United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 00-2130
                                  ___________

Patrice Bradford,                      *
                                       *
            Appellant,                 *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the Eastern
                                       * District of Missouri.
DANA Corporation, Sealed               *
Power Division,                        *
                                       *
            Appellee.                  *
                                       *
                                  ___________

                            Submitted: January 11, 2001

                                 Filed: April 13, 2001
                                  ___________

Before BEAM, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges, and DOTY1,
      District Judge.
                         ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.




      1
      The Honorable David S. Doty, United States District Judge for the District of
Minnesota, sitting by designation.
       Patrice Bradford appeals the district court's2 denial of her motions seeking
additional time to respond to appellee DANA Corporation's ("DANA") motion for
summary judgment, to conduct discovery and to modify the case management order to
set a later trial date. She also alleges the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to DANA without granting these motions. We affirm.

       Bradford filed this action on February 2, 1998, alleging DANA demoted,
suspended and terminated her on the bases of race and gender. After preliminary
motions were decided, DANA filed its answer to Bradford's complaint on January 26,
1999. On February 22, 1999, the parties submitted a proposed joint scheduling order,
pursuant to which the district court, on March 2, 1999, issued a case management order
("CMO"). The CMO set out a detailed schedule for discovery, briefing and trial and
specified it would be modified only upon a showing of exceptional circumstances.

       On July 27, 1999, Bradford's attorney, Benjamin Hudson, moved to withdraw
as counsel, alleging Bradford had terminated her retainer agreement and informed him
she had secured alternate counsel. He also stated Bradford had failed either to
compensate him for his efforts or to heed his legal advice. On August 31, 1999, the
district court granted Hudson's motion. In doing so, the district court ordered Bradford
to inform the court, within 15 days, whether she would retain new counsel or proceed
pro se. Bradford did not comply with this instruction. On December 3, 1999, DANA
moved for summary judgment. On December 23, 1999, Bradford filed a pro se
memorandum requesting additional time to respond and a continuance to retain counsel.
The district court granted Bradford's request for additional time, allowing her until
January 31, 2000, to respond to the summary judgment motion. The district court
denied Bradford's request for a continuance. Bradford failed to respond to DANA's
summary judgment motion. On March 13, 2000, Bradford's present counsel entered


      2
        The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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an appearance. On March 13 and 17, 2000, Bradford filed motions seeking to modify
the CMO to permit her additional time for discovery, to respond to the summary
judgment motion, and to push back the April 3, 2000, trial date. Along with these
motions, Bradford filed an affidavit detailing her efforts to retain counsel. On March
20, 2000, the district court denied all of Bradford's pending motions and granted
DANA summary judgment. Bradford now appeals.

       Bradford raises two separate, but entwined issues.3 She first alleges the district
court erred in denying her requests to modify the CMO to permit her additional time
to respond, conduct discovery and to push back the impending trial date. Second, she
argues the district court erred in awarding summary judgment without granting her
motions. We address these claims in order.

        Bradford's first argument challenges the degree to which case management
orders should govern the course of litigation when parties fail to meet their
requirements. It is true that the Federal Rules are usually liberally construed to permit
parties to amend pleadings, add additional parties and to similarly control the pace of
litigation. See, e.g,, Hopkins v. Saunders, 

, 974 (8th Cir. 1999), cert.
denied, 

(2000); Gray v. Bicknell, 

, 1481 (8th Cir. 1996).
As regards case management orders, however, the Federal Rules set a less forgiving
standard. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b) specifies that such an order "shall not
be modified except upon a showing of good cause and by leave of the district judge."
Thus, a moving party must first make the requisite showing. Even then the district
court retains discretion as to whether to grant the motion. As a vehicle designed to

      3
        We pause to note that Bradford has not appealed the merits of the district court's
summary judgment ruling. In a detailed and well-reasoned opinion, the district court
found that Bradford failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination on grounds
of either gender or race. Rather, it found the evidence showed Bradford had been
legitimately sanctioned and then terminated for repeated poor-quality work, for verbally
and physically assaulting a co-worker and for attempting to cover up the incident.

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streamline the flow of litigation through our crowded dockets, we do not take case
management orders lightly, and will enforce them. In re Milk Prods. Antitrust Litig.,

, 437 (8th Cir. 1999), cert. denied sub nom. Rainy Lake One Stop, Inc.
v. Marigold Food, Inc., 

(2000). We review a district court's discovery
rulings for abuse of discretion. Bunting v. Sea Ray, Inc., 

, 890 (8th Cir.
1996).

        The primary measure of Rule 16's "good cause" standard is the moving party's
diligence in attempting to meet the case management order's requirements. Johnson v.
Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 

, 609 (9th Cir. 1992). "[T]he existence or
degree of prejudice to the party opposing the modification" and other factors may also
affect the decision. 

case, however, we have no need to explore beyond the
first criterion because the record clearly demonstrates that Bradford made only minimal
efforts to satisfy the CMO's requirements.

      Bradford first filed this action in February of 1998. The district court established
its CMO in March of 1999. Bradford's first attorney, Hudson, did not withdraw until
August of that year. Bradford now urges us to consider the fact that Hudson never
conducted any discovery. Yet his withdrawal motion states that she failed to
compensate him or heed his legal advice, which allegations she does not deny. She
also urges us to consider her lack of counsel and resulting inability to adequately
respond to DANA's summary judgment pleading. Hudson's withdrawal motion,
however, states that at that time, she represented to him that she had already secured
new counsel. Bradford's affidavit, moreover, illustrates that during the next six months
she contacted only five attorneys. We agree with the district court that Bradford's
actions do not amount to a diligent effort to secure counsel, and do not satisfy the
"good cause" standard.

     Bradford's second argument is controlled by our ruling in Roark v. City of
Hazen, 

(8th Cir. 1999). Bradford alleges the district court erred in

                                           -4-
granting summary judgment without permitting her additional time for discovery and
additional time to respond to DANA's summary judgment motion. We review a district
court's determination that a claim is ripe for summary judgment only for abuse of
discretion. 

As we noted in Roark, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c)
does not require discovery to be complete in order for summary judgment to be proper.

of Civil Procedure 56(f) does permit a party opposing a summary
judgment motion to seek additional discovery, but only upon a showing of facts that the
party expects to uncover.

       In this case, the district court did initially grant Bradford an extension of time to
respond to the summary judgment motion. That aside, Bradford failed to make the
requisite showing of additional facts she expected to discover. Rather, she merely
argued her delay to that point should not prejudice her continued efforts to prosecute
her lawsuit. Such falls outside the requirements of Rule 56(f). Given our determination
that Bradford did not show good cause for further delay, we conclude that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in awarding DANA summary judgment.

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court is affirmed.

       A true copy.

              Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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