United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                  ___________

                                  No. 99-3395
                                  ___________

In re: Clara Clark; Michael Karsch;*
Lena Falls; Mary Carr; Hattie M.   *
McClinton; Leon J. Herron,         *
                                   *
            Debtors.               *
    ________________________       * Appeal from the United States
                                   * District Court for the
Elbert A. Walton,                  * Eastern District of Missouri.
                                   *
            Appellant,             *
                                   *
       v.                          *
                                   *
John V. LaBarge, Jr.,              *
                                   *
            Trustee/Appellee.      *
                              ___________

                            Submitted: April 14, 2000

                                 Filed: August 21, 2000
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, BEAM, Circuit Judge, and FRANK,1 District
      Judge.
                             ___________



      1
      The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
WOLLMAN, Chief Judge.

      Elbert A. Walton, Jr. appeals from the district court’s2 order affirming the
bankruptcy court’s3 opinion that denied Walton attorney fees, required him to disgorge
fees he had previously received, and ordered him to pay costs to the United States
Trustee4 who investigated his conduct in six Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases. We affirm.

                                          I.

       The facts below are from the bankruptcy court’s December 21, 1998, amended
memorandum opinion (Bankruptcy Opinion). Generally, debtors represented by
attorney Walton became his clients after meeting with his paralegal, MacArthur
Jackson, who worked from the same office space both as an employee of Walton’s
practice, Metropolitan St. Louis Legal Services Corporation, P.C., and as an
independent financial consultant. The debtors, considering Jackson to be Walton’s
“right hand person,” paid approximately $350 to Jackson for services and filing fees
related to their Chapter 13 cases, which included advice and the preparation of
necessary filings such as the bankruptcy petition and Chapter 13 plan. Jackson would
then explain that although he was preparing the documents, in court they would need
to be represented by a lawyer. He then would refer them to Walton or simply indicate




      2
       The Honorable Jean C. Hamilton, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Missouri.
      3
       The Honorable Barry S. Schermer, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.
      4
       The United States Trustee in a Chapter 13 case performs various administrative,
advisory, and enforcement functions, and shall appear and be heard at certain
bankruptcy hearings. See 11 U.S.C. § 1302(b) (1993 & Supp. 2000).


                                         -2-
that Walton would represent them. In most of these cases, the debtors first met Walton
in court. Walton is “one of the more frequent bankruptcy petition filers” in the district.

        Local rules and practice in the bankruptcy courts of the Eastern District of
Missouri provide that a Chapter 13 debtor’s attorney may choose to receive
compensation through one of two methods. The method at issue here is the election of
a flat fee of $1250.00, which Walton requested for his representation in the six cases
underlying this appeal. During the debtors’ July 1998 plan confirmation hearings, the
bankruptcy court took up the matter of inconsistencies in reported payments of attorney
fees and incorrect or incomplete fee disclosures, which were the basis for the Trustee’s
objections to the plans’ confirmation. Walton had filed multiple documents in an
attempt to overcome the Trustee’s objections, but the court, evidently not reassured by
Walton’s actions, scheduled further hearings.

        At least nine persons were subpoenaed for the subsequent hearings held on
September 8, October 2, and October 21 of 1998: Walton, Jackson, a former associate
of Walton, and the six debtors. Four of the debtors, Walton, and Jackson appeared,
and Walton cross-examined at least one of his clients about payments made to Jackson.
On October 13, 1998, the Trustee submitted to the bankruptcy court and served on
Walton documents entitled “Summary of Trustee’s Position” concerning the five cases
that were heard on September 8 and October 2. (The hearing in debtor Leon Herron’s
case was scheduled for October 21, 1998.) These documents summarized inaccuracies
in the filed documents and testimony that was given at the September 8 and October
2 hearings and at earlier bankruptcy proceedings, and concluded with a request that
Walton be denied attorney fees and that the Trustee be awarded costs and expenses as
a sanction. Walton did not respond to these documents or submit any of his own. He
attended the October 21 hearing in debtor Herron’s case.




                                           -3-
       The Bankruptcy Opinion gives the following overview of the September/October
hearings: “At trial, Mr. Walton, Mr. Jackson and four of the six debtors appeared
having an opportunity to support or respond to the Trustee’s allegations. . . . When
confronted with the multiplicity of inconsistencies in the documents filed in these cases,
Mr. Walton frequently deferred responsibility to the former associate . . . .”
Bankruptcy Opinion at 4, 5. The bankruptcy court also rendered findings of fact
specific to each debtor’s case, reciting a litany of problems that included:
inconsistencies in Walton’s filings about payments and in response to the Trustee’s
objections; execution of blank forms; unauthorized or forged signatures of both Walton
and debtors; and Walton’s ignorance of the cases for which he was responsible. The
court concluded that Walton had failed to properly represent the debtors or perform the
legal services contemplated by the fee, and that he had done so in bad faith. The court
ordered that attorney fees Walton sought in these cases be denied, that fees already
paid be disgorged, and that costs and expenses be awarded to the Trustee as a sanction
against Walton. The court then referred the six cases to the district court for
disciplinary investigation.

