United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 00-3720
                                  ___________

In re: Kent Miller,                  *
In re: Terry J. McGavern,            *
                                     *
             Debtors,                *
                                     *
      _____________________          * Appeal from the United States
                                     * District Court for the
Ronald Owens, Margaret Owens,        * Western District of Missouri.
Nicola Angelicola, Pasqualina        *
Angelicola, Ernest Waterman,         *
                                     *
             Appellees,              *
                                     *
      v.                             *
                                     *
Kent Miller, Terry J. McGavern,      *
                                     *
             Appellants.             *
                                ___________

                             Submitted: May 18, 2001

                                 Filed: January 10, 2002
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, BEAM, Circuit Judge, and BARNES,1 District
      Judge.
                             ___________


      1
        The Honorable Harry F. Barnes, District Judge, United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
WOLLMAN, Chief Judge.

      Kent W. Miller and Terry J. McGavern appeal from the district court’s2 order
affirming the finding of the bankruptcy court3 that certain debts were
nondischargeable in Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings. We reverse and remand.

       The appellees in this case are retirees from a steel mill in Utica, New York, and
their spouses. They had never engaged in any complex investing, and none has more
than a high school education. Upon their retirements in the late 1980s and early
1990s, the appellees received large lump-sum distributions from the steel mill’s
retirement plan, and all of them desired secure, income-producing investments to
supplement their retirement income. The appellees took their money to Gary
Bohling, at the time a vice president and registered representative of Andover
Securities, Inc. (Andover), a securities brokerage firm incorporated in Missouri and
licensed by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). Ignoring the
appellees’ stated desires, Bohling invested their funds in several speculative, high risk
investments, including limited partnerships, investment trusts, and private placement
offerings of debt instruments in such businesses as a catfish farm, a medical office
complex, and a highly leveraged credit company. Appellants do not dispute that these
investments were inappropriate for these investors. The investments ultimately
failed, resulting in the loss of most of the appellees’ retirement savings.

       To obtain appellees’ consent to these investments, Bohling was required to
engage in fraudulent conduct. First, he told them that the investments were safe, even
better than social security. Also, since the investments were complicated and


      2
      The Honorable Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
      3
      The Honorable Frank W. Koger, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
                                           -2-
relatively risky, Bohling had to manipulate his way around various restrictions. At
least one of the investments required investors to be “accredited,” that is, they must
have had a net worth of more than $1 million or two years of income of more than
$200,000. Because none of the appellees met these requirements, Bohling falsified
their subscription documents by inflating the value of their homes and possessions
and by capitalizing their potential social security income as a current asset. Further,
Bohling identified the appellees’ investment objectives on their investment
subscription forms as “speculation.” The documents prepared by Bohling contained
various other internal inconsistencies.

       During the time Bohling managed the appellees’ investments, Miller was
Chairman of the Board of Andover Securities and McGavern was President and CEO.
Neither Miller nor McGavern made any fraudulent statements directly to the
appellees. Miller, however, was responsible for reviewing all documents Bohling
submitted for the appellees’ investments. Bohling testified that McGavern first
suggested that he inflate investors’ assets in order to make them appear accredited.
Bohling also testified that he discussed capitalizing social security with Miller and
McGavern. Miller and McGavern also suggested that Bohling indicate that all his
clients’ goals were speculation, thus purporting to limit the company’s liability if the
investments failed. Over the years, Bohling’s practices in these areas became more
blatant. Miller testified that he “missed some inconsistencies and red flags in the
documents,” and McGavern admitted that “he may have conveyed the impression to
his brokers that it was permissible to sell unaccredited investors ‘a little bit’ of the
higher risk investments, regardless of the client’s stated investment objectives.” In
January 1992, after a client filed a claim against Andover Securities based on
Bohling’s management of her account, Miller and McGavern sent Bohling a letter
requiring him to limit his sales to lower-risk investments or ones that were
preapproved by Andover. This letter also specifically identified the investment in
which the appellees lost the most money as one that did not fit most clients’ risk
tolerances. Nevertheless, Bohling continued to sell the risky investments, and the

                                          -3-
documents he submitted to Andover plainly showed those sales. In February 1993,
the Wall Street Journal published an article reporting that the SEC was alleging that
26 of Bohling’s customers had used incorrect statements of their assets and had
capitalized social security benefits on their investment subscription forms. Despite
the various indications that Bohling was engaged in fraud, Miller and McGavern
allowed him to continue in the same practices until his voluntary termination of
employment in March of 1993.

