United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 01-1833
                                   ___________

Volodymyr Fisher; Irina Nikolaeva,      *
                                        *
             Petitioners,               *
                                        *
      v.                                * Petition for Review of a Decision of
                                        * the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Immigration and Naturalization          *
Service,                                *
                                        *
             Respondent.                *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: December 13, 2001

                                  Filed: May 28, 2002
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN,1 Chief Judge, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MAGILL, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

       The question for review is whether Volodymyr Fisher and his wife, Irina
Nikolaeva, have established that they qualify as refugees from religious or ethnic
persecution. Fisher and Nikolaeva applied for asylum in the United States, claiming
past persecution and a well-founded fear that they would suffer future persecution on


      1
       The Honorable Roger L. Wollman stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on January 31,
2002. He has been succeeded by the Honorable David R. Hansen.
account of Fisher's German ethnicity and Lutheran religion if they were repatriated
to the Ukraine. An Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals denied
their application on the ground that the record established only ethnic or religious
discrimination against Fisher, not persecution. Because that finding is supported by
substantial evidence, we deny Fisher and Nikolaeva's petition for review of the
Board's decision.

      Fisher and Nikolaeva came to this country from the Ukraine. Fisher was born
in Uzbekistan in 1937. His father was an ethnic German and his mother was Russian.
He moved to the Ukraine in 1957, to attend the Aviation Institute in Kiev. There, he
married Nikolaeva, an ethnic Russian, in 1962, and the couple lived in Kiev until they
came to this country in 1995 on visitor visas.

       On May 30, 1996 Fisher and Nikolaeva applied for asylum, citing ethnic and
religious persecution of Fisher as an ethnic German and as a Lutheran. Fisher is the
principal asylum applicant, and his wife's claim depends on his. The couple sought
withholding of deportation as well as asylum.

       At the asylum hearing, much of Fisher's testimony recounted incidents and
patterns of discrimination occurring during the Soviet era. The government of the
Ukraine changed fundamentally following the breakup of the Soviet Union. The
1996 Ukrainian Constitution and a 1991 Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religion
provide protection for religious freedoms, and current citizenship laws encourage the
existence of a multi-ethnic country.

      Fisher's claims of ethnic persecution are predicated both on his identity as a
German, and on the perception by other Ukrainians that anyone with a German name
is Jewish. Fisher contends that he was denied various educational and career
opportunities as a result of his German ethnicity. However, Fisher testified that he
was educated after high school, first at the Aviation Institute in Riga and then for five

                                          -2-
and a half years at the Aviation Institute in Kiev. He was employed as an engineer
in Kiev until he left for the United States.

      Fisher also testified that he was frequently insulted with anti-Jewish slurs by
neighbors and co-workers. Fisher explained to people that he was not Jewish, but he
did not feel that they believed him. Once, just before he left the Ukraine, he passed
by a demonstration of Ukrainian nationalists who were making anti-Semitic
arguments. Fisher began arguing with the protesters, telling them that what they said
was "a lie." Three young protesters pushed him, told him to leave, and threatened to
follow him and burn his apartment.

       After Fisher left the Ukraine, apparently without advising his employer that he
was not coming back to work, he received a letter from the employer asking why he
had been absent from work. The letter continued, "Please return the company assets
you possess (radio transceiver "Len," microcontrollers, power supply, etc.) If the
assets will not be returned, you will be taken to a court of law." Fisher testified that
he did not have any company property, and that after he wrote his employer a letter
saying that he was staying in the United States, his employer had taken no further
action during the intervening three years.

       Fisher's claims of religious persecution stem from his activities in reviving the
Lutheran church in Kiev after the break up of the Soviet Union. Fisher and about
fifteen others applied for registration of a church and contacted the German Lutheran
Church in Munich for help in finding a pastor. Fisher received some aid from the
church in the form of food and clothing. When this became known at the
Mathematics Institute where he worked, his salary was dramatically reduced, by four
fifths or more. A deputy of the Institute told Fisher privately that his salary was
suspended because he was receiving money from the church. For two years after that,
the Lutheran pastor shared some of his salary with Fisher. Fisher tried to challenge
the suspension of his salary through court proceedings, but the receptionist at the

                                          -3-
court told him his case would not be considered because he was getting money
through the church and didn't need his salary. The receptionist also suggested he
should be paying taxes on money he received through the church.

      Fisher also testified that he believed the KGB had infiltrated his church in
Kiev, because this was the only way he could explain the statements and actions of
some of his fellow parishioners.

