasonable minded jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt." 

of review is very strict; we will not lightly overturn the jury's
verdict. United States v. Perkins, 

, 436 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 

(1997).

         Romelle argues that although the government presented "ample evidence of the
presence of the contraband, there was a complete absence of any evidence that it was
[Romelle Surratt] who possessed either the firearm or the drugs." (Romelle Surratt's
Br. at 9.) We reject this argument. It is well established that the government need not
prove actual possession, constructive possession is sufficient. See, e.g., United States
v. McCracken, 

, 541 (8th Cir. 1997) ("Proof of constructive possession
is sufficient to satisfy the element of knowing possession."); United States v. Wesley,

, 364 (8th Cir. 1993) ("This court has held that possession may be actual
or constructive."). "Constructive possession of [contraband] is established if a person
has 'ownership, dominion or control over the contraband itself, or dominion over the
premises in which the contraband is concealed.'" 

(quoting
United States v. Ojeda, 

, 1475 (8th Cir. 1994)).

      The government's evidence in this case is more than sufficient to support a
conclusion that Romelle Surratt constructively possessed the drugs and gun found
during the search of his apartment. For example, evidence including photographs and

                                            6
rent receipts clearly showed that Romelle rented and occupied the apartment. Despite
this, Romelle Surratt attempts to focus our attention solely on the evidence found
hidden in the closet because Lashawnda Manson testified that the drugs found there did
not belong to Surratt. Yet the apartment search also turned up various items associated
with drug trafficking, including two digital scales and notebooks that were linked to
cocaine sales. Furthermore, over the course of the investigation and prosecution of
Romelle Surratt, Ms. Manson provided different accounts as to the ownership of the
drugs and weapon found in Romelle Surratt's apartment. A reasonable minded jury
could properly discredit her testimony in view of these inconsistencies. See 

(noting that witness credibility is a matter left to the jury).

       Moreover, "[i]t is not necessary for the evidence before the jury to rule out every
reasonable hypothesis of innocence. It is enough that the entire body of evidence be
sufficient to convince the fact-finder beyond reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt."
United States v. Noibi, 

, 1422 (8th Cir. 1986). We hold, therefore, that
a reasonable jury could conclude that Romelle Surratt "had sufficient dominion over the
premises to establish constructive possession of the [drugs and weapon]." 

.

B.    Sentencing

       In his main brief, Romelle Surratt presents one challenge to his 324-month
sentence. He invites this court to once again address the statutory sentencing
differences between crack and powder cocaine. He concedes that our court has upheld
the guidelines and statutes that provide longer sentences for crack cocaine than for
powder cocaine. See, e.g., United States v. Crawford, 

, 965 (8th Cir.)
("[T]he statutory distinction between cocaine and cocaine base [is] not ambiguous and
[does] not require us to apply the rule of lenity."), cert. denied, 

(1996).
We decline the invitation to revisit this issue and affirm the 324-month sentence. See
United States v. Ortega, 

, 947 (8th Cir. 1998) ("[I]n our circuit, one panel

                                            7
is not at liberty to overrule the decision of another."), cert. denied,__S. Ct. __, 

, 

(U.S. Jan. 11, 1999) (No. 98-6987).

C.    Summary — Romelle Surratt

        Finally, Romelle Surratt filed two pro se supplemental briefs. Although it is
normally not our practice to consider pro se briefs filed by represented parties, see
United States v. Gregory Allen Peck, 

, 1174 n.2 (8th Cir. 1998), we gave
Mr. Surratt permission to file a pro se brief. We have carefully reviewed the additional
arguments raised in both briefs and find them meritless. We also deny his motion to
file a third supplemental brief. In sum, we find more than sufficient evidence to support
the jury's verdict on all counts, and we find no error in the sentence imposed by the
district court. Thus, we affirm the district court's judgment as to Romelle Surratt.

                         III. GREGORY SURRATT, SR.

A.    Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In Count I of the indictment, the government charged Gregory Surratt, Sr., with
participating in a conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine. Count II charged him with
aiding and abetting the possession with the intent to distribute crack cocaine. He now
claims that the government produced "no evidence that he knowingly contributed his
efforts in furtherance of the objectives of the conspiracy," nor did he "knowingly
associate himself with the venture, participate in it, or act in a manner to make it
succeed." (Gregory Surratt, Sr.'s, Br. at 10.) "In assessing this argument, we are
required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and to give the
government all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom." 

(citing United States v. Suppenbach, 

, 681-82 (8th Cir. 1993)).




                                           8
       To prove that Surratt, Sr., was a participant in a conspiracy to distribute crack
cocaine, "the government was required to show evidence that two or more people,
including [Gregory Surratt, Sr.], reached an agreement and the purpose of the
agreement was a violation of the law." United States v. McCarthy, 

, 1568
(8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 

, and 

(1997). "'The
agreement need not be formal; a tacit understanding will suffice. Moreover, the
government may prove the agreement wholly by circumstantial evidence or by
inference from the actions of the parties.'" 

States v. Shoffner, 

, 1433 (8th Cir. 1995)).

       We need not recount the evidence against Surratt, Sr., in detail, a brief recap
should suffice. Two officers testified that as the police approached the Suburban, they
saw a man, who was later determined to be Gregory Surratt, Sr., hold his arm out of
the window and toss a bag to the sidewalk. Detective Moe recovered the bag which
contained two ounces of crack cocaine. Thus, the government presented evidence that
Gregory Surratt, Sr., physically possessed the drugs, and attempted to dispose of them
when the police arrived. Moreover, the government produced evidence that at the time
of his arrest, Gregory Surratt, Sr., possessed about $600, primarily in small
denominations. Expert testimony established that carrying large sums of money in
small denominations was common in the crack trade. Although Surratt, Sr.'s, testimony
attempted to explain away the evidence against him, the issue of his credibility was a
question for the jury. 