       In summary, the evidence before the bankruptcy court established that Bohling
engaged in clear violations of the securities laws throughout the entire period in
which he managed the appellees’ investments and that Miller and McGavern knew
or should have known about those violations but did nothing to stop him, with the
result that the appellees’ lost nearly all of their savings.

      When Bohling subsequently filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11,
the appellees accepted $12,000 as an administrative priority claim and agreed not to
sue Bohling for the balance of their loss in exchange for his cooperation in
proceedings against Andover. The appellees then filed a statement of claim with the
NASD, asserting violations of the Securities Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty,
and common law fraud against Andover, Miller, and McGavern.

       On June 20, 1997, NASD-appointed arbitrators entered an award against
Andover, Miller, and McGavern, finding them jointly and severally liable to the
appellees for $226,000, plus 9% interest. The arbitrators did not specify the grounds
for the award, however, nor did they make explicit factual findings. The arbitration
award was later confirmed by the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York. Owens v. Andover Sec., Inc., No. 97-CV-1244, 

(N.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 1998).




                                         -4-
      Miller and McGavern filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy relief pursuant
to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on May 8, 1998, and December 14, 1998,
respectively. Both listed as dischargeable debts the amounts awarded to the appellees
in the NASD arbitration. In response, the appellees filed an adversary action,
contending that the debts in question were nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A).4

      Because the precise grounds for the NASD award were uncertain, the
bankruptcy court determined that nondischargeability under the Bankruptcy Code
could not necessarily be implied from the nature of the debt. The court further
concluded, however, (1) that Bohling’s conduct constituted fraud within the meaning
of § 523(a)(2)(A); (2) that Bohling’s conduct violated § 10b of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder;5


      4
          11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) provides, in pertinent part:

      (a) A discharge under sections 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b)
      of this title does not discharge any individual debtor from any debt–
             (2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or
             refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by –
             (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other
             than a statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial
             condition.

      5
          Rule 10b- 5, which implements 15 U.S.C. § 78j, provides:

      It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of
      any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce . . .
             (a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
             (b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to
             state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements
             made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were
             made, not misleading, or
                                           -5-
(3) that pursuant to § 20 of the Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a),6 Miller and McGavern, as
controlling persons, were jointly and severally liable for Bohling’s fraud to the same
extent that Bohling was liable, and (4) that Miller and McGavern were ineligible for
the “good faith” exception of § 20(a) because they were negligent in their supervision
of Bohling. In short, the bankruptcy court concluded that § 20(a) created an “agency-
like relationship” sufficient to impute Bohling’s fraud to Miller and McGavern and
therefore concluded that the debt in question was nondischargeable under §
523(a)(2)(A). Owens v. Miller, 

(Bankr. W.D. Mo. 1999).

       Following the district court’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s decision,
Miller and McGavern filed this appeal. Our jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. §
158(a), and we sit as a second court of review in this matter, applying the same
standard as the district court. Cedar Shore Resort, Inc. v. Mueller, 

, 379
(8th Cir. 2000). That is, we review the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear
error and its conclusions of law de novo. 

engage in any act, practice, or course of business which
             operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon
             any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any
             security.

17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. "The essential components of a Rule 10b-5 claim are scienter,
causation, and damages," and the purpose of the rule is to “transcend the gaps and
limits of the common law actions available to securities traders injured by false
representations or failures to disclose.” Arthur Young & Co. v. Reves, 

, 1327 (8th Cir. 1991).
      6
       15 U.S.C. § 78t(a) provides that “[e]very person who, directly or indirectly,
controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter or of any rule or
regulation thereunder shall also be liable jointly and severally with and to the same
extent as such controlled person.”
                                         -6-
      We conclude that the bankruptcy court erred by imputing Bohling’s fraud to
Miller and McGavern by way of § 20(a).