       Fisher reported some problems in connection with his attempt to obtain
property that had belonged to Lutheran congregations, but had been confiscated
during the communist era. He recounted efforts to establish a claim to a Lutheran
church house, a gymnasium, and a parsonage. He met with the Ukrainian Minister
of Minorities, who assured him that the property would be turned over to his parish.
The most the congregation got was one room in the church. Fisher continued his
efforts, but he received a phone call from the Minister of Minority's office saying that
Fisher's activities were "complicating and bringing tension into the relationship
between the community and the government," and suggesting that Fisher keep
silence. Fisher also reported a veiled threat of violence from a deputy in the bureau
that was occupying the parsonage that Fisher wanted to reclaim for his church and
a threat from yet another official that Fisher would run into problems at work if he
pursued claims on church property.

      The church Fisher helped organize has grown from around 40 members at the
time Fisher left the Ukraine to about 400 to 500 members at the time of the hearing.

      Fisher testified that if he returned to the Ukraine, he would be eligible for a
pension unless criminal charges were brought against him. Nikolaeva qualified for
a pension and began receiving payments before the couple left the Ukraine.




                                          -4-
      Fisher and Nikolaeva's adult daughter remains in the Ukraine. According to
Fisher, after he and Nikolaeva left for the United States, their daughter was fired from
her job because her employer inferred that if her parents were in the United States,
she did not need the money from her job. Also, someone broke into the daughter's
apartment. Fisher volunteered the opinion that the burglars probably thought the
daughter would have valuable goods from the United States in the apartment.

      On March 10, 1997, the INS filed Orders to Show Cause why Fisher and
Nikolaeva should not be deported. Fisher and Nikolaeva conceded deportability, and
so the hearing focused only on their application for asylum. After a hearing, the
Immigration Judge denied Fisher and Nikolaeva's application for asylum.

       The Judge found that Fisher and Nikolaeva had not established that they had
been subject to past persecution on account of ethnicity or religion or that they had
a well-founded fear of future persecution on those grounds. Nikolaeva herself had
"never been subjected to anything remotely approaching consideration as
persecution." The Judge found that Fisher's claims that his educational and job
opportunities had been curtailed because of his ethnicity did not rise to the level of
persecution, in light of the fact that Fisher had been permitted to attend the aviation
institutes in Riga and Kiev. Moreover, Fisher was continuously employed in the
Ukraine until he left for this country. The Judge held that whatever ethnic
discrimination Fisher had faced was not severe enough to constitute persecution.

       The evidence of past religious discrimination also fell short of persecution.
Fisher had been actively involved in his church while living in the Ukraine. Fisher's
primary complaint was that he had not been able to obtain the return of the Lutheran
property to his congregation. Although he was only partly successful in getting the
property turned over to his congregation, Fisher had never been arrested, detained,
interrogated by authorities, or convicted of any crime.



                                          -5-
       The Immigration Judge also found that there was not an objective basis for
Fisher to fear future persecution. The incident with the nationalist protesters was
only one incident, with no documentation in the record. The letter from his employer
did not appear to be threatening or persecutory, but was instead an understandable
response to an employee's absence from work. There was nothing in the State
Department's report on the Ukraine that would substantiate the claim that ethnic
Germans are currently being persecuted. Nor did the record support the contention
that the Ukrainian government was preventing its people from practicing their
religions. Fisher's claim of pay cuts was more likely explained by economic problems
within the Ukraine than by religious persecution.

       Fisher and Nikolaeva appealed, and the Board of Immigration Appeals
affirmed. In re Volodymyr G. Fisher and Irina V. Nikolaeva, No. A75 016 872 and
A75 016 871 (B.I.A. Mar. 14, 2001). In addressing Fisher's claim that his salary was
reduced after he began working for the church, the Board noted that potential job loss
and generalized economic disadvantage are not severe enough to rise to the level of
persecution. Moreover, the Board found there was no clear causal connection
between the salary loss and Fisher's religion. Fisher testified that he would be eligible
for a pension, and his wife was already receiving a pension when they left the
Ukraine. Furthermore, in the years before he left the Ukraine, Fisher was working for
the Lutheran church for some remuneration. Therefore, the Board concluded that the
record did not show economic deprivations severe enough to constitute a threat to
Fisher's life or freedom. It dismissed Fisher and Nikolaeva's appeal. The couple then
petitioned this court for review.

