United States Court of Appeals

                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                            Nos. 98-3703/3705/4201
                                 ___________



William Stodghill,                     *
                                       *
            Appellant/Cross-Appellee, *
                                       *    Appeal from the United States
v.                                     *    District Court for the
                                       *    Eastern District of Missouri.
Service Employees International Union, *
Local 50, AFL-CIO, CLC,                *
                                       *
            Appellee/Cross-Appellant. *

                                  ___________

                            Submitted: June 16, 1999

                                 Filed: October 6, 1999

                                  ___________

Before BEAM and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges, and PANNER,1
      District Judge.
                           ___________




      1
       The Honorable Owen M. Panner, United States District Judge for the District
of Oregon, sitting by designation.
MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       William Stodghill was president of Local 50 of the Service Employees
International Union for seventeen years (unless otherwise noted, all references to "the
union" are to Local 50 rather than to the international union). After losing a bid for
re-election, he resigned from office shortly before his term expired. The union
subsequently questioned several expenditures made while Mr. Stodghill was president.
Eventually, the union brought internal charges against him, to be resolved by a union
trial board. (More or less contemporaneously, the union also sued Mr. Stodghill in
federal court, but the suit was later dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.)

       When the union trial board convened to determine the internal charges against
Mr. Stodghill, he protested that he was not given adequate time and materials to
prepare a defense and walked out of the hearing. The trial board then convicted him
in absentia and expelled him from the union. Mr. Stodghill and the union later agreed
to a new hearing before a second trial board, but he was again convicted and expelled
from membership.

        Mr. Stodghill then sued the union under the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act, see 29 U.S.C. §§ 401-531, contending that the union did not afford him
a full and fair hearing, wrongfully deprived him of the perquisites due to a president
emeritus, and wrongfully failed to exhaust its internal remedies before suing him. The
union counterclaimed for various breaches of fiduciary duty under state law, including
the improper expenditure of union funds and the unauthorized use of, and acquisition
of title to, a union car.

       After a bench trial, the court found that Mr. Stodghill was deprived of a full and
fair hearing and therefore was wrongfully expelled from the union. Although the court
refused to award damages to Mr. Stodghill, it did order him reinstated to membership
in the union pending a hearing before a third trial board. The court also awarded

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attorney's fees to Mr. Stodghill. The court found against Mr. Stodghill, however, on
his claims that he is entitled to the status of president emeritus and that the union failed
to exhaust its internal remedies. With respect to the counterclaim, the court found that
the union failed to prove any improper expenditures and that, although Mr. Stodghill
did not have a right to use or to acquire title to a union car, and did have to return the
car, he acted in good faith and was therefore not liable for damages to the union. See,
generally, Stodghill v. Service Employees International Union, Local 50, 

960 (E.D. Mo. 1998).

       Mr. Stodghill appeals the trial court's failure to grant damages on his claim with
respect to a full and fair hearing. He also appeals the court's order requiring a hearing
before a third trial board, maintaining that because the court reached the merits of the
issues that would come before that board, further litigation of those issues is barred by
res judicata. Finally, Mr. Stodghill appeals the court's holdings that he is not entitled
to the status of president emeritus and that the union has no duty to exhaust its internal
remedies. The union cross-appeals the trial court's ruling in regard to the full and fair
hearing, asserting that Mr. Stodghill waived his objections to the members of the
second trial board. The union also appeals the award of attorney's fees to
Mr. Stodghill, the court's finding against it on the claim of improper expenditure of
union funds, and the court's failure to award damages on the claims relative to the union
car. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                         I.
       The union contends that although the court found that Mr. Stodghill failed to
receive a full and fair hearing, the decisions of the second union trial board must stand,
because Mr. Stodghill waived his objections to the members of the second trial board
by agreeing to its formation. We find no intimation in the record, however, that this
argument was made to the trial court, so we decline to consider it on appeal. See
Nelson v. J. C. Penney Company, Inc., 

, 348 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied,

(1996); see also Pedigo v. P.A.M. Transport, Inc., 

, 1304

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(8th Cir. 1995). We therefore affirm the trial court's ruling that Mr. Stodghill was
deprived of a full and fair hearing and thus is entitled to reinstatement in the union.

       Mr. Stodghill contends that the trial court erred in refusing to award him
damages for the union's failure to afford him a full and fair hearing. The union
responds, correctly we think, that Mr. Stodghill failed to present evidence sufficient to
demonstrate that he suffered any compensable injury as the result of the union's actions.
Mr. Stodghill concedes that his loss of the paid positions of president of the local union
and vice-president of the international union was the result of his defeat in his bid for
re-election, and not of his expulsion from the union. He maintains, however, that his
expulsion caused him to lose several unpaid positions on the boards of union-related
organizations, which in turn divorced him from contacts necessary to acquire upper-
level employment elsewhere in the labor movement. He therefore contends that he is
entitled to damages amounting to the difference between his previous salary and the
amount that he makes in the low-paying part-time job that he asserts is all that he has
been able to find. Upon review of the record on this issue, we believe that
Mr. Stodghill failed to demonstrate a sufficient causal connection between the union's
actions and his failure to find employment comparable to his former position. We
therefore affirm the trial court's denial of damages to Mr. Stodghill.

