United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 00-1748
                                   ___________

James J. Galman,                     *
                                     *
      Plaintiff - Appellant,         *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * District of Minnesota.
The Prudential Insurance Company of *
America,                             *
                                     *
      Defendant - Appellee.          *
                                ___________

                             Submitted: December 11, 2000

                                  Filed: June 28, 2001
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, HEANEY, and FAGG, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       After suffering a second heart attack on July 2, 1997, trial attorney James J.
Galman applied for benefits under his law firm’s Employee Long Term Disability Plan,
alleging that the stress of litigation and trial work aggravated and accelerated his
coronary artery heart disease, rendering him totally disabled. The Plan is funded by a
group insurance contract issued by The Prudential Insurance Company of America.
Prudential initially denied Galman’s application in October 1997. Two weeks later,
Galman invoked Prudential’s internal appeals procedure, while simultaneously filing
this action for wrongful denial in state court and returning to work. Prudential removed
the action to federal court under ERISA. See Lyons v. Philip Morris Inc., 

, 912 (8th Cir. 2000); 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). The district court1 stayed the
lawsuit while Galman exhausted his remedy under the Plan. In May 1999, Prudential
denied Galman’s appeal. The district court then granted summary judgment in favor
of Prudential, concluding that Galman was not totally disabled as defined by the Plan
because he had returned to work. Galman appeals, arguing that the district court erred
in refusing to separately review Prudential’s initial denial of his claim, and that his
return to work was involuntary and therefore an improper basis for finding him not
totally disabled. We affirm.

                                            I.

        Galman has been a practicing trial attorney for more than thirty years. He has
a history of heart problems, including heart attacks in November 1987 and July 1997
and two angioplasty procedures on October 14, 1997, two days before Prudential’s
initial denial of his application for long-term disability benefits. The Plan defines total
disability as follows:

      “Total Disability” exists when Prudential determines that all of these
      conditions are met:

      (1) Due to Sickness or accidental Injury . . . [y]ou are not able to perform,
      for wage or profit, the material and substantial duties of your
      occupation. . . .

      (2) You are not working at any job for wage or profit.

      (3) You are under the regular care of a Doctor.

      1
        The HONORABLE RICHARD H. KYLE, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                           -2-
In support of his application for benefits, Galman submitted his medical records and
opinions by two treating physicians that he was totally disabled because the stress of
working as a trial attorney subjected him to the “risk of aggravating or accelerating his
heart condition.” In reviewing the application, Prudential obtained reports from two
reviewing physicians, who concluded that Galman was not totally disabled from his
work as a trial attorney. Prudential’s initial denial in October 1997 stated, “there is no
evidence to support the hypothesis that his work as a trial attorney aggravated his
preexisting coronary artery disease.” Prudential denied Galman’s appeal in May 1999
because “there is no documented impairment which would prevent Mr. Galman from
performing the material and substantial duties of his occupation,” and because he “has
demonstrated the ability to continue to work in his occupation as a Trial Attorney since
October, 1997.”

       The district court reviewed Prudential’s benefits denial de novo, a ruling
Prudential does not challenge on appeal. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch,

, 115 (1989); Herzberger v. Standard Ins. Co., 

(7th Cir.
2000); Bounds v. Bell Atl. Enters. Flexible Long-Term Disability Plan, 

,
339 (8th Cir. 1994). The district court granted Prudential’s motion for summary
judgment because Galman was working in May 1999 and therefore did not meet the
definition of “total disability” in the Plan. Galman then filed a motion to alter or amend
the judgment, arguing he was at least entitled to long-term disability benefits for the
month before he returned to work on October 26, 1997. The district denied that motion
because “[t]his issue was not raised in the parties’ summary judgment motions.”
Galman challenges both rulings on appeal.




                                           -3-
                                            II.

        Galman first argues that the district court erred when it refused to rule on the
validity of Prudential’s initial benefits denial in mid-October 1997. He asserts that the
initial denial compelled him to return to work to support his family and therefore, if this
ruling escapes judicial review, ERISA fiduciaries will have an incentive “to initially
deny claims, force employees back into the workplace, and then deny the claim again
on appeal on the basis that the employee is working.” Galman urges us to overturn the
initial denial and conclude he was totally disabled prior to returning to work on October
26, and to award him one month’s benefits, prejudgment interest, and an attorney’s fee.



       Framing the argument in this fashion seriously distorts the issue. ERISA
provides that every plan must provide a benefits appeal procedure. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 1133(2). In this circuit, benefit claimants must exhaust this procedure before bringing
claims for wrongful denial to court. See Kinkead v. Southwestern Bell Corp. Sickness
& Acc. Disability Benefit Plan, 

, 68 (8th Cir. 1997). Exhaustion serves
many important purposes -- giving claims administrators an opportunity to correct
errors, promoting consistent treatment of claims, providing a non-adversarial dispute
resolution process, decreasing the cost and time of claims resolution, assembling a fact
record that will assist the court if judicial review is necessary, and minimizing the
likelihood of frivolous lawsuits. See 

; Conley v. Pitney Bowes,

, 718 (8th Cir. 1994). As the district court recognized, these purposes are
best served if the reviewing court reviews the claims administrator’s final decision to
deny a claim, rather than the initial denial that was reconsidered during the internal
appeal.2