(citing United States v. Cunningham,

, 222 (8th Cir. 1996)). Thus, contrary to his arguments, the government
presented ample evidence that Gregory Surratt, Sr., knowingly associated himself with
the venture, participated in it, and acted in a manner to make it succeed. We hold,
therefore, that the evidence supports the jury's verdict, and we affirm the conviction of
Gregory Surratt, Sr., with respect to Counts I and II of the superseding indictment.3


      3
        Gregory Surratt, Sr., also contends that a conviction based on supposedly
"untrustworthy and unreliable evidence" constitutes plain error, and consequently,
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B.    Sentencing

      1.     Safety Valve

       Gregory Surratt, Sr., also argues that he should have received a reduced sentence
under the "safety valve" provision of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual §
5C1.2(1)-(5) (1997). See also 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(1)-(5). A drug defendant facing a
statutory minimum sentence may receive a more lenient sentence within the guidelines
if he qualifies under the safety valve provisions. See United States v. Romo, 

, 85 (8th Cir. 1996). In order to qualify, a drug defendant must satisfy five
requirements. In relevant part, the five requirements are as follows:

      (1)    the defendant does not have more than 1 criminal history point, as
             determined under the sentencing guidelines;

      (2)    the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of violence
             or possess a firearm or other dangerous weapon . . . in connection
             with the offense;

      (3)    the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury to any
             person;

      (4)    the defendant was not an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor
             of others in the offense . . .; and


we must reverse his conviction. (See Gregory Surratt, Sr.'s, Br. at 11.) This
argument suggests a misunderstanding of the nature of plain error review. The plain
error doctrine applies a heightened standard of review to issues not preserved for
appellate review. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Aikens, 

, 455 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. (1998). The government does not
contend that Gregory Surratt, Sr., failed to preserve his sufficiency argument for
appeal. Hence, the plain error doctrine has no application on this issue.
Furthermore, this issue lacks merit because, as already noted, matters of credibility
are the province of the jury.
                                          10
       (5)    not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has
              truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence
              the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part
              of the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan . .
              ..

USSG § 5C1.2 (emphasis added).

       It is undisputed that Gregory Surratt, Sr., fulfilled the first four safety valve
requirements. Thus, the only issue is whether he truthfully provided the Government
with all of the information and evidence that he had concerning the offenses. See 

bears the burden of proof on this matter. See United States v.
Velasquez, 

, 1283 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, and 

(1998). We review the district court's findings for clear error. 

sentencing hearing, Gregory Surratt, Sr., attempted to fulfill the fifth safety
valve requirement. The district court granted a continuance in order to provide Surratt,
Sr., with sufficient time to make a proffer. (See Sentencing Tr. at 5.) After the hearing
resumed, the district court found that although Surratt, Sr., made a proffer, that proffer
did not include any information as to his own guilt or complicity in the charged
offenses. In view of this deficiency, the district court, relying on its own credibility
assessment, concluded that Surratt, Sr., failed in his burden of proving that he had
provided all of the information and evidence he had concerning the offenses in
question. (See 

We cannot say that this finding is clearly erroneous.

       Gregory Surratt, Sr., argues that because he knew that admitting his complicity
would qualify him for the safety valve, the fact that he did not make such an admission
suggests that he must have truthfully provided all of the information that he had.
According to Surratt, Sr., "there [was] no logical reason for [him] to lie." (Gregory
Surratt, Sr.'s Br. at 14.) This argument, however, completely ignores the fact that
Surratt, Sr., testified at trial and denied his involvement. To admit complicity during

                                             11
sentencing would have exposed him to potential perjury charges. Thus, even at the
time of sentencing he retained ample motivation to lie about his complicity. The fact
that he faced this difficult choice is of no concern to us. We hold, therefore, that the
district court did not clearly err in finding that Gregory Surratt, Sr., failed to qualify for
a sentence reduction under the safety valve exception to his statutory minimum
sentence.

       2.     Minor Role

       Finally, Gregory Surratt, Sr., contends that the district court erred in not granting
him a two-level reduction for being a minor participant. See USSG § 3B1.2(b). The
Application Notes define a minor participant as "any participant who is less culpable
than most other participants, but whose role could not be described as minimal."
USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.3). As the defendant, Surratt, Sr., bears the burden of
proof on this issue. United States v. Chatman, 

, 1341 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 

(1997). We review the district court's fact-findings with respect
to a participant's role in the offense for clear error. 

case, the district court found Gregory Surratt, Sr., to be an "average
participant" in the charged conduct. (Sentencing Tr. at 15.) In reaching this conclusion
the court relied on the evidence of complicity and the jury's verdict. The government
presented evidence showing that Surratt, Sr., possessed the package of crack prior to
the time when the Suburban finally stopped. Two officers testified that they saw
Surratt, Sr., attempting to dispose of the crack. Finally, Surratt, Sr., does not dispute
that at the time of his arrest, officers found about $600, mostly in small denominations,
in his possession. Thus, we hold the district court did not clearly err in finding that
Gregory Surratt, Sr., was an average participant in the conduct charged in Counts I and
II.




                                             12
C.    Summary — Gregory Surratt, Sr.

     We reject Gregory Surratt, Sr.'s, challenges to his conviction and sentence.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court's judgment with respect to Gregory Surratt,
Sr.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT




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