United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 98-3138
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
             Appellee,                 *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
            v.                         * District Court for the
                                       * District of South Dakota.
Jose Jesus Madrigal,                   *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: March 9, 1999

                                 Filed: March 30, 1999
                                  ___________

Before BEAM and HEANEY, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge of the U.S.
      Court of International Trade.
                                    ___________

HEANEY, Circuit Judge.

      Jose Jesus Madrigal appeals from the district court's finding of criminal
contempt. We affirm.




      1
       The Honorable Richard V. Goldberg, Judge of the U.S. Court of International
Trade, sitting by designation.
        Madrigal was convicted of drug conspiracy charges and sentenced to serve
eighty-four months in prison. His conviction was affirmed by this court. See United
States v. Madrigal, 

(8th Cir. 1998). A co-conspirator was subsequently
convicted, and Madrigal was brought to the district court to testify at the co-
conspirator's sentencing hearing. Madrigal promptly filed pleadings indicating he
would refuse to testify at the sentencing hearing. Thereafter, the United States filed a
motion for compulsion order requesting that an order be issued granting Madrigal use
immunity and compelling his testimony at the co-conspirator's sentencing hearing.
Madrigal promptly filed a motion to quash the order to compel his testimony, claiming
that if he were required to testify, his life would be in danger. After holding a hearing,
the district court found that the government proved beyond a reasonable doubt that
Madrigal willfully violated a clear and specific order of the court. See United States
v. Rapone, 

, 192 (D.C. Cir. 1997). It then issued an oral order finding
Madrigal guilty of criminal contempt and sentenced him to sixty days to be served
consecutive to the sentence previously imposed for Madrigal's drug conspiracy
convictions.

       The district court, relying on dictum in Piemonte v. United States, 

,
559 n.2(1961), and two Eighth Circuit cases, In re Long Visitor, 

, 448 (8th
Cir. 1975), and LaTona v. United States, 

, 122 (8th Cir. 1971), held that
fear of reprisal is not a defense in a criminal contempt proceeding. We need not decide
in this case, however, whether duress can ever be a defense in a criminal contempt
charge. We are satisfied from the record that Madrigal made no showing that he had
been threatened by his co-conspirator, let alone that he had been threatened with death
or serious bodily injury. See United States v. May, 

, 765 (8th Cir. 1984)
(stating elements of a duress defense).

        Madrigal also urges that because he relied on advice of counsel in refusing to
testify at his co-conspirator's sentencing hearing, the willfulness and intent element of
criminal contempt was missing. We disagree. The problem is that Madrigal was

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specifically asked at the contempt hearing whether he was refusing to testify based
upon a privilege or any other basis, and he refused to answer. Thus, it is difficult to
understand how an advice-of-counsel defense is available to Madrigal.

      Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Madrigal's
motion to dismiss based on a claim of vindictive prosecution. See United States v.
Kelley, 

, 885-86 (8th Cir. 1998).

      For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.



      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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