      2
       To promote the prompt resolution of benefit claims, the ERISA regulations
require a claims administrator to resolve an appeal within 120 days. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503-1(h)(1)(i). Here, the 20-month delay in resolving Galman’s appeal resulted

                                           -4-
         However, the fact that we review only the final claims decision does not mean
that the claim for one month of benefits escapes judicial review. Rather, the problem
is that Galman waived the issue. Prudential’s final denial concluded that Galman was
not totally disabled before and after he returned to work. In other words, the final
denial affirmed the initial denial, in addition to relying on the fact that Galman had
returned to work. In the district court, Galman moved for summary judgment, arguing
he was entitled to long-term benefits because he was totally disabled when he filed his
application and Prudential should not have considered his subsequent return to work
in denying benefits. Prudential’s cross motion for summary judgment argued
alternative grounds -- Galman was never totally disabled, and he was working.

       The district court ruled in Prudential’s favor solely on the ground that Galman
was not totally disabled as defined in the Plan because he was working. The court did
not reach the question whether summary judgment would have been appropriate on
Prudential’s alternative ground, given the conflicting medical opinions as to the
relationship between trial attorney stress and heart disease. Only at this point did
Galman first argue, in a motion to alter or amend the judgment, that he was entitled to
benefits for the one month before he returned to work, even if his return to work meant
he was no longer totally disabled thereafter. The district court did not abuse its
discretion in declining to reopen the case to consider this discrete new issue. “A
motion to alter or amend judgment cannot be used to raise arguments which could have
been raised prior to the issuance of judgment.” Concordia Coll. Corp. v. W.R. Grace
& Co., 

, 330 (8th Cir. 1993) (quotation omitted), cert. denied, 

(1994); accord FDIC v. World Univ. Inc., 

, 16 (1st Cir. 1992)
(motion to alter or amend “may not be used to argue a new legal theory”).

                                         III.



from his attempt to circumvent the appeal process by prematurely filing suit.

                                          -5-
        Galman next argues the district court erred in finding he is not totally disabled
because the initial denial forced him to return to work for financial reasons. The district
court concluded that Galman did not meet the definition of “total disability” in the Plan
because he had been continuously working at his previous occupation from October
1997 until the court ruled in January 2000. We agree with the district court that the
relevant Plan language (“You are not working at any job”) is plain and unambiguous,
and that unambiguous provisions in ERISA plans must be enforced in accordance with
their terms. See Davolt v. Executive Comm. of O’Reilly Auto., 

, 810 (8th
Cir. 2000) (preexisting conditions exclusion); Wilson v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 

, 1013 (8th Cir. 1996) (workplace injuries exclusion). Galman cites cases
in which returning to work did not conclusively establish that the claimant was not
disabled, such as Dodson v. Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Soc’y, 

,
438-39 (8th Cir. 1997), and Whatley v. CNA Ins. Cos., 

, 1313-14 (11th
Cir. 1999). But none of those cases refused to enforce a plan provision defining total
disability to mean not working.

       Galman argues that this provision is against public policy, but he cites no
authority for this argument, and we reject it. Public policy does not prevent employers
from declining to grant total disability benefits to employees who are willing and able
to risk returning to work.

       In his reply brief and at oral argument, Galman urged this court to conclude he
was disabled on October 16, 1997, and to declare that he may quit his job and be
automatically eligible for future total disability benefits. We decline to issue such an
advisory opinion. If Galman should now stop working and file a new disability claim,
that claim would turn on whether he is now totally disabled, an inquiry that would no
doubt be affected by more current medical evaluations, and by the fact that he had
worked for a substantial period of time after October 1997.




                                           -6-
      Finally, Galman argues the district court erred in excluding evidence that one of
Prudential’s reviewing physicians was biased. However, because the court conducted
de novo review and upheld Prudential’s benefits denial because Galman returned to
work, this evidentiary issue had no impact on the district court’s decision. Compare
Union Pac. R.R. v. 174 Acres of Land, 

, 948 (8th Cir. 1999).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       I respectfully dissent. While it is clear that an ERISA suit is premature until a
claimant has exhausted available administrative appeals, I disagree with the majority’s
conclusion--apparently without precedent in this circuit--that the administrator’s initial
reason for denying benefits is irrelevant. Under the majority’s analysis, the underlying
medical issues of any disputed disability claim will never receive judicial scrutiny in an
ERISA action to recover benefits if the policy defines disability to exclude those who
are working, unless the insured has sufficient resources to forgo any income whatsoever
until the claim has found its way through the administrative appeals process to the
courthouse. This is particularly troubling where, as here, the claim is that the
occupation itself is the source of an employee’s worsening and life-threatening illness.

      I agree that there are sound policy reasons for requiring a claimant to exhaust
administrative appeal procedures. Those considerations, however, do not counsel that
the administrator be permitted to conceal an initial medically-based decision behind the
insured’s subsequent return to work out of economic necessity. I would therefore
remand for the district court to review Prudential’s medical determination that
Galman’s continued work as a trial lawyer did not jeopardize his health such that he
was disabled under the plan.




                                           -7-
A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                           -8-