United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 00-1684
                                  ___________

Multimedia KSDK, Inc.,                  *
                                        *
             Petitioner,                *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
National Labor Relations Board,         * Petitions for Review from the National
                                        * Labor Relations Board
             Respondent,                *
                                        *
International Brotherhood of Electrical *
Workers, Local Union No. 4, AFL-CIO, *
                                        *
             Intervenor on Appeal.      *
                                  ___________

                                  No. 00-1919
                                  ___________

Multimedia KSDK, Inc.,                 *
                                       *
            Respondent,                *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
National Labor Relations Board,        *
                                       *
            Petitioner.                *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: January 8, 2001
                                Filed: November 15, 2001
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, BYE, Circuit Judge, and JONES,1 District Judge.
                             ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Television station KSDK-TV2 seeks review of a final order of the National
Labor Relations Board concluding that it violated 29 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(1) & (a)(5) by
refusing to bargain with the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local
No. 4 (IBEW), as the collective bargaining agent for KSDK-TV’s assignment editors
and producers. The Board found that the assignment editors and producers who work
at the station are entitled to the protection of the National Labor Relations Act
because they are “employees,” and not “supervisors.” KSDK-TV petitions for review
of that final order; the Board cross-petitions to enforce its order, and Local No. 4
intervenes in support of the order. We deny KSDK-TV’s petition for review and
enforce the order.

                                         I

      KSDK-TV, Channel 5, broadcasts to a seventy-five mile radius around St.
Louis, Missouri. The station dominates the St. Louis airwaves—more denizens of St.
Louis tune into Channel 5 for their news, weather and sports than any other station



      1
       The Honorable John B. Jones, Senior United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
      2
       KSDK-TV is owned by Multimedia KSDK, Inc., a South Carolina corporation.

                                        -2-
in the city.3 In recent years, KSDK-TV’s St. Louis station has had the highest ratings
share of any NBC affiliate in the United States.

       To get its popular broadcasts on the air each day, KSDK-TV employs
approximately 206 full-time employees at its St. Louis station. Some of KSDK-TV’s
employees have organized into various unions under the IBEW. The record shows
that KSDK-TV has collective bargaining agreements with its broadcasting engineers,
directors, production assistants, and promotion writers. This case involves KSDK-
TV’s challenge to a prospective union in its News Department.

       In 1997, a group of 16 producers, 4 assignment editors, and 2 tape coordinators
in the News Department held an election to decide whether to form a union. Before
the ballots could be counted, KSDK-TV filed a petition with the Board challenging
the eligibility of the prospective union members. KSDK-TV argued that the
assignment editors and producers were “supervisors,” who are exempt from the
protections of the Act. The case went to the Board’s Regional Director, who
promptly sealed the ballots and held hearings on the issue.

       The record shows that the producers and assignment editors work within the
97-employee News Department. The Department is staffed by a News Director, an
Assistant News Director, two Executive Producers, a Director of News Operations,
producers, and assignment editors. The staff also includes the on-air news anchors,
meteorologists, sports reporters, news reporters, editors, writers, production
assistants, tape coordinators, directors, and interns. The News Department broadcasts
18 newscasts each week.




      3
       St. Louisians’ legendary appetite for sports and sports news alone could fuel
high ratings. See, e.g., The Best Sports City 2000, The Sporting News, Aug. 14, 2001
(declaring St. Louis the best sports city in the United States).

                                         -3-
       The producers coordinate the newscasts. This process begins with daily
meetings with the Assistant News Director, the Executive Producers, assignment
editors, and sometimes a reporter. Over coffee, this group hashes out possible stories.
The producer ultimately decides which stories to air. Thus, ultimately, it is the
producers who decide how much coverage to devote to American Airlines’ buyout
of St. Louis-based TWA, the St. Louis Rams’ Super Bowl victory, Mark McGwire’s
record-setting home runs, or any other story.

      Once the stories are selected, the producer creates a “rundown” for each
newscast. In the rundown, the producer chooses the order and length of each story,
what format will be used, whether on-screen graphics or videos will be used, and
which anchors and reporters will cover each story. While the producers hand out
assignments and have some say over the other news employees’ work, the producers
do not actually investigate stories, shoot scenes, or create graphics. Instead they rely
heavily on the independent, professional experience of the Department staff.

        The four assignment editors manage the news desk. During their rotating
shifts, they monitor the wire services, police scanners, press releases and outside tips
for potential news stories. From this melange of sources, they post news
assignments— “slugs” in newspeak—on a board. They then assign photographers
and editors to cover each of the stories in the field, or to stay in the station and edit
footage. The assignment editors adjust staff assignments, work schedules, and lunch
breaks to meet the demands of news coverage.

      The producers and assignment editors cannot hire or fire employees, although
they can authorize overtime. They cannot discipline employees either, but rather
must approach station management, which conducts independent disciplinary
reviews. The producers and assignment editors are paid less than the anchors,
reporters, and photographers.