       The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit recently addressed
the same question confronting us in this case. Hoffend v. Villa, 

(11th
Cir. 2001). The Hoffend court considered the bankruptcy court’s reasoning in this
case, and rejected it. 

Although we are not bound by the Hoffend court’s
decision, “we adhere to the policy that a sister circuit’s reasoned decision deserves
great weight and precedential value. As an appellate court, we strive to maintain
uniformity in the law among the circuits, wherever reasoned analysis will allow, thus
avoiding unnecessary burdens on the Supreme Court docket.” United States v.
Auginash, 

, 784 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Aldens, Inc. v. Miller, 

, 541 (8th Cir. 1979).

      The United States Supreme Court has recognized that a debt may be
nondischargeable when the debtor personally commits fraud or when actual fraud is
imputed to the debtor under agency principles. Strang v. Bradner, 

, 561
(1885). Strang specifically relied on the common law of agency and partnership to
impute the fraud of an innocent debtor’s business partner to that debtor and so render
his debt nondischargeable. 

court determined that, like common
law agency principles, § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 renders an
innocent person’s debt nondischargeable when a person over whom the innocent
person exercised control committed actual fraud.

        We are mindful of our duty to construe exceptions to discharge narrowly in
order to effect the fresh start policy of the Bankruptcy Code. See Geiger v.
Kawaauhau, 

, 853 (8th Cir. 1997), aff’d 

(1998); 

. We agree with the Eleventh Circuit that Strang should not be
extended beyond its basis in agency law to include the much broader sweep of § 20(a)
liability. 

.

                                         -7-
       We see nothing in the Bankruptcy Code or the securities laws indicating that
these two separate provisions of law should be combined in the manner the
bankruptcy court did. Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code prevents persons
from committing actual fraud and then wiping away their resulting debt. It also
provides other specific exceptions to discharge, which do not include an exception
for liability under the securities laws. Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934, on the other hand, is designed to ensure that securities brokers act properly
and supervise their employees, and, therefore, it imposes liability in those cases in
which the supervisor did not directly participate in the bad acts. See Metge v.
Baehler, 762 F2d 621, 631 (8th Cir. 1985). Section 20(a) extends liability well
beyond traditional doctrines, providing expansive remedies in a highly regulated
industry. Section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code addresses actual, traditional fraud, and
we are not persuaded that it should be read in such a way as to encompass the
nontraditional liability imposed under § 20(a). Like the Eleventh Circuit, we believe
that the extension of § 20(a) liability to § 523 of the Bankruptcy Code should come
from Congress and not the judiciary. See 

.

      The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court for
further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

BEAM, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

      I would affirm the decision of the lower courts that certain debts were
nondischargeable in Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings.

      As set forth by the court, the evidence before the bankruptcy court established
that Bohling engaged in clear violations of the securities laws throughout the entire
period in which he managed the appellees’ investments and that Miller and



                                         -8-
McGavern knew or should have known about those violations but did nothing to stop
him, with the result that the appellees’ lost nearly all of their savings.

       When Bohling subsequently filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11,
the appellees accepted $12,000 as an administrative priority claim and agreed not to
sue Bohling for the balance of their loss in exchange for his cooperation in
proceedings against Andover. The appellees then filed a statement of claim with the
NASD, asserting violations of the Securities Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty,
and common law fraud against Andover, Miller, and McGavern. On June 20, 1997,
NASD-appointed arbitrators entered an award against Andover, Miller, and
McGavern, finding them jointly and severally liable to the appellees for $226,000,
plus nine percent interest. The arbitration award was later confirmed by the United
States District Court for the Northern District of New York. Owens v. Andover Sec.,
Inc., No. 97-CV-1244, 

(N.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 1998).

      Miller and McGavern filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy relief pursuant
to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on May 8, 1998, and December 14, 1998,
respectively. Both listed as dischargeable debts the amounts awarded to the appellees
in the NASD arbitration. In response, the appellees filed an adversary action,
contending that the debts in question were nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A).7 The bankruptcy court concluded that § 20(a) created an “agency-like

      7
          11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) provides, in pertinent part:

      (a) A discharge under sections 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b)
      of this title does not discharge any individual debtor from any debt–
             (2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or
             refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by –
             (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other
             than a statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial
             condition.


