United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 01-1720
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
                   Appellee,            *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the District
                                        * of Minnesota.
Richard C. Gravatt,                     *
                                        *
                   Appellant.           *
                                   ___________

                            Submitted: February 12, 2002

                                Filed: February 20, 2002
                                    ___________

Before McMILLIAN, FAGG, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

       Richard C. Gravatt and five others were charged in an eighty-nine count
indictment with conspiracy, wire fraud, mail fraud, money laundering, and conducting
a continuing financial crime enterprise. The charges arose from their operation of a
Treasury bill-leasing “ponzi” scheme promising no risk and returns of 2000%,
through a corporation called K-7. Investors in the scheme lost over $11 million. All
the defendants except for Gravatt and K-7's attorney, Louis Oberhauser, pleaded
guilty. The district court* denied Gravatt’s motions for severance. At a joint trial,
Gravatt, who did not testify, was convicted on 68 counts and sentenced to 262 months
in prison. Oberhauser testified and the jury acquitted him of 64 of 66 counts, but
convicted him on two counts of money laundering.

       Gravatt appeals his conviction asserting the district court abused its discretion
in declining to sever his case. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) permits
joinder of defendants “if they are alleged to have participated . . . in the same series
of acts or transactions constituting an offense or offenses.” Rule 8(b) is construed
liberally. United States v. Jones, 

, 62 (8th Cir. 1989). Under Rule 14, the
district court may sever defendants if it appears a party is prejudiced by joinder for
trial. Here, Gravatt was charged in the same conspiracy as his codefendants and was
alleged to have engaged in some common activity involving all the defendants
embracing the charged offenses. Persons charged in a conspiracy or jointly indicted
on similar evidence from the same or related events should be tried together, even if
each defendant did not participate in or was not charged with each offense. 

63. Further, we will not reverse a district court’s refusal to grant a severance absent
a showing of “real prejudice,” which is more than a showing a separate trial would
have improved the likelihood of acquittal. 

       Gravatt contends the joint trial prejudiced him because Oberhauser suggested
that Gravatt was a criminal and that he would have testified if he were innocent.
Gravatt points out that Oberhauser testified, “I look forward to having clients, but I
don’t want to have clients that are engaged in a form of criminal activity.” Oberhauser
also argued he should not be viewed as a criminal simply because he accepted K-7
as his client, and “had the courage to take the stand and to look all of you in the eye
and tell you that he is not a crook.” We conclude Gravatt has not carried his heavy


      *
      The Honorable Donovan Frank, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.

                                          -2-
burden to show prejudice. Oberhauser’s defense was not irreconcilable with
Gravatt’s. 

fact that . . . one defendant may try to save himself at the
expense of another is not sufficient grounds to require separate trials.” 

statements were subject to cross-examination and do not implicate
Gravatt, but merely bolster Oberhauser’s defense. Finally, the fact that the jury
acquitted both Gravatt and Oberhauser on separate counts is strong evidence that
joinder was not prejudicial. 

contends the district court should have granted his motion for
judgment of acquittal based on the insufficiency of the evidence to support his
convictions. Specifically, Gravatt asserts the Government failed to prove he knew
the Treasury bill leasing program was fraudulent. Viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdict and giving the verdict the benefit of all reasonable
inferences, a reasonable jury could find this element of the offenses beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Ervasti, 

, 1036 (8th Cir. 2000).
Because the necessary result of the scheme was to injure others, the jury could infer
fraudulent intent from the scheme itself. 

Gravatt’s conduct and the
nature of the scheme provide circumstantial evidence of fraudulent intent. 

appeals his sentence asserting the district court erroneously
increased his offense level by four points for being an organizer or leader of criminal
activity involving five or more participants. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). We disagree. The
district court adopted the findings in the presentence report, which stated Gravatt was
responsible for at least ten different individuals who helped further the fraud scheme.
The evidence at trial showed Gravatt was the “guru” of the Treasury bill leasing
program and pulled all the parties together. Besides, Gravatt’s conviction under the
continuing financial crimes enterprise, 18 U.S.C. § 225, required proof beyond a
reasonable doubt that he managed, supervised, or organized at least four other people.
See United States v. Holt, 

, 687 (8th Cir. 1992). Thus, the district court
did not commit clear error in finding Gravatt was an organizer or leader of criminal

                                         -3-
activity involving five or more participants, including himself. United States v.
Harry, 

, 53 (8th Cir. 1992) (defendant counts as a participant under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1).

      We thus affirm Gravatt’s conviction and sentence.

      A true copy.

            Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                       -4-