United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                   ___________

                                   No. 98-2740
                                   ___________

Ross W. Graham; Julie Graham,          *
                                       *
      Plaintiffs - Appellants,         *
                                       *
      v.                               * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the Western
Ozark Mountain Sightseeing, Inc.;      * District of Missouri.
Joe D. Ainsworth; Rudolph E. Smutny, *
                                       *
      Defendants - Appellees.          *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: January 15, 1999

                                  Filed: May 28, 1999
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, HANSEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

      Juanita Graham was injured in an accident involving an Ozark Mountain
Sightseeing bus. She later suffered a heart attack and died. Her surviving husband and
daughter, Oklahoma residents Ross and Julie Graham, brought this diversity wrongful
death action against Ozark Mountain and the bus drivers. The district court1 granted


      1
        The HONORABLE RUSSELL G. CLARK, Senior Judge of the United States
District Court for the Western Division of Missouri.
summary judgment for defendants because the Grahams lacked evidence that the bus
accident directly caused Juanita’s death. The Grahams appeal, arguing their medical
experts’ testimony created a genuine fact dispute regarding causation. We affirm.

       On June 8, 1995, Juanita Graham was walking through a parking lot in Branson,
Missouri, when an empty Ozark Mountain bus rolled down a hill and struck several
parked cars, knocking one of the cars into her. She suffered serious injuries, including
brain damage. On May 21, 1996, Graham had a heart attack and died. Graham had
multiple risks for heart failure, including diabetes, hypertension, three pre-accident
heart attacks, and a smoking habit. One of her treating physicians, Dr. Joseph Knapik,
completed Juanita’s Oklahoma death certificate, listing cardiac arrest as the cause of
death, noting congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus as contributing causes, and
reciting that more than a year elapsed between the onset of the conditions causing death
and Juanita’s death.2

       The Grahams commenced this wrongful death action under Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 537.080, contending the June 1995 accident impaired Juanita’s mental capacity and
ability to manage her preexisting conditions, which in turn caused her heart attack and
death. The district court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment,
concluding the Grahams’ evidence could not meet the Missouri causation standard.
This appeal followed. We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
evidence most favorably to the non-moving party and affirming if there is no genuine
fact dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Chism
v. W.R. Grace & Co., 

, 990 (8th Cir. 1998). We review the district




      2
       Under Oklahoma law, if a doctor believes that death was caused by an injury,
he should certify it to the medical examiner and should not sign the death certificate.
Dr. Knapik signed Juanita Graham’s death certificate and did not certify her death to
the medical examiner.

                                          -2-
court’s interpretation of Missouri law de novo. See Bryan v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 

, 901 (8th Cir. 1998), cert. dismissed, 

(1999).

       To recover for wrongful death under Missouri law, the Grahams must prove that
defendants’ negligence was a direct cause of Juanita’s death. See Morton v.
Mutchnick, 

, 16 (Mo. App. 1995). This requires, at a minimum, a
showing of “but-for” causation, that is, causation in fact. See Callahan v. Cardinal
Glennon Hosp., 

, 862-63 (Mo. banc 1993). Because the Grahams rely
on medical experts, the doctors must testify to a reasonable medical certainty that but
for defendants’ negligence Juanita’s death would not have occurred. Expert testimony
that defendants “probably” or “likely” caused the harm is insufficient unless there is
additional evidence of causation or it is clear from the context that the doctor intended
to express a definite opinion. See Kiger v. Terminal R.R. Ass’n, 

, 14
(Mo. 1958); Pfeffer v. Kerr, 

, 300-03 (Mo. App. 1985); Bertram v.
Wunning, 

, 807 (Mo. App. 1965).

       The Grahams rely on the deposition testimony of Juanita’s two treating
physicians to establish the causal link between the June 1995 accident and her fatal
heart attack. Dr. Knapik testified that Graham’s head injury caused a “failure to
thrive,” in that she would not thereafter assist in her therapy and developed behavioral
problems which adversely affected her condition. However, when asked if he could
testify to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the “failure to thrive” caused
Graham’s death, he responded: “I wish I had a crystal ball and could answer that
question. I will tell you my personal professional opinion. I think that if she wouldn’t
have sustained the injury that she sustained, she’d probably be alive today. . . . I don’t
think the failure to thrive and the heart attack are something we can correlate.”

       Dr. David Shepherd, another treating physician, was deposed as an expert for
the Grahams. When asked if he could testify to a reasonable medical certainty that but
for the accident, Juanita would have survived, Dr. Shepherd answered: “My opinion

                                           -3-
is that the accident and her affective disorder adversely affected her ability to comply
with medical recommendations, with diet, with medication, with appropriate
adjustments in her lifestyle and, therefore, had an impact.” If she had had full use of
her mental faculties, Dr. Shepherd thought Juanita would have complied better with
medical regimen, which would have delayed her death. However, later in the
deposition, he hedged:

      I don’t know whether Mrs. Graham would still be alive today. She had
      multiple [heart attack] risk factors. But I do think that her injury
      adversely affected her outcome because she was not able to comply with
      medical management. But I don’t know whether she still would have
      been alive today or not. I don’t think that’s predictable.

Thus, neither doctor was willing to testify that Juanita’s accident was a direct cause of
her death. Dr. Knapik said she would “probably” be alive if not for the accident, and
Dr. Shepherd opined that the accident “had an impact.” However, neither physician
would directly relate the bus accident to Juanita’s death, and neither could, with any
degree of medical certainty, sufficiently correlate the effects of the accident with what
did directly cause her death, a fourth heart attack. We agree with the district court this
medical evidence is insufficient to satisfy Missouri’s causation standard. As the
Grahams submitted no other causation evidence, the court properly granted defendants’
motion for summary judgment dismissing the wrongful death claim. See Celotex Corp.
v. Catrett, 

, 322-23 (1986).

        The Grahams also argue the district court abused its discretion in denying their
post-judgment motion to reinstate a claim for damages for Juanita’s personal injuries.
See Roudybush v. Zabel, 

, 178 (8th Cir. 1987) (standard of review).
Under Missouri law, an action for personal injuries survives the death of the victim but
may only be brought by the personal representative of the victim’s estate. See Mo.
Rev. Stat. § 537.020; State v. Steelman, 

, 203 (Mo. App. 1995). Here,
it is debatable whether the complaint even alleged a separate claim for Juanita’s injuries

                                           -4-
because the suit was brought only in Ross Graham’s individual capacity and not as
representative of her estate, it was brought under the Missouri wrongful death statute,
and it asked for all the damages authorized under that statute. Moreover, Ross Graham
was appointed personal representative in Oklahoma. To bring an action in Missouri,
a foreign personal representative must first register with a Missouri probate court, and
Ross Graham did not do so. See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 473.676-.677; In re Estate of
Widmeyer, 

, 760 (Mo. App. 1987). In these circumstances, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the post-judgment motion.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                          -5-