United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 98-3856
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the District
Timothy John Lewis,                    * of Minnesota.
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                       *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: March 9, 1999

                                 Filed: July 15, 1999
                                  ___________

Befor e BEAM and HEANEY, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge of the United
       States Court of International Trade.
                                     ___________


BEAM, Circuit Judge.

       Timothy John Lewis was charged with and convicted by a jury of possession
of cocaine base with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and



      1
       Th e Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge of the United States Court of
International Trade, sitting by designation.
841(b)(1)(B)(iii). He appeals the district court's2 denial of his motion to suppress
evidence found during a search incident to his arrest on grounds that the arrest was
unlawful. We affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       Our recitation of the facts is derived primarily from the magistrate judge's
findings in a report and recommendation prepared after a hearing on Lewis's motion to
suppress. On April 9, 1998, officers Jeffrey Jindra and Jeffrey Binfet of the
Minneapolis Police Department responded to a citizen's complaint of public drinking
at a residential address. The officers arrived at the address in an unmarked squad car
and wearing Minneapolis Police Raid T-shirts. Upon their arrival, the officers observed
several people gathered in the front yard of the house. In addition, there were three
males sitting in a car parked in front of the residence. Lewis stood on the curb by the
car. He was talking to the occupants in the car and was drinking from what Officer
Jindra identified as an open bottle of malt liquor.

       The officers parked their vehicle and approached Lewis. According to Officer
Jindra's testimony at the hearing, Lewis handed the malt liquor to a woman standing
beside him, started walking backwards, and put his right hand into his right pants'
pocket. He had a very nervous look and his eyes were darting around. Officer Jindra
then took two steps forward and told Lewis to take his hand out his pocket. He then
handcuffed Lewis and placed him under arrest for loitering with an open bottle in
violation of a Minneapolis ordinance.

       After arresting Lewis, Officer Jindra patted him down whereupon he felt a lump
in the same pocket where Lewis had placed his hand. Officer Jindra reached into the


      2
        The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota.

                                         -2-
pocket and pulled out a one ounce rock of what appeared to him to be crack cocaine.
The officers then called for additional back up. More officers arrived at the scene and
Lewis was placed in a squad car and taken to a local police station. At the station,
Officer Benfit and Officer Jindra each interviewed Lewis. An hour after Lewis's arrest,
a search warrant was executed at the address which Lewis had given as his residence.
 Additional evidence was seized at that location.

        Lewis was indicted for possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). He moved to suppress: (1)
the evidence obtained during the search incident to his arrest; (2) his statements and
admissions to the police; and (3) the evidence from the search of his residence. The
magistrate judge3 recommended that all the motions be denied. Specifically, with
regards to the motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the search incident to
Lewis's arrest, the magistrate judge found that because the officers observed Lewis
drinking from the bottle, he had been lawfully arrested under Minneapolis ordinances
364.40 and 364.45 for loitering on the curb of the street with an open bottle of malt
liquor.4 Therefore, the judge concluded, the search of Lewis's person was valid as a

      3
      The Honorable Franklin Noel, United States Magistrate Judge for the District
of Minnesota, presiding.
      4
          Minneapolis, Minn., Code of Ordinances § 364.40 states in pertinent part:

      Consuming in public. No person shall consume intoxicating liquor as
      defined by Minnesota Statutes, Section 340A.101, Subdivision 14, or
      nonintoxicating malt liquor as defined by Minnesota Statutes, Section
      340A.101, Subdivision 19, while (1) on a public street, highway, alley,
      sidewalk, boulevard, or any place frequented by the public; (2) on any
      private property without the consent of the owner of such property; or (3)
      while in a vehicle upon a public highway.

      Minneapolis, Minn., Code of Ordinances§ 364.45 states in pertinent part:


                                           -3-
search incident to a lawful arrest and any evidence obtained as a result thereof was
admissible.

