United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 99-2169
                                   ___________

Gene Kimbrell, d/b/a Gene                *
Kimbrell's Body Shop, Inc.,              *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         *
      v.                                 *   Appeal from the United States
                                         *   District Court for the Eastern
Union Standard Insurance Company,        *   District of Arkansas.
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *

                                   ___________

                              Submitted: February 18, 2000

                                  Filed: March 28, 2000
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, and BOWMAN and MORRIS SHEPPARD
      ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

                                   ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Union Standard Insurance Company appeals a trial court judgment declaring that
Gene Kimbrell is indemnified under a garage operations insurance policy issued to his
corporation, Gene Kimbrell's Body Shop, Inc. We reverse based on Mr. Kimbrell's
failure timely to notify Union Standard of the underlying lawsuit.
                                             I.
       Mr. Kimbrell was involved in a motor vehicle accident in January, 1997.
According to trial testimony, two or three months later he discussed the accident with
an individual at First Arkansas Insurance, where he had purchased the Union Standard
policy. In May, 1997, Steven Roberts filed a state lawsuit for injuries arising out of the
accident, and Mr. Kimbrell filed an answer the same month. In October, the state court
granted partial summary judgment to Mr. Roberts, holding that Mr. Kimbrell was liable
for the accident. Damages issues, however, still had to be tried. Exactly two months
later, Mr. Kimbrell's attorney sent to First Arkansas a copy of the state court complaint
and a demand that Union Standard participate in Mr. Kimbrell's defense. First
Arkansas forwarded the documents to Union Standard.

       In a subsequent letter to Mr. Kimbrell's attorney, Union Standard denied
coverage based on policy provisions unrelated to notice and further stated that by
relying on these provisions it "[did] not intend to waive any other provisions of the
policy." Mr. Kimbrell then filed a state declaratory judgment action, which was
removed to federal court. Union Standard's answer to the complaint included an
allegation that coverage was precluded because Mr. Kimbrell failed to give notice of
the claim. The trial court, prior to entering a judgment holding that the Union Standard
policy provided coverage for the accident, denied Union Standard's summary judgment
motions, one of which contended that Mr. Kimbrell failed to comply with the policy's
notice provisions. On appeal, Union Standard again raises the issue of notice.

                                          II.
       We agree with the parties that Arkansas law applies in this diversity action. In
order for timely notice to be a condition precedent to coverage, the insurance policy
must use language expressly to that effect or language that necessarily implies that the
provision is a condition precedent. See Hope Spoke Co. v. Maryland Casualty Co.,

, 

, 86-87 (1912).


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       Union Standard contends that Mr. Kimbrell breached section 2 of the "Loss
Conditions," which sets forth the following "Duties in the Event of Accident, Claim,
Suit or Loss":

             In the event of "accident," claim, "suit" or "loss," you must
             give [Union Standard] or our authorized representative
             prompt notice of the "accident" or "loss." Include:
             (1) How, when and where the "accident" or "loss" occurred;
             (2) The "insured's" name and address; and (3) To the extent
             possible, the names and addresses of any injured persons
             and witnesses. ... Additionally, you and any other involved
             "insured" must ... [i]mmediately send [Union Standard]
             copies of any request, demand, order, notice, summons or
             legal paper received concerning the claim or "suit."


Section 3 of the "Loss Conditions" includes the following language:


             No one may bring a legal action against [Union Standard]
             under this Coverage Form until: ... There has been full
             compliance with all the terms of this Coverage Form.


We conclude that the policy "conditions" stating that the insured must give prompt
notice and immediately forward legal papers (notice provisions), combined with the
requirement that no legal action may be brought without "full compliance with ... [the]
Coverage Form," establish by necessary implication that the notice provisions are
conditions precedent to recovery. See M.F.A. Mutual Insurance Co. v. Mullin, 156 F.
Supp. 445, 448, 460-61 (W.D. Ark. 1957) (finding that similar provisions created
conditions precedent under Arkansas law); cf. American Fidelity and Casualty Co. v.
Northeast Arkansas Bus Lines, Inc., 

, 

, 165-66 (1941)
(policy requirement that insured give notice of claim for injury, within five days of


                                          -3-
accident, created condition precedent). Mr. Kimbrell therefore had the burden of
proving that he complied with the notice provisions. See 

at 166.

