United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                  No. 99-2197NI
                                  _____________

In re: Douglas C. Madsen,               *
                                        *
            Debtor,                     *
                                        *
--------------------                    *
Hobson Mould Works, Inc,                *
                                        *
            Plaintiff-Appellee,         *
                                        *
v.                                      *
                                        *
Douglas C. Madsen,                      *   On Appeal from the United
                                        *   States District Court for the
            Defendant-Appellant,        *   for the Northern District
                                        *   of Iowa.
Michael C. Dunbar,                      *
                                        *   [To Be Published]
            Trustee,                    *
                                        *
--------------------                    *
In re: Aaron Herbert Lease,             *
                                        *
            Debtor,                     *
                                        *
Hobson Mould Works, Inc.                *
                                        *
            Plaintiff-Appellee,         *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Aaron Herbert Lease,                    *
                                      *
            Defendant-Appellant,      *
                                      *
Michael C. Dunbar,                    *
                                      *
            Trustee.                  *
                                 ___________

                          Submitted: October 5, 1999
                              Filed: November 2, 1999
                                  ___________

Before McMILLIAN, RICHARD S. ARNOLD, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

PER CURIAM.


       Hobson Mould Works, Inc., filed with the Bankruptcy Court1 an adversary
complaint seeking a determination that a state-court judgment against Aaron Lease and
Douglas Madsen for misappropriation of Hobson’s trade secrets had collateral-estoppel
effect in a dischargeability proceeding in Lease’s and Madsen’s bankruptcy case, and
that the judgment was nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(4) and 523(a)(6).
The Bankruptcy Court granted summary judgment to Hobson after a hearing, the
District Court2 affirmed, and Lease and Madsen now appeal.

      Collateral estoppel applies in bankruptcy dischargeability proceedings brought
under section 523(a). See Grogan v. Garner, 

, 284-85 n.11 (1991). When


      1
      The Honorable Paul J. Kilburg, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.
      2
      The Honorable Edward J. McManus, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.
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the parties have previously litigated an issue in a state court, the Bankruptcy Court will
apply the law of collateral estoppel of the state. See Haberer v. Woodbury County, No.
98-2551, 

, at *3 (8th Cir. Aug. 27, 1999). Under Iowa law, collateral
estoppel applies if (1) there is an identity of issues in the current and prior actions, (2)
the issue was raised and actually litigated in the prior action, (3) the issue was material
and relevant to the disposition of the prior action, and (4) the determination was
necessary and essential to the prior judgment. See Dolan v. State Farm Fire & Cas.
Co., 

, 256 (Iowa 1998).

        Under section 523(a)(6), a debtor is not discharged from any debt for “willful
and malicious injury” to another. For purposes of this section, the term willful means
deliberate or intentional. See Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 

, 61 (1998)
(§ 523(a)(6) requires deliberate or intentional injury); In re Long, 

, 881
(8th Cir. 1985) (to meet willfulness component of § 523(a)(6), debtor’s actions creating
liability must have been “headstrong and knowing”). To qualify as “malicious,” the
debtor’s actions must be “targeted at the creditor . . . at least in the sense that the
conduct is certain or almost certain to cause financial harm.” In re 

. The jury in the state-court action found that debtors “willful[ly] and
malicious[ly]” misappropriated Hobson’s trade secret. We conclude that the definitions
in the jury instructions, upon which the jury’s finding was based, satisfied the
definitions of willful and malicious under section 523(a)(6), that the other components
of collateral estoppel were also satisfied, and that debtors were properly precluded
from relitigating the issue of willfulness and malice under section 523(a)(6). See In re
Balta, 

, 508 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. 1993) (misappropriation of trade secrets
constitutes willful and malicious injury under § 523(a)(6)). Therefore, the debt for
misappropriation of trade secrets is nondischargeable under section 523(a)(6). We
need not decide whether the debt is also nondischargeable under section 523(a)(4).

       Accordingly, we affirm.


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A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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