       The district court, after conducting a de novo review of the record, adopted the
magistrate judge's report and recommendation, and denied Lewis's motions to suppress.
A jury trial followed and Lewis was convicted. Prior to sentencing, Lewis moved for
reconsideration of the order denying his motions to suppress. It was denied and Lewis
was sentenced to 97-months imprisonment. On appeal, Lewis's sole argument is that
his arrest was unlawful under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, and therefore
the drugs obtained during the search incident to his arrest, as well as any statements
taken following the arrest, should have been suppressed as "fruit of the poisonous tree."

II.   DISCUSSION

      We review a district court's fact finding in support of its disposition of a pretrial
motion to suppress under a clearly erroneous standard. See United States v. Garlock,

, 442 (8th Cir. 1994). We review de novo the court's ultimate application
of the law to these facts. See 

of the record reveals that none of
the findings made are clearly erroneous. Thus the sole remaining issue before us is
whether the district court correctly concluded that Lewis's arrest was lawful.

       At the outset, we note that Lewis does not dispute that the officers observed him
violating the Minneapolis ordinance prohibiting loitering in possession of an open


      Loitering in possession of open bottle. No person shall loiter in any
      public street, highway, alley, sidewalk, boulevard or any other public
      property, or on any private property without consent of the owner of such
      property, while in possession of any bottle or other receptacle containing
      intoxicating liquor or non-intoxicating malt liquor which has been opened,
      or the seal broken, or the contents partially removed, with intent to
      consume such intoxicating liquor or non-intoxicating malt liquor.

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bottle. Nevertheless, he claims that such violation is, at most, a misdemeanor, and
because Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 6.01 permits custodial arrests for
misdemeanors only under certain circumstances, none of which were present in his
case, the officers were therefore only authorized to issue him a citation, not to arrest
him.5

       In United States v. Bell, 

(8th Cir. 1995), this court rejected a similar
argument. In Bell, we denied a defendant's motion to suppress cocaine base discovered
in a search incident to an arrest for riding a bicycle without a headlight. The district
court in Bell had granted the motion on the grounds that Bell's arrest was unlawful
because Iowa law only permitted the officers to issue Bell a citation for the bicycle
charge, but not to arrest him. See 

We reversed, holding that "when a
federal court must decide whether to exclude evidence obtained through an arrest,
search, or seizure by state officers, the appropriate inquiry is whether the arrest, search,
or seizure violated the Federal Constitution, not whether the arrest, search, or seizure
violated state law." 

Under Bell, we think the appropriate inquiry here is not
whether Lewis's arrest was valid under Minnesota's criminal procedure statute, but
rather under federal law. See also United States v. Wright, 

, 1433-37
(6th Cir. 1994).


       5
           Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 6.01, subd. 1(1)(a) provides:

       Law enforcement officers acting without a warrant, who have decided to
       proceed with prosecution, shall issue citations to persons subject to lawful
       arrest for misdemeanors, unless it reasonably appears to the officer that
       arrest or detention is necessary to prevent bodily harm to the accused or
       another or further criminal conduct, or that there is a substantial likelihood
       that the accused will fail to respond to a citation. The citation may be
       issued in lieu of an arrest, or if an arrest has been made, in lieu of
       continued detention. If the defendant is detained, the officer shall report
       to the court the reasons for the detention. Ordinarily, for misdemeanors
       not punishable by incarceration, a citation shall be issued.

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       "It is well settled that a search incident to a lawful arrest is a traditional
exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment." United States v.
Robinson, 

, 224 (1973). Furthermore, "[t]he authority to search the
person incident to a lawful custodial arrest . . . does not depend on what a court may
later decide was the probability in a particular arrest situation that weapons or evidence
would in fact be found upon the person of the suspect." 