       Finally, Mr. Stodghill contends that since the trial court, in rejecting the union's
counterclaim, reached the merits of the issues that would come before the third trial
board, any further litigation of those issues by the board is barred by the doctrine of res
judicata. We believe, however, that the doctrine of res judicata has no application to
an internal union proceeding, because the union is a private entity. Congress has
required unions to act fairly in their disciplinary proceedings, see 29 U.S.C.
§ 411(a)(5), but union trial boards are not courts or administrative agencies whose
consideration of a claim can be barred by prior litigation. It has never been held, to our
knowledge (and Mr. Stodghill cites no authority on this point), that a private
organization can be barred from disciplining one of its members based on issues

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decided in earlier litigation between the organization and the member. The trial court
recognized this distinction in its opinion, noting that despite the court's conclusion that
the union denied a full and fair hearing to Mr. Stodghill, the court was not addressing
the question of Mr. Stodghill's guilt or innocence with respect to the internal union
charges. Those charges are entirely for the union to decide after a full and fair hearing.

                                            II.
       Mr. Stodghill appeals the trial court's ruling that he is not entitled to the status
of president emeritus. He seeks to recover the benefits associated with that position,
including lifetime health insurance, office space at the union's offices, and the continued
use of the car provided for him while he was president. He relies on article XV,
§ 15.04, of the applicable version of Local 50's constitution, which provides that "any
President who serves at least 10 consecutive years and leaves office under honorable
circumstances shall receive [these benefits] upon retirement in appreciation for those
years of service" (inexplicably, neither party provided this court with a copy of the
constitution of Local 50).

       The union refused to grant to Mr. Stodghill the title of president emeritus and its
associated benefits, contending that he left office under dishonorable circumstances (the
questioned expenditures at issue in this case) and that, because he intended to run for
the presidency of the union in the future, he is not "retired" within the meaning of the
relevant language in the constitution of Local 50. The trial court upheld the union's
decision on the grounds that Mr. Stodghill is not "retired." We disagree.

        The determination of this issue depends partly on the interpretation of the term
"retirement" as used in the constitution of Local 50. Because we believe that the
constitution creates a contract, we must give its words their ordinary meaning and, if
the relevant provision is ambiguous, we must construe it against the party that drafted
it, in this case the union. See, e.g., Missouri Consolidated Health Care Plan v.


                                           -5-
Bluecross Blueshield of Missouri, 

, 910 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999). In light
of these rules of construction, we believe that Mr. Stodghill is in fact "retired."

        It seems clear to us that the word "retirement" as used in the provision refers
only to retirement from the post of president; indeed, the provision itself states that its
purpose is to confer benefits upon former presidents "in appreciation for [their] years
of service." When Mr. Stodghill resigned from the office of the president after his
election defeat, he retired from the presidency. He may indeed come out of retirement
if he is ever re-elected, but an intention, if any, to do so in the future does not alter the
fact that he is currently retired from the presidency. Even if this is not the plain
meaning of the words, the principle that an ambiguity in a contract should be resolved
in Mr. Stodghill's favor carries the day for him.

       The union argues that, even if he is retired, Mr. Stodghill is not entitled to the
status of president emeritus, because he did not leave the presidency "under honorable
circumstances." Although it could be argued that "honorable circumstances" means
that the retiring president has to have acted honorably, we believe that the more natural
construction of the relevant phrase is that there was nothing dishonorable about the
events surrounding his or her departure from office. Again, moreover, we resolve the
ambiguity, if any, in Mr. Stodghill's favor. The union has not argued at any point that
Mr. Stodghill's resignation was related to any of the acts that eventually led to charges
against him. Thus, although the union may have its questions about whether
Mr. Stodghill acted honorably while he was president, there is no support for the
proposition that he left office under dishonorable circumstances. He was not removed
from office; he resigned. We hold, therefore, that Mr. Stodghill is entitled to the
position of president emeritus and to all of its attendant perquisites.

                                            III.
      Mr. Stodghill appeals the trial court's ruling that Local 50 did not violate the
applicable versions of the international union's constitution by failing to exhaust internal

                                            -6-
remedies before suing him. The relevant provision of the international union's
constitution, article XXII.A (article XXIII.A in a later version), states that no "Local
Union ... shall bring any action against ... any officer[] ... unless [it] has exhausted all
procedures available under this Constitution and the laws promulgated thereunder"
(neither party supplied a copy of the international union's constitution, either).
Mr. Stodghill argues that this language should be read to apply to suits against former
officers, or to suits based on acts committed by former officers when they were in
office. The trial court held, however, and we agree, that the plain language of this
provision does not afford protection to former officers. It states that internal remedies
must be exhausted before filing suit against officers, and we think that this can
reasonably mean only people who are officers at the time that the suit is initiated.