       Walton appeals from the decisions of the courts below, arguing that the
bankruptcy court’s factual findings are clearly erroneous, that the court erroneously
applied the law regarding fees and sanctions, and that he did not receive adequate
notice and a hearing about the possibility of such a fee denial and sanctions.

                                           II.

       As the second reviewing court, we apply the same standards of review that the
district court applied. See Snyder v. Dewoskin (In re Mahendra), 

, 754
(8th Cir. 1997). We review the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear error and
its conclusions of law de novo, see Ross v. Dakota Rail, Inc. (In re Dakota Rail, Inc.),

, 84 (8th Cir. 1991), and a decision regarding attorney fees for an abuse of


                                           -4-
discretion, see Grunewalt v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. (In re Coones Ranch, Inc.), 

, 744 (8th Cir. 1993).

                                A. Factual Findings

       We briefly address Walton’s primary arguments of factual error. First, Walton
alleges that the court erred by failing to find that he was the victim of an errant
employee, but he provides no evidence, much less clear evidence, to contradict the
court’s finding that Walton was well aware that Jackson provided legal bankruptcy
assistance and collected payments. Walton admitted that Jackson functioned at least
partially as an employee when he provided bankruptcy services to these debtors, and
Walton himself filed pleadings with the bankruptcy court acknowledging receipt of
some of the payments Jackson had collected.

       Second, Walton contends that the hearings concerned only the amount that
remained due for legal fees, not the propriety of attorney fees in general, and thus he
had no notice that fees could be fully denied. We note that Walton has provided us
with no transcript or other record of the September/October hearings that might support
his contention that fee disgorgement was not discussed. To the contrary, the
bankruptcy court’s opinion makes repeated references to the testimony offered during
these hearings, which included testimony about the documents previously filed with the
court. The hearings, set by the court to disentangle the problems with attorney fees,
resulted in the production of wide array of evidence, including testimony from the four
debtors and from Jackson and Walton concerning the office’s operations, services
performed and by whom, and signatures on the various filed documents. Thus, the
matters in issue at the hearings involved more than simply a discussion of the amounts
of money that had been received by Walton or Jackson for bankruptcy services. The
bankruptcy court noted in its opinion that Walton attempted to shift the blame for the




                                          -5-
inaccuracies and fee collection practices, which indicates Walton was given ample
opportunity to be heard.

       Third, Walton argues that because what constitutes “local practice” is nebulous
and undefined, he may not be denied fees for violating it. We disagree. The
explanation of services that Walton signed and filed in each case disclosing the fees
paid and listing the services to be rendered is in large part patterned on the court’s local
practice standards. Walton does not dispute that he failed to perform many of the listed
services, such as advising his clients. Additionally, when Walton applied for the flat
fee under the court’s local practice, he implicitly agreed to provide the services the
court required. Moreover, the court did not rest its conclusion solely on violations of
local practice.

                          B. Fee Award and Disgorgement

      Walton contends that the because the debtors’ bankruptcy plans were confirmed,
he should receive a fee without inquiry into its reasonableness.

       We find neither an abuse of discretion nor an improper application of legal
standards or procedure in the court’s denial of fees and its order requiring disgorgement
of those fees already paid. The bankruptcy court has the broad power and discretion
to award or deny attorney fees, and, indeed, a duty to examine them for reasonableness.
See 11 U.S.C. §§ 329, 330 (1993 & Supp. 2000); Bankr. Rule 2017, 11 U.S.C. (1984
& Supp. 2000); Chamberlain v. Kula (In re Kula), 

, 735 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
1997) (“Whether the compensation sought is reasonable, given the time, nature, extent
of the services and the value of the services is always a question of fact for the court.”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The burden is on the attorney to prove
that the agreed compensation is reasonable. See In re 

. As
the Fifth Circuit has stated, “[i]t is well established law that, absent compliance with


                                            -6-
the Bankruptcy Code and Rules, an attorney has no absolute right to an award of
compensation.” Anderson v. Anderson (In re Anderson), 

, 204 (5th Cir.
1991).

       The bankruptcy court found that by seeking the flat fee for services Walton knew
had been performed by his non-attorney employee, Walton was attempting to collect
excessive payments, with the effect of over-charging the debtors as well as violating
bankruptcy rules, such as Bankruptcy Rule 9011,5 which is analogous to Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 11, see In re Coones Ranch, 

, and Rule 2016,
requiring fee disclosure. Walton admits that he did not meet with debtors until their
meetings with creditors and that, although he officially represented the debtors, a non-
attorney prepared, signed, and filed documents and advised the debtors when they
sought bankruptcy assistance. These actions, at a minimum, violate Rules 9011 and
2016. The work performed by Walton had little or nothing to do with the confirmation
of the plans. See, e.g., Parker & Assocs. v. Flatau (In re Rainwater), 

,
140 (M.D. Ga. 1991) (“The Debtors in both cases obtained their relief due to the
bankruptcy system and in spite of the misinformation supplied by [the attorney].”).