It is the fact of the
lawful arrest which establishes an officer's authority to search. See 

with the district court's conclusion that Lewis was lawfully arrested.
 The Supreme Court has noted that is a well-established principle of the common law
that a police officer is permitted to arrest without a warrant if a misdemeanor is
committed in the officer's presence. See United States v. Watson, 

, 418
& 421-24 (1976); see also Higbee v. City of San Diego, 

, 379 (9th Cir.
1990) (stating that this practice "has never been successfully challenged and stands as
the law of the land"); United States v. Smith, 

, 1416 (6th Cir. 1996)
(same); Wilson v. Attaway, 

, 1235 (11th Cir. 1985) (same). It is clear
that Lewis's violation of the Minneapolis ordinances constitutes a misdemeanor. The
Minneapolis Code of Ordinances provides that "Every person convicted of a violation
of any provisions of this Code . . . shall be punished by a fine of not to exceed seven
hundred dollars ($700.00) or by imprisonment for not to exceed ninety (90) days or
both." Minneapolis, Minn., Code of Ordinances § 1.30(a). The Minnesota legislature
has defined a misdemeanor as a "crime for which a sentence of not more than 90 days
or a fine of not more than $700, or both, may be imposed." Minn. Stat. Ann. § 609.02.
In light of the fact that there is no dispute that the misdemeanor was committed in the
presence of the officers, we believe Lewis's arrest and the subsequent search of his
person were lawful.

III.   CONCLUSION




                                           -6-
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's denial of the motion to
suppress.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       I concur in the majority's opinion because I recognize that United States v. Bell,

(8th Cir. 1995), is controlling precedent in the Eighth Circuit on the issue
of whether the illegality of Lewis's warrantless arrest under Minnesota law renders the
search incident to that arrest unconstitutional. However, I believe that Bell was
incorrectly decided and suggest that this case provides a good opportunity for
reconsideration of the Bell decision by our court en banc.

       I have no quarrel with the well-established principle that federal standards must
be applied in judging the legality of the search. Under United States v. Robinson, 

, 224 (1973), a lawful custodial arrest is a prerequisite to a warrantless search.
In this case, however, we do not have a lawful custodial arrest, and thus the search
should not fall under the Robinson exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant
requirement.

      In United States v. Di Re, 

, 589 (1948), the Court found that the
defendant had been arrested by New York state officers who lacked arresting authority
under state law. The Court then reversed the conviction resulting from evidence seized
in a search incident to the arrest. See 

The Di Re court specifically rejected
the government's argument that the validity of an arrest without a warrant for a federal
crime is a matter of federal law to be determined by a uniform rule applicable in all
federal courts. See 

Instead the court held "that in absence of an applicable
federal statute the law of the state where an arrest without warrant takes place
determines its validity." 

Michigan v. DeFillippo, 

, 36 (1984), the Court stated, "[w]hether
an officer is authorized to make an arrest ordinarily depends, in the first instance, on
state law" (citing Ker v. California, 

, 37 (1963); Johnson v. United States,

, 15, and n.5 (1948)). And likewise, the Court in Welsh v. Wisconsin, in
addressing the circumstances in which the Fourth Amendment prohibits a warrantless
arrest by state officers, looked to state law classification of the alleged crime in judging
the reasonableness of the arrest, stating "[g]iven that the classification of state crimes
differs widely among the States, the penalty that may attach to any particular offense
seems to provide the clearest and most consistent indication of the State's interest in
arresting individuals suspected of committing that offense." 

, 754 n.14
(1984).

       The Ninth Circuit applied this precedent in a situation similar to the instant case
in United States v. Mota, 

, 1387 (9th Cir. 1992), holding "it is clear that
state law governing arrests is relevant to assessing the constitutionality of a search
incident to that arrest." In Mota, Santa Ana police officers arrested and searched two
brothers for operating a food cart without a valid business license in violation of Santa
Ana municipal code. See 

Upon searching the brothers, the officers
discovered counterfeit bills in their pockets. See 

court reversed the
district court's denial of the appellants' motion to suppress the evidence. The court
found that the evidence seized from the appellants was unlawfully obtained and should
have been suppressed, since the officers were required to only issue a citation and were
without legal authority under California law to make a custodial arrest for the
infraction. See 

I agree with the reasoning and result reached by the Mota
court.