                                           -9-
relationship” sufficient to impute Bohling’s fraud to Miller and McGavern and
therefore concluded that the debt in question was nondischargeable under §
523(a)(2)(A). Owens v. Miller, 

, 579 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 1999).

       I conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err by imputing Bohling’s fraud
to Miller and McGavern by way of § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act. The
court’s determination that Bohling’s conduct constituted fraud within the meaning of
both 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) and Rule 10b-5 is well supported. Thus, there is no
question but that Bohling’s individual debt to the appellees would be
nondischargeable. The bankruptcy court also correctly held that Miller and
McGavern were “control persons” and therefore, pursuant to § 20(a), were jointly and
severally liable to the same extent as Bohling. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did
not err in concluding that the debts in question are nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(2)(A).

       I recognize that the Eleventh Circuit has recently disagreed with the bankruptcy
court’s analysis. See Hoffend v. Villa, 

(11th Cir. 2001). The Eleventh
Circuit emphasized that exceptions to discharge should be construed strictly, 

1152, a statement with which I agree. See Geiger v. Kawaauhau, 

,
853 (8th Cir. 1997), aff’d, 

(1998). The Eleventh Circuit focused its
analysis on Strang v. Bradner, 

(1885) and its progeny. The Court held
in Strang that the fraud of one partner would be imputed to an innocent partner, and
thus the innocent partner could not discharge his debt. 

The Eleventh
Circuit concluded that because the common law of agency and partnership, on which
Strang was decided, and liability under § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act are not
coextensive, the holding of Strang should not be expanded to include the liability
imposed under § 20(a). Miller and McGavern similarly argue that an agency-
principal relationship is necessary to impute fraud for the purposes of
dischargeability.



                                         -10-
        I believe, however, that the Eleventh Circuit incorrectly limited its analysis to
Strang and its progeny. The fact that Miller and McGavern cannot be liable under
common law agency principles does not necessarily mean that they may not be liable
under § 20(a). The bankruptcy court applied § 20(a) to supplement common law
agency principles, an approach that I observe finds some support in our precedents.
See, e.g., Commerford v. Olson, 

, 1323 (8th Cir. 1986) (“There is no
basis for believing that ‘[§] 20(a) was intended to narrow the remedies of customers
of brokerage houses . . .. On the contrary [§] 28(a), 15 U.S.C. § 78bb, specifically
enacts that the rights and remedies provided by the [19]34 Act shall be in addition to
any and all rights and remedies that may exist at law or in equity.’”) (alterations in
original) (quoting Marbury Mgmt., Inc. v. Kohn, 

, 716 (2d Cir. 1980)).
Thus, I respectfully disagree with the court and with the Eleventh Circuit’s holding
in Hoffend because the opinions do not take § 20(a) on its own terms, independent
of agency law. Strang, decided nearly a half-century before the enactment of the
Securities Exchange Act, should not be read to control the reach of the Act. It must
be remembered that § 20(a) is a remedial statute and thus is to be construed liberally.
Harrison v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 

, 880 (7th Cir. 1992). The
statute’s language is straightforward: control persons are liable to the same extent as
the persons they control. Here, an aspect of Bohling’s liability is that his debt to the
appellees would be nondischargeable. Section 20(a) extends that aspect of Bohling’s
liability to Miller and McGavern as control persons, along with all other features of
his liability.

       Although I agree that exceptions to discharge should come from Congress and
not the courts, 

, Congress created an exception from
discharge for fraud in § 523(a)(2)(A), and Strang tells us that the fraud need not have
been perpetrated by the debtor in order to be nondischargeable. 

. The question before us is whether the statutory liability of control persons under
§ 20(a) also includes nondischargeability under the Bankruptcy Code. I conclude that
it does.

                                          -11-
       I note that § 20(a) contains a good faith exception to control person liability.
In this case, however, there is ample evidence to support the bankruptcy court’s
finding that Miller and McGavern were negligent in their supervision of Bohling
(perhaps even to the extent that common law agency principles extend liability) and
are thus not entitled to benefit from the good faith exception.

         I conclude that the remainder of Miller and McGavern’s arguments are without
merit.

         I would affirm the judgment.

         A true copy.

               Attest:

                  CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                          -12-