                                          -4-
       After considering this evidence, the Regional Director found that assignment
editors and producers are not supervisors. The Director then unsealed and counted
the ballots. A majority had voted for the union. Accordingly, the Board certified the
IBEW as the collective bargaining unit for its members.

      KSDK-TV refused to recognize the union, and the IBEW responded by filing
a complaint alleging unfair labor practices. The case went to the Board. The Board
agreed with the Regional Director’s findings that the assignment editors and
producers are not supervisors and ordered the station to recognize the union. KSDK-
TV then filed this petition for review.

                                            II

      Congress proscribed “supervisors” from unionizing in the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. §§ 141-187, believing that supervisors would be
conflicted between their obligations to employers and the goals of their labor unions.
Hence the Act excludes from the definition of “employee” any person “employed as
a supervisor.” 29 U.S.C. § 152(3). As non-employees under the statute, supervisors
cannot claim the protections of the Act. Beverly Enters. v. NLRB, 

,
1045 (8th Cir. 1998) (citing Waverly-Cedar Falls Health Care Ctr., Inc. v. NLRB, 

, 629 (8th Cir. 1991)).

       The Act defines a “supervisor” as “any individual having authority, in the
interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, lay off, recall, promote, discharge,
assign, reward, or discipline other employees, or responsibly to direct them, or to
adjust their grievances, or effectively to recommend such action, if in connection with
the foregoing the exercise of such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical
nature, but requires the use of independent judgment.” 29 U.S.C. § 152(11). In
effect, the Act establishes a three-part test for determining supervisory status.



                                           -5-
      Employees are statutory supervisors if (1) they hold the authority to
      engage in any 1 of the 12 listed supervisory functions, (2) their “exercise
      of such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical nature, but
      requires the use of independent judgment,” and (3) their authority is held
      “in the interest of the employer.”

NLRB v. Kentucky River Cmty. Care, Inc., 

, 1867 (2001) (quoting
NLRB v. Health Care & Ret. Corp. of Am., 

, 573-574 (1994)).

        The parties to this appeal agree that the assignment editors and producers acted
in the interests of KSDK-TV (step 3), and so our review focuses exclusively on the
initial two steps of the test.

      As to the first part of this test, it bears repeating that § 152(11)’s list of
supervisory functions must be read in the disjunctive. Beverly 

. To clear up any confusion—and litigants often confuse this point—an
employee need only have the authority to exercise one of the many enumerated job
actions. So, for example, employees are “supervisors” if they can either assign or
responsibly direct or hire.

      The second element of the test questions whether the extent of an employee’s
authority requires him to employ independent judgment in a manner that is neither
routine nor clerical. Schnuck Markets, Inc. v. NLRB, 

, 703 (8th Cir.
1992). After all, “so-called ‘straw bosses’ are not necessarily supervisors even if they
give minor orders or supervise the work of others.” Beverly 

(quoting 

).

       These questions are deeply fact-intensive, and they fall within the Board’s
domain of special expertise as an administrative agency. 

(quotation omitted). We particularly acknowledge the Board’s skill and experience
in analyzing the “infinite gradations” of workplace authority within a given industry.

                                          -6-


defer to the Board’s findings on supervisory status, and we will
uphold those findings if they are “supported by substantial evidence on the record
considered as a whole.” Pony Express Courier, Corp. v. NLRB, 

, 362
(8th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted).

       KSDK-TV contends that the Board actually engages in infinite manipulations
of the term “supervisor.” KSDK’s frustration is shared by many. See, e.g., NLRB v.
Winnebago Television Corp., 

, 1214 (7th Cir. 1996) (noting the Board’s
manipulation of the definition in § 152(11)). We have expressed similar concerns
about the Board’s inconsistent decision-making, Beverly 

-46
& n.2, but we have declined requests to review Board decisions under a presumption
that the Board acted out of bias, e.g., 

The better approach is to make a
“close and thorough examination of the record” in order “to ensure that the Board’s
findings are supported by substantial evidence and that its decision is not arbitrary
and capricious.” 

). Thus, our
standard of review remains the same: “whether substantial evidence on the record as
a whole supports the board’s determinations.” Id. (citing 

).

                                         A

       We begin with the assignment editors. The Board found that the assignment
editors could “assign” and “responsibly direct” others, but not with the requisite
degree of “independent judgment” required by § 152(11). We believe the Board’s
findings on this point are reasonably supported by the record.

      KSDK-TV’s assignment editors cannot hire employees; nor can they fire
employees. They cannot directly discipline employees. They are hourly employees.
And they earn less than the photographers they assign. In short, there is ample
evidence to support the Board’s findings that assignment editors are not supervisors.
Cf. NLRB v. KDFW-TV, Inc., 

, 1278-79 (5th Cir. 1986) (affirming the

                                         -7-
Board’s determination that television station assignment editors lacked supervisory
status).