       As the Mota court observed, the government is asking us to sanction an
otherwise unconstitutional search on the basis of an arrest which is illegal as a matter
of state law. See 

Minnesota, like California in the Mota case, has
specifically removed officer authority to arrest in Lewis's situation. See Minn. R. Crim.

                                            -8-
P. 6.01, subd. 1(1)(a). Since we are dealing with an arrest by Minneapolis police
officers for a violation of a Minneapolis ordinance, the federal court should not sanction
an explicit violation of the governing laws as defined by the legislature and courts of
the State of Minnesota. See id.; Minnesota v. Varnado, 

(Minn. 1998).

       Finally, although it is true that at common law an officer could make a
warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor committed in his presence, I see no basis for
relying on this rule in analyzing a statutory misdemeanor. It seems incongruous to rely
on common law as authority for an arrest based on a statutory offense, particularly
when the same statutory authority has already constrained the power to arrest for that
offense.

       I urge this court to reconsider Bell en banc.

GOLDBERG, Judge, concurring.

       I concur in the majority's opinion because I, too, recognize that United States v.
Bell, 

(8th Cir. 1995), is controlling precedent in the Eighth Circuit for this
case. I write separately, however, to express my concern that, while not necessarily
incorrect, Bell and the instant case nevertheless ignore important precedent relevant to
whether state law should play a role in deciding if a custodial arrest is valid for Fourth
Amendment purposes.

       As we all agree, under the search incident to arrest exception, it is the fact of the
lawful arrest that establishes an officer's authority to search. See United States v.
Robinson, 

, 224 (1973). To assess the lawfulness of the arrest, the Bell
court concluded that "we do not think Fourth Amendment analysis requires reference
to an arrest's legality under state 

. Rather, "the appropriate inquiry
is whether the arrest . . . violated the Federal Constitution, not whether the arrest . . .
violated state law." 

line of cases from other circuits supports this

                                            -9-
conclusion. See United States v. Le, 

, 1265 (10th Cir. 1999) (rejecting
the proposition that the validity of the arrest should be examined with reference to state
law); United States v. Wright, 

, 1434-37 (6th Cir. 1994) (same); United
States v. Clyburn, 

, 616 (4th Cir. 1994) (same); United States v. Walker,

, 415-16 (5th Cir. 1992) (same); United States v. Mealy, 

,
907 (7th Cir. 1988) (same); United States v. Pforzheimer, 

, 202-04 (2d
Cir. 1987) (same).

       As Judge Heaney points out in his concurrence, however, there is countervailing
precedent on the issue. Most importantly, in Michigan v. DeFillippo, 

(1979), the Court stated that "[w]hether an officer is authorized to make an arrest
ordinarily depends, in the first instance, on state 

; see also United
States v. Mota, 

, 1387 (9th Cir. 1993). And, although implicitly called
into question, the Bell decision did not address United States v. Franklin, 

(8th Cir. 1984), which looked to state law when it found that an arrest was 

.

        Upon review of the relevant precedent, it seems to me that DeFillippo at least
suggests that state law should play an ancillary role (to federal constitutional law) in
assessing whether an officer has made a lawful custodial arrest. Applying this
framework to the facts of this case, Minnesota has explicitly authorized officers to
arrest individuals in Lewis's situation (rather than issue a citation) only when specific,
enumerated exigencies warrant. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 6.01, subd. 1(1)(a) (stating that
"[l]aw enforcement officers acting without a warrant . . . shall issue citations to persons
subject to lawful arrest for misdemeanors, unless it reasonably appears to the officer
that arrest or detention is necessary to prevent bodily harm to the accused or another
or further criminal conduct, or that there is substantial likelihood that the accused will
fail to respond to a citation"). Therefore, in my view, part of our Fourth Amendment
reasonableness analysis of Lewis's arrest and subsequent search requires us to consider
whether Officer Jindra arrested Lewis to prevent injury to himself or others, to prevent

                                           -10-
further criminal activity, or to ensure that Lewis would respond to the citation.
Nevertheless, because I recognize Bell is controlling here, I concur in the majority's
judgment.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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