       Addressing another issue during the trial, Don Martin (the agent who sold the
policy in question) testified that Mr. Kimbrell discussed the accident with a First
Arkansas employee about two or three months after it occurred, and we note that on
a page of the policy entitled "Common Policy Declarations" Mr. Martin's signature and
"First Arkansas Insurance" appear on the signature line and above the words
"Authorized Representative." Even assuming, however, that this discussion with
Mr. Martin constitutes the required "prompt notice" of the "accident" to an "authorized
representative," the policy further compelled Mr. Kimbrell "[i]mmediately [to] send"
to Union Standard the legal papers regarding Mr. Roberts's lawsuit.

       Although immediate notice does not necessarily mean instantaneous notice, it
does mean notice "within a reasonable time under all the facts, circumstances, and
conditions." See Maryland Casualty Co. v. Waggoner, 

, 

,
454 (1937). Here Mr. Kimbrell first gave notice of the lawsuit to Union Standard more
than six months after the suit was filed and two months after liability was found against
him, and he offered no evidence of circumstances justifying such a delay. We therefore
conclude that Mr. Kimbrell failed to comply with the provision requiring him to
forward the lawsuit papers to Union Standard in a timely manner. See Hartford
Accident and Indemnity Co. v. Loyd, 

, 10-11 (W.D. Ark. 1959), quoting
from relevant policy (eight-month delay not "as soon as practicable"); and 

(breach of duty by insured where insurer accidentally discovered
lawsuit a month and a half after it was filed).

                                           III.
       The trial court concluded that Union Standard waived its right to assert the
policy's notice provisions by asserting other grounds for denying coverage. In so
holding, the court relied on Tri-State Insurance Co. v. Smith, 

, 449 S.W.2d

                                          -4-
698, 700 (1970), for the "well settled" principle that an insurer is precluded from
defending its liability based on a violation of provisions regarding notice and
forwarding of lawsuit papers when it has denied coverage on another ground. The
Tri-State court reasoned that because the insurer by its denial of all coverage indicates
that it will not pay "even though notice is given in strict accordance with the policy,"

at 700, the law will not require the doing of a useless act.

        In Tri-State, however, unlike our case, the insured gave timely notice of the
occurrence and of a related lawsuit, and the insurer's agent twice stated that the policy
provided no coverage, 

at 700; the court thus held that the insurer did
not have the right to require the insured to give notice when the injured party refiled the
action after a nonsuit. See 

at 700-01. Similarly, in Dixie Auto
Insurance Co. v. Goudy, 

, 

, 382 (1964), the court held
that, by disclaiming all liability under the policy, an insurer "waived," 

at 383, its right to notice of a later lawsuit. On the other hand, in an action to recover
life insurance, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that once the policy's mandatory time
for reporting a death was over, the insurer's denial of coverage on another ground did
not preclude the insurer from later relying on the untimely notice. See Smith v.
American National Insurance Co., 

, 

, 772-73 (1914).

       We note that waiver and estoppel, although often used interchangeably in
insurance law, are not synonymous, see Bethell v. Bethell, 

, 

, 581-82 (1980) (elements of estoppel and waiver), and we believe that the above
cases apply the doctrine of estoppel when the insured can show that the insurer's denial
of coverage induced the failure to comply with the notice provisions. Thus in

, the insurer was properly estopped from asserting
untimely notice after its statements denying all coverage induced the very breach upon
which it attempted to rely. Here, however, we conclude that Union Standard's denial
did not form the basis for an estoppel, because Mr. Kimbrell, rather than being induced
to violate the relevant notice provision, breached the contract before he received the

                                           -5-
denial letter. We believe, therefore, that the district court's reliance on Tri-State was
misplaced.

       We also note that to establish a waiver (as opposed to an estoppel),
Mr. Kimbrell has to show that Union Standard intentionally relinquished a known right.
See 

. We conclude that, without more, the denial letter,
which specifically disavowed an intent to waive any of the policy provisions, cannot
support a finding of waiver. See 

. We also reject any
contention that, by asserting in the declaratory judgment action grounds for denying
coverage in addition to untimely notice, Union Standard is thereby deprived of the
benefit of the policy's notice provisions. See Dixie Furniture Co. v. Central Surety and
Insurance Co., 

, 867 (E.D. Ark. 1959), aff'd, 

, 190 (8th
Cir. 1959) (per curiam). Therefore we conclude that Union Standard was entitled to
rely on the policy provisions requiring Mr. Kimbrell to forward the lawsuit papers to
Union Standard immediately.

                                          IV.
       Accordingly, we reverse the trial court and remand this case to that court for the
entry of a judgment in favor of Union Standard consistent with this opinion.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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