United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 99-2268
                                    ___________

Great Plains Coop,                       *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         *    Appeal from the United States
             v.                          *    District Court for the District
                                         *    of Nebraska.
Commodity Futures                        *
Trading Commission,                      *
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: January 12, 2000

                                   Filed: February 28, 2000
                                    ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and
      MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Great Plains Coop filed a complaint against the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission (CFTC) seeking various forms of relief, all for the general purpose of
halting the CFTC's administrative proceedings against Great Plains. The district court1
dismissed Great Plains's complaint and Great Plains appeals. We affirm.

      1
      The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
                                            I.
       Great Plains is a cooperative that purchases grain from producers using "hedge-
to-arrive" contracts (HTAs). The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), see 7 U.S.C.
§§ 1-25, gives the CFTC the authority to regulate, among other things, the formation
and sale of "futures contracts," which are "contracts of sale of a commodity for future
delivery," see 7 U.S.C. § 2. At the heart of this dispute is an administrative complaint
filed by the CFTC against Great Plains alleging that the HTAs used by Great Plains
were "futures contracts" subject to the strictures of the CEA, and that Great Plains had
failed to comply with the relevant CFTC regulations.

       During the administrative proceedings on the complaint, Great Plains argued that
a number of federal and state courts had found that certain HTAs used by Great Plains
were not "futures contracts" within the meaning of the CEA. Those federal and state
cases arose from Great Plains's efforts to enforce its HTAs with various recalcitrant
grain producers. The grain producers contended that the HTAs were unenforceable
because they were "futures contracts" subject to the regulations of the CFTC and were
unlawfully drafted by Great Plains. All of the federal and state courts that considered
this argument rejected it, finding that the HTAs were not "futures contracts" subject to
regulation by the CFTC. Great Plains urged the administrative law judge to follow
these precedents, and to find that the CFTC had no basis for claiming that Great Plains
had violated the CEA, but the administrative law judge allowed the proceedings to
continue.

       Great Plains then filed a complaint against the CFTC seeking injunctive relief,
a writ of mandamus or of prohibition against the administrative proceedings, or a
declaratory judgment that Great Plains's HTAs were not "futures contracts" within the
meaning of the CEA. The district court first denied Great Plains's request for a
preliminary injunction and subsequently dismissed Great Plains's complaint for lack of
jurisdiction. The court held that it had no jurisdiction to enjoin or otherwise interfere
with the administrative proceedings of the CFTC because under 7 U.S.C. § 9 a federal

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court of appeals has exclusive jurisdiction to review final orders of the CFTC. Great
Plains now appeals the dismissal of its complaint. We review de novo the decision of
the district court. See Doe v. Norwest Bank Minnesota, N.A., 

, 1303-04
(8th Cir. 1997).

                                             II.
       In Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich, 

, 205, 

, 

(1994), the plaintiff filed an action in a federal district court attempting to
enjoin the enforcement proceedings of the Mine Safety and Health Administration. The
Supreme Court held that the district court lacked the subject-matter jurisdiction to grant
such an injunction and found that the comprehensive review process in the Federal
Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977 (the Mine Act), see 30 U.S.C.
§§ 801-962, did not provide for the relief that the plaintiff sought. Thunder 

, 216, 218.

       We think that the circumstances of this case are identical in all relevant respects
to those in Thunder Basin. Like the Mine Act, see 30 U.S.C. §§ 815-816, the CEA
establishes a scheme of administrative review, followed by judicial review of final
orders in the appropriate federal appeals court. See 7 U.S.C. §§ 8-9. Also like the
Mine Act, the CEA's review processes do not distinguish between "pre-enforcement
challenges" (e.g., the complaint for injunctive relief in this case) and "post-enforcement
challenges" (e.g., appeals from final orders of the agency), a fact that the Supreme
Court found significant in Thunder 

. We therefore conclude
that Congress intended for challenges to adverse administrative actions under the CEA
to occur only after the issuance of final orders of the CFTC, and then only in the
appropriate court of appeals.