        Mr. Stodghill also contends that the union conceded that he was an officer within
the meaning of its constitution because in the union's lawsuit (later dismissed), the
complaint stated that he was an officer of Local 50 "at all times relevant" to the cause
of action. We do not believe that the complaint intended to assert that Mr. Stodghill
was an officer of the union at the time of the suit; we believe instead that the language
meant that the actions that were the basis for the suit were committed while he was an
officer. Even if this statement in the complaint was ambiguous, and we do not think
that it was, it could hardly form the basis of a judicial estoppel.

                                          IV.
       The union challenges the trial court's conclusion that the union failed to prove
two of the breaches of fiduciary duty by Mr. Stodghill that were alleged in the
counterclaim. First, the court found that Mr. Stodghill failed to keep sufficient records
of the questioned expenditures but also found that the union did not prove that any of
these expenditures were improper. The union contends that once it was established that
Mr. Stodghill failed to keep adequate records of the expenditures, the burden shifted
to him to show that the expenditures were proper.


                                            -7-
        We note, first, that this argument is not the same as the one that the union made
to the trial court. There, the union argued that because Mr. Stodghill received the direct
benefit of the questioned expenditures, he had the burden to establish the specifics of
those expenditures, including the relationship between each expenditure and a union
purpose. In any event, regardless of who had the burdens of proof or production or
under what circumstances those burdens might shift, it is clear to us that the court
believed the evidence that Mr. Stodghill presented in support of his contention that the
expenditures were proper. In other words, even if the court had expressly placed a
burden of proof or production on Mr. Stodghill to show that the questioned
expenditures were union-related, the court would still have ruled in his favor, because
the court believed Mr. Stodghill's testimony. We therefore affirm the court's resolution
of the union's counterclaim with respect to the expenditure of union funds.

       The union also counterclaimed for damages for a breach of fiduciary duty by
Mr. Stodghill in refusing to return the car provided to him as president and for
registering the car in his name. The trial court (in light of its ruling that Mr. Stodghill
is not entitled to the status of president emeritus) ordered Mr. Stodghill to return the
car. The court refused to award damages to the union, however, because, the court
held, Mr. Stodghill acted in good faith when he continued to use the car.

       Since Mr. Stodghill is entitled to use the car because of his status as president
emeritus, his refusal to return it is not actionable, and therefore no award of damages
is appropriate for his continued use of it. The union contends, nevertheless, that it is
entitled to monetary damages because Mr. Stodghill registered the car in his name, in
contravention of article XXVI of the union's constitution, which prohibits members
from having a "severable ... title or interest" in union property. We admit to being
somewhat bewildered by this provision, because we are unable to see how anyone
other than the union could ever have an interest in property belonging to the union.
Does the provision simply set its face against joint ownership? In any event, we see


                                           -8-
no error in the trial court's ruling, because even if this baffling provision was violated,
the union has not shown that it suffered any damages as a result.

                                            V.
       The trial court awarded attorney's fees to Mr. Stodghill on the theory that his
"successful litigation confer[red] 'a substantial benefit on the members of an
ascertainable class, and ... the court's jurisdiction over the subject matter of the suit
ma[de] possible an award that will operate to spread the costs proportionately among
them.' " Hall v. Cole, 

, 5 (1973), quoting Mills v. Electric Auto-Light, 

, 393-94 (1970). Despite the union's opposition to this fee award, we believe,
as the court ruled, that Mr. Stodghill's successful claim sent a clear message to the
union that biased disciplinary proceedings will not be tolerated, thus conferring a
benefit on all union members by encouraging unbiased proceedings in the future.
Furthermore, by having the union pay Mr. Stodghill's attorney's fees, the costs of that
successful litigation may well be spread among those who benefitted.

       The union attempts to distinguish Hall, asserting that the trial court's ruling in the
instant case was based on facts peculiar to Mr. Stodghill, whereas in 

, it was clear that the free speech rights of all union members were vindicated.
Although it is true that the facts of Mr. Stodghill's case may be peculiar to him, the
lesson to the union is general, and all union members will benefit. The union also
contends that Hall is distinguishable because Mr. Stodghill must still face a third trial
board, whereas the plaintiff in Hall, 

was reinstated to union membership
without having to undergo any further disciplinary proceedings. We believe that this
distinction is irrelevant to the fact that the trial court sent a clear message to the union
upholding the rights of all union members to unbiased proceedings.

       The union also challenges the amount of the fee award, arguing that the trial
court's method for calculating it was too vague and was not explained in sufficient
detail. "There is no precise rule or formula for making these determinations. The

                                            -9-
district court may attempt to identify specific hours that should be eliminated, or it may
simply reduce the award to account for the limited success. The court necessarily has
discretion in making this equitable judgment." Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

,
436-37 (1983). It seems clear to us from the court's order that it estimated, to the best
of its ability, what portion of Mr. Stodghill's fees were related to his successful claims.
Considering the amount of fees requested and the relative importance of Mr. Stodghill's
successful claims, we believe that the court's award of fees was well within its
discretion.

                                         VI.
      For the reasons stated, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                    CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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