       KSDK-TV argues that its assignment editors are supervisors because they
assign work to photographers and editors. But this is a weak argument. The record
demonstrates that assignment editors largely react to incoming news sources during
their shifts. The assignment editor on duty then dispatches photographers and editors
to work on the slugs. The assignment editors manage lunch breaks, and assign
photographers to the field and editing floor. Making these assignments involves a
mechanical and routine process. The assignment process is no doubt important to the
news process, but the process does not require real “independent judgment.”

      Accordingly, we reject KSDK-TV’s argument that its assignment editors are
supervisors.

                                         B

      The Board’s determination that KSDK-TV producers are not supervisors
presents a closer call; accordingly, we must closely and thoroughly examine the
record “to ensure that the Board’s findings are supported by substantial evidence . .
. .” Beverly 

. In the final analysis, we do not believe that
KSDK-TV has shown that the Board’s decision lacked the support of substantial
evidence.

       The parties focus their arguments on the role of producers in the news
production process. As described above, the producers coordinate the creation of
news shows for their scheduled segments. Some producers are assigned to produce
only a portion of the news show. The producers’ schedules are determined by upper
management and posted in the newsroom with those of the other newsroom
employees. Producers may not generally reschedule their work assignments, nor may

                                         -8-
they change the work assignments or schedules of other employees. KSDK-TV also
sets the general parameters of its news shows. There will almost always be a sports
segment, for example. KSDK-TV news shows are broadcast on a regular schedule,
and the length of most news shows is predetermined.

       KSDK-TV contends that its producers’ decision-making authority constitutes
the exercise of non-routine “independent judgment.” The station notes that the
producers determine the general format of the selected stories, their length, and their
sequence in the rundown. The producers instruct the reporters and photographers on
what general video or graphics they would prefer for the respective stories. Further,
producers assign writers, reporters, and anchors to write scripts for the stories;
producers then review the scripts for length or accuracy. The producers also control
the order of the rundown and designate which anchor will read a given story. KSDK-
TV concedes that other participants have input at the daily meetings, but the station
argues that producers make the final content decisions. The story choices are then
developed and implemented by the professional news staff within the department.
KSDK-TV argues that its producers ultimately decide what events to cover in a news
show.

       While the Board acknowledged these facts, it considered additional
circumstances which cast a different light on the news production process. Producers
do not cover stories, participate in camera shoots, or schedule the crews with whom
they work on any particular day. They cannot hire news personnel, and may not
directly evaluate or discipline the other professionals in the news team. Producers’
complaints about other workers must be processed through upper management at
KSDK-TV. It is particularly telling that many of the other news professionals earn
more than the producers.

      The Board concluded that KSDK-TV producers act within a collaborative
process. The Board found that the producers are only one part of a sophisticated

                                         -9-
team, and that the professional staffers carry out their substantive work in a highly
independent manner. The Board noted that the producers are enmeshed in an
integrated team of news professionals through whose joint efforts they create a final
television product. According to the Board, an individual producer facilitates the
overall news-production process, and his assignment of work duties requires little
independent judgment.

     The Board relied on two of its prior decisions involving television news
producers, McGraw-Hill Broad. Co., 163 LRRM 1108 (1999), and King Broad. Co.,
162 LRRM 1269 (1999), each of which held that producers are not supervisors. In
McGraw Hill, the Board held that

      similarly situated individuals in the broadcast industry were not [§
      152(11)] supervisors where they were part of an integrated production
      team in which their skills and responsibilities were joined in a
      collaborative effort with those of other news department employees in
      order to coordinate and develop a single product.

163 LRRM at 1110 (citation omitted).

       KSDK-TV portrays McGraw-Hill and King as sharp breaks from precedent.
We disagree. Both Board decisions rely upon earlier NLRB decisions, e.g.,
Westinghouse Broad. Co., 88 LRRM 1012 (1974); Post-Newsweek Stations, 83
LRRM 1081 (1973), and a Fifth Circuit decision, 

, to
buttress their collaboration conclusion.

      We believe that, in these circumstances, the Board reasonably concluded that
employees engaged in a largely collaborative enterprise do not exercise “independent
judgment” of the type envisaged in the Act. To the extent that producers coordinate
the news-gathering and news-covering processes, they occupy the head chair at a
round table, to borrow a metaphor from Arthurian mythology. The Board’s

                                        -10-
collaboration theory finds factual support in the record in this case. And that theory
has been independently adopted by the Fifth Circuit, KDFW-TV, 

, in a decision we have cited favorably, Pony 

. Thus we
believe that the Board’s finding that KSDK-TV producers are not supervisors under
the Act is supported by substantial evidence.