        Great Plains's complaint is an impermissible attempt to make an "end run"
around the statutory scheme. Allowing the target of an administrative complaint simply
to file for an injunction in a federal district court would defeat the purpose of 7 U.S.C.
§ 9: It would create two avenues of judicial review and would allow the plaintiff to

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short-circuit the administrative review process and the development of a detailed
factual record by the agency. See General Finance Corp. v. Federal Trade
Commission, 

, 368 (7th Cir. 1983) (a litigant "may not bypass the specific
method that Congress has provided for reviewing adverse agency action simply by
suing the agency in federal district court ... the specific statutory method, if adequate,
is exclusive"). We note that Great Plains does not argue that the statutory method for
review is so inadequate that it violates due process. See Clarinda Home Health v.
Shalala, 

, 530-31 (8th Cir. 1996).

       Great Plains nevertheless argues that the review process outlined in the CEA is
not applicable because the CFTC never had "primary" jurisdiction. According to Great
Plains, the CFTC lacks "primary" jurisdiction because the HTAs are not "futures
contracts," are therefore outside the scope of the CEA, and thus are not subject to the
jurisdiction of the CFTC.

       It seems to us that Great Plains is confusing two distinct matters. The first is the
common-law doctrine of "primary jurisdiction," which allows a federal district court to
refer a claim properly cognizable in that court to an appropriate administrative agency.
See Access Telecommunications v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 

,
608 (8th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 

(1998). The primary jurisdiction
doctrine is properly invoked "whenever enforcement of the claim requires the resolution
of issues which ... have been placed within the special competence of an administrative
body." United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co., 

, 64, 

,

(1956). We do not see the relevance of this principle to this case.
Perhaps Great Plains's insistent reiteration that the CFTC lacked "primary jurisdiction"
is meant to imply that the district court should not have declined to hear this case in
deference to the special competence of the CFTC. But the district court never did that:
The dismissal of Great Plains's complaint was based not on the district court's
deference to the special competence of the CFTC, but, rather, on the exclusivity of the
scheme set forth in the CEA.



                                           -4-
       Great Plains seems to argue, in addition, that the administrative review
provisions of a statute do not apply when the prosecuting agency never properly had
jurisdiction. Great Plains fails, however, to cite any cases in support of this
proposition. Instead, it cites a number of cases holding that the judiciary is empowered
to determine the limits of statutory authority. See, e.g., Stark v. Wickard, 

, 309-10, 

, 

(1944).

       While it is undoubtedly true that statutory interpretation is the province of the
judiciary, see, e.g., Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,

, 843 n.9, 

, 

(1984), and that such
interpretations include defining the limits of statutory authority, we do not believe that
this principle is of any avail to Great Plains in the present circumstances. The issue
here is not whether the judiciary may determine if the CFTC exceeded the bounds of
its power, but rather when the judiciary may make such a determination. As the
Supreme Court stated in 

, "[t]he responsibility of determining the
limits of statutory grants of authority in such instances is a judicial function entrusted
to the courts by Congress by the statutes establishing courts and marking their
jurisdiction." In this case, the relevant statute allows judicial review, even of
jurisdictional questions, only after a final order has been issued by the CFTC, and then
only by direct review in the appropriate court of appeals. See 7 U.S.C. § 9.

       Great Plains dedicated the majority of both its brief and its time in oral argument
to explaining why HTAs are not "futures contracts" subject to regulation by the CFTC,
and why the doctrines of collateral estoppel and the separation of powers estop the
CFTC from asserting that they are. While Great Plains may be correct in its assertions,
these arguments are properly raised before us only on direct appeal from a final order
of the CFTC.

                                        III.
     For the foregoing reasons the order of the district court dismissing Great Plains's
complaint is affirmed.

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A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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