       5

      (a) . . . Every petition, pleading, written motion, and other paper . . . shall
      be signed by at least one attorney . . . .
      (b) . . . By presenting to the court . . . a petition, pleading . . . or other
      paper, an attorney . . . is certifying that to the best of the person’s
      knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry . . . –
               (3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary
      support . . .
      (c) Sanctions. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond .
      . . the court determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court
      may . . . impose an appropriate sanction. . . .
Bankr. Rule 9011, 11 U.S.C. (Supp. 2000).


                                            -7-
Accordingly, we conclude that the decision to deny the award of fees and requiring the
disgorgement of fees was not an abuse of the court’s broad discretion.

                                    B. Sanctions

       Walton also contends that the court erred in awarding a sanction against him in
the amount of $4,759.00, which represented the Trustee’s reasonable attorney fees and
expenses. The court found that Walton and Jackson had “misused the bankruptcy
process for their own benefit and personal gain,” and Walton has not presented
evidence to convince us that this finding is clearly erroneous. Walton argues, however,
that the court misapplied the law and failed to give him adequate notice and an
opportunity to be heard.

      The bankruptcy court awarded sanctions against Walton by exercising its
authority under section 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, under 28 U.S.C. § 1927,
implicitly pursuant to Rule 9011, and by its inherent authority. Although we have
questioned whether a bankruptcy court has the power to award sanctions under section
1927, see Brown v. Mitchell (In re Arkansas Communities, Inc.), 

, 1221
(8th Cir. 1987), we conclude that the court had ample alternative authority to sanction
Walton. Section 105 gives to bankruptcy courts the broad power to implement the
provisions of the bankruptcy code and to prevent an abuse of the bankruptcy process,
which includes the power to sanction counsel. See In re Volpert, 

, 500
(7th Cir. 1997); Caldwell v. Unified Capital Corp. (In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc.), 

, 284 (9th Cir. 1996). This provision has been interpreted as supporting the
inherent authority of the bankruptcy courts to impose civil sanctions for abuses of the
bankruptcy process. See Jones v. Bank of Sante Fe (In re Courtesy Inns Ltd., Inc.), 

, 1089 (10th Cir. 1994). Finally, a “bankruptcy court has jurisdiction under
Bankruptcy Rule 9011 to assess attorney’s fees as sanctions against attorneys who fail
to comply with the rule.” In re Arkansas 

.


                                          -8-
       An individual must receive notice and an opportunity to be heard before
sanctions may be imposed. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 

, 56-57
(1991); Jensen v. Federal Land Bank of Omaha, 

, 341 (8th Cir. 1989).
Rule 9011 provides for notice and a hearing before the imposition of a sanction for its
violation. “[A]fter notice and a hearing,” as used in the Bankruptcy Code, is defined
as “after such notice . . . and such opportunity for a hearing as is appropriate in the
particular circumstances. . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 102(1)(A); In re 

.
The court may act without a hearing if it has provided an opportunity for one but no
parties in interest request it. See 11 U.S.C. § 102(1)(B). The knowledge that
violations of particular bankruptcy rules are at issue, however, is not sufficient notice
that sanctions are being considered, see 

; rather, notice must
be given that the court is considering imposing sanctions.

       At the September/October hearings, Walton was prepared to discuss his
organization’s business structure; his and Jackson’s performance of legal services; and
the question of attorney fees, including the matter of incomplete and inaccurate filings.
He admitted that some of the signatures of various pleadings were not his own and that
he had signed others without performing services. Given these topics of discussion, we
find it difficult to conclude that Walton had no notice of possible sanctions for his
unethical conduct and rule violations. We need not rest our decision on this ground,
however, because Walton received adequate notice, even assuming that he had not
known until the hearings that sanctions were being considered.

        In In re Mahendra, an attorney was informed at a hearing that the Trustee was
considering asking for sanctions, and a week later the Trustee filed a motion for
sanctions. See In re 

. The attorney was not given a hearing
but had admitted the facts underlying the motion and did not respond to the Trustee’s
motion, although he later filed a general summary judgment motion. See 

754. We concluded that because the attorney had had sufficient notice and opportunity


                                          -9-
to respond, his due process rights were not violated. See 

see also Silverman
v Mutual Trust Life Ins. Co. (In re Big Rapids Mall Assocs.), 

, 929 (6th
Cir. 1996) (“A hearing is not necessarily required where the court has full knowledge
of the facts and is familiar with the conduct of the attorneys.”).

       On October 13, 1998, the Trustee served on Walton and filed with the court the
Trustee’s summaries of position in the first five cases, requesting costs and expenses
and the denial of attorney fees. These documents assuredly put Walton on notice that
sanctions were being requested. The bankruptcy court noted that Walton did not
respond to these summaries and requests in the two months between their filing and the
issuance of the court’s opinion. Additionally, Walton attended debtor Leon Herron’s
hearing on October 21, 1998, which was after the Trustee had filed the request for fee
denial and sanctions for the other five cases that were being considered with Herron’s.
Walton had the opportunity to defend himself during the hearing in Herron’s case and
to request from the bankruptcy court further time to respond, if necessary.

                                          III.

       Walton’s final argument, that the district court’s referral for disciplinary
investigation should have been confidential and sealed, rather than set forth in a public
order, is without merit.

      The judgment is affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.


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