     We need not be detained by the fact that a discrete portion of the reasoning
supporting the McGraw-Hill and King decisions rests on shaky ground following the
Supreme Court’s decision in Kentucky River announced during the last Term.

       In McGraw-Hill, for example, the Board reasoned that “[a]lthough the
producers exercise discretion or judgment in . . . communicating necessary directions
to the various reporters, photographers, and technicians working with them, such
discretion or judgment relates to their own responsibilities and is based on their
experience and expertise. Thus, their authority to give directions to the employees
working with them is not supervisory authority.” 163 LRRM at 1111 (emphasis
added). The Board’s conclusion may conflict with Kentucky River, which rejected
the Board’s contention that employees do not use independent judgment when they
rely on their professional or technical expertise to direct less-skilled employees in
accordance with employer-specified standards. 

.

        McGraw-Hill’s conclusion that producers are not supervisors does not rest
entirely upon the “professional expertise” argument. The Board separately
enunciated the collaboration theory as an independent basis for denying producers
supervisory status. There is no question that Kentucky River leaves the collaboration
theory unscathed. Because the Board in the present case relied on the collaboration
theory expounded in McGraw-Hill, and that theory is an alternative basis for the
result in that decision, we may accept the pertinent portion of McGraw-Hill’s analysis
without deciding whether all of its parts can be reconciled with Kentucky River.



                                        -11-
                                          III

       The Board “has engaged in neither unsupported fact-finding nor arbitrary
decision-making,” and we must therefore uphold its determination “in a close case of
this nature.” Beverly 

(quoting Waverly-Cedar 

(Loken, J., concurring)). While we might not have made the same
decision as the Board, we may not reverse the Board’s decisions on that basis.
Consequently, the Board’s determination that the assignment editors and producers
at KSDK-TV’s News Department are not supervisors is upheld.

WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, concurring and dissenting.


      Although I agree with the court that the Board’s finding that the assignment
editors are not supervisors is supported by the record, I disagree with its holding that
the Board also correctly found that the producers were not supervisors.


      As the court notes, the producers determine the general format, length, and
sequence of the selected stories. They instruct the reporters and photographers
regarding the video and graphics they would prefer for the respective stories; they
assign writers, reporters, and anchors to write scripts for the stories, which they then
review for length and accuracy; and they control the order of the story rundown and
designate which anchor will read a given story.


      To offset the compelling force of the foregoing factors, the Board looks to that
which the producers do not do, such as covering stories, participating in camera
shoots, or scheduling the crews with whom they work. These are essential tasks, no
doubt, but they can probably not unfairly be characterized as the heavy lifting part of

                                         -12-
the news-gathering process. The Board also points to the fact that the producers
cannot hire news personnel and may not directly evaluate or discipline the other
professionals in the news team. A short answer to this litany of non-duties is to
repeat that a supervisor need exercise only one of the supervisory functions
enumerated in 29 U.S.C. § 152(11). As for the observation that many of the other
news professionals earn more than the producers, one need only observe that many
professional athletes are paid at a rate greatly exceeding that of the coaches of their
respective teams, yet no doubt arises as to who is the supervisor in that situation.


      As for the collaborative-effort basis of the Board’s analysis, it rests upon the
assumption that there can be only one supervisor rather than several, an assumption
that finds no warrant in the law. I have long since forgotten exactly how business
was conducted at the Round Table, but I am not convinced that the Board would have
found that none of the knights had supervisory authority over the vassal-attendants.


      But enough of jurisprudence by metaphor. The basic flaw in the Board’s
decision is that it rests upon the now-rejected test employed by the Board in
Providence Hospital. As the Regional Director noted in his decision,


      [I]n Providence Hospital, 

(1996), the Board noted that
      there is a difference between the exercise of judgment necessary to
      design a product, in that case a plan of patient care, and the assignment
      and direction of employees in producing the product. While the former
      may require substantial “professional” judgment, the latter may be quite
      routine in nature. “Independent judgment must be exercised in
      connection with the Section 2(11) function if the actor is to be deemed
      a statutory supervisor; use of judgment in related areas of a professional


                                         -13-
      or technical employee’s own work does not meet the statute’s language.”
      

Jt. App. at 14.


      As did the Regional Director, the Board looks to Providence Hospital for
support of its decision. See Respondent’s brief at 32.


      I say now-rejected test, because I find it to be in conflict with the Supreme
Court’s decision in NLRB v. Kentucky River Cmty. Care, Inc., 

(2001).


      Because the Board’s collaboration analysis is an insufficient basis upon which
to rest its findings regarding the producers, and because the Providence Hospital test
can no longer carry the day, I would not enforce that portion of the Board’s decision.
Accordingly, while I concur in the court’s holding with respect to the assignment
editors, I respectfully dissent from its holding regarding the producers.


      A true copy.


             Attest:


                  CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                        -14-