United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 99-1556
                                   ___________

Michael Vincent,                        *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of South Dakota.
Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern             *
Railroad Corporation,                   *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: October 20, 1999

                                  Filed: January 21, 2000
                                   ___________

Before MCMILLIAN, HEANEY, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
      Judges.
                         ___________

HEANEY, Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiff, Michael Vincent (Vincent), an employee of Dakota, Minnesota &
Eastern Railroad Corporation (DM&E), filed suit against DM&E in South Dakota state
court seeking damages for breach of contract and promissory estoppel arising from the
terms of his employment. DM&E removed the action to the district court, contending
that federal jurisdiction existed under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) (1999), because Vincent's
claims were governed by the Railway Labor Act (RLA), 45 U.S.C. §§ 151-188 (1999).
Vincent filed a timely motion to remand his case to state court, claiming that the district
court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. The district court granted Vincent's motion
and this appeal followed. Because we lack jurisdiction to review this decision, we
dismiss this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d).

       Congress has placed significant restrictions on the power of appellate courts to
review district court orders remanding cases to state court. See Things Remembered,
Inc. v. Petrarca, 

, 127 (1995). If a district court's remand order is based
on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §1447(c), “a court of appeals
lacks jurisdiction to entertain an appeal of the remand order.” 

Thus,
when remand is based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the order must stand
“whether erroneous or not and whether review is sought by appeal or by extraordinary
writ.” Thermtron Prod., Inc. v. Hermansdorfer, 

, 343 (1976); see also
Transit Cas. Co. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's of London, 

, 623 (8th
Cir. 1997).

       Although the district court's order does not specifically cite §1447(c) as its basis
for remand, this fact is not dispositive. We are required to determine by independent
review the actual grounds for the district court's remand order. See Transit Cas. 

(citing Mangold v. Analytic Servs., Inc., 

, 1450 (4th Cir.
1996)). We are convinced after reading the district court's remand order and supporting
memorandum that its decision was based upon a lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
See Vincent v. Dakota, Minn. & E. R.R. Corp., No. Civ. 98-4183 (D.S.D. Jan. 29,
1999) (Remand Order). The district court recognized that the sole jurisdictional issue
before it was whether the RLA “confers federal [subject matter] jurisdiction over
Vincent's state law claims.” (Remand Order at 1.) It further recognized that if the RLA
did not preempt Vincent's claims, no subject matter jurisdiction would exist, and
therefore remand would be required. (See 

Because the only basis for remand
discussed by the district court was whether it had subject matter jurisdiction over
Vincent's claim, it is clear that its remand order was based on § 1447(c). See 28

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U.S.C. 1447(c) (“If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court
lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.”).

        DM&E concedes that “the District Court's remand order indicated the District
Court had no subject matter jurisdiction.” (Appellant's Reply Br. at 6.) Despite the
well-settled law against appellate review of § 1447(c) remand orders, DM&E requests
review, contending that the district court's order effectively settled the substantive issue
of preemption, barring its use of preemption as a defense in state court. We disagree.
We repeat our statement in Transit Cas. Co. that “because the district court remanded
for a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, it lacked jurisdiction to make any substantive
rulings, and, thus, ‘no rulings of the federal court have any preclusive effect on the
substantive matters before the state 

(quoting Whitman v.
Raley's Inc., 

, 1182 (9th Cir. 1989)); accord Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams,

, 399 n.13 (1987) (declining to consider merits of defendant's preemption
arguments where case was remanded for lack of federal jurisdiction).

        DM&E directs us to In re Life Insurance Co. of North America, 

(8th Cir. 1988) (LINA), as support for its proposition that the district court's findings
will be treated as res judicata with regard to substantive issues in state court. It is true
that when a district court's findings incident to its remand order are treated as
substantive rulings, they have a preclusive effect. See 

. If that
were the case here, we would be free to review the district court's decision. See 

is not the case. We have addressed this issue before:

       Several circuits have read [LINA] as holding that a district court's findings
       incident to an order of remand have a preclusive effect on the state court,
       and they have explicitly rejected that holding. Those courts have failed
       to recognize, however, that the district court in [LINA] did not issue its
       remand order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), but rather exercised its
       discretionary power to remand a pendent state law claim after all federal
       claims had been eliminated. Because the district court had pendent

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      jurisdiction over the remanded state law claim, its adjudication of the
      preemption issue [of that claim] was binding on all other courts, subject
      only to the appellate process.

Transit Cas. 

n.10 (citations omitted). Because the remand in this
case was issued pursuant to §1447(c), LINA is inapposite and provides us no authority
to review the district court's remand order.

      For the above stated reasons, DM&E's appeal is dismissed pursuant to 28
U.S.C.§ 1447(d).

      A true copy.

             Attest.

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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