       Because the proceedings in this case were begun before April 1, 1997, the
effective date of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act




                                          -6-
of 1996,2 and a final deportation order was issued after October 1, 1996, judicial
review is governed by the former 8 U.S.C. § 1105a (1994), and by the Reform Act's
transitional rules. Menjivar v. INS, 

, 941 n.1 (8th Cir. 2001); Reform
Act, 110 Stat. 3009-546, at § 309. Under the old section 1105a, the ultimate decision
to grant asylum is discretionary, and thus we review the Board of Immigration
Appeals' denial of asylum for abuse of discretion. Feleke v. INS, 

, 597-
98 (8th Cir. 1997). But if the Board's denial of asylum rests on the determination that
Fisher was not eligible for asylum, that determination is a finding of fact reviewed
under the substantial evidence standard. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 

, 481
(1992); Meguenine v. INS, 

, 27 (1st Cir. 1998). We may not grant the
petition for review unless the record "was such that a reasonable factfinder would
have to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution existed." 

. The court reviews the Board's legal conclusions de novo, with the caveat
that where it is appropriate under administrative law principles to defer to the
agency's interpretation of the body of law it administers, we do so. 

.

       The law governing Fisher and Nikolaeva's asylum claim is found in 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158 (1994), as it existed before the Reform Act. The Reform Act amendments
apply to asylum applications filed on or after April 1, 1997, see Note to 8 U.S.C. §
1158 (2000) (applicable the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days
after September 30, 1996), whereas the application in this case was filed on May 30,
1996. We therefore will be citing and applying the pre-Reform Act version of the
asylum statute.

       The Attorney General is authorized to grant asylum to aliens in this country or
at our borders who qualify as refugees, which includes "any person who is outside


      2
      Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (Sept. 30 1996), as amended by the
Extension of Stay in United States for Nurses Act of October 11, 1996, Pub. L. No.
104-302, § 2, 110 Stat. 3656.
                                        -7-
any country of such person's nationality . . . and is unable or unwilling to return to,
and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country
because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion."
8 U.S.C. §§ 1158 and 1101(a)(42)(A). An alien seeking asylum bears the burden of
proving that he or she is a refugee. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (2001).3

       To prove that the applicant suffers from a well-founded fear of future
persecution, the applicant must show an actual subjective fear, as well as an objective
basis for that fear, such that "a reasonable person in the alien's position would fear
persecution if returned to the alien's native country." 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Past persecution is relevant either because it provides a basis for a well-
founded fear of future persecution, or, in extreme cases, because the severity of past
treatment may form part of a compelling reason for the alien's unwillingness to return
to the site of such persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1); Francois v. INS, 

, 930-31 (8th Cir. 2002). However, past persecution may fail to establish a
well-founded fear of future persecution, if the government shows conditions have so
changed since the time of persecution that the applicant's history of persecution is no
longer probative of current conditions. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i) (past
persecution establishes presumption that can be rebutted by preponderance of
evidence); see Kratchmarov v. Heston, 

, 553 (8th Cir. 1999).

      Persecution involves a threat to one's life or freedom on account of one of five
protected grounds–race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,
or political opinion. See Minwalla v. INS, 

, 835 (8th Cir. 1983); 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (enumerating five grounds). Fisher has not adduced

      3
       8 C.F.R. § 208.13 was amended effective January 5, 2001; throughout this
opinion we refer to the earlier version.
                                         -8-
substantial evidence that his life or freedom have been jeopardized because of his
religion or ethnicity. Instead, he contends that he has suffered and is likely to suffer
economic disadvantages imposed upon him for invidious reasons. We have said that
"mere economic detriment is not sufficient" to establish persecution. 

; Nyonzele v. INS, 

, 983 (8th Cir. 1996); 

.

       Fisher's evidence of economic disadvantage failed with respect to both
causation and severity. The Board determined that the evidence did not establish that
the reduction in Fisher's salary resulted from his religion. Although the Board did not
venture an alternative explanation, the Immigration Judge found, "The chaotic
situation of the Ukrainian currency is a more likely explanation for these problems."
Fisher's testimony is unclear, but he seems to have acknowledged that others around
him had experienced salary cuts, although he said his was the worst he knew of.
Furthermore, the Board observed that Fisher had other resources, such as his pension,
his wife's pension, and the money he received from his pastor. Therefore, the
reduction in salary was not so severe as to threaten Fisher's life or freedom. These
factual determinations are supported by the record.

       The evidence was clear that Fisher was allowed to practice Lutheranism in the
Ukraine, and by all accounts his local parish is thriving. As evidence of persecution,
Fisher points to the government's failure to promptly surrender to his congregation
buildings confiscated from Lutherans during the communist era, but he admits that
his congregation was allowed to use a room in a church building, and that he was
promised more. The State Department's Ukraine Country Report on Human Rights
Practices for 1997 states that the government had moved to return confiscated church
property, but that the process was "stalled" in many places. The Board could
certainly conclude that a slow or incomplete restitution process did not amount to
religious persecution.



                                          -9-
        Fisher's other complaints of ethnic discrimination against him do not rise to the
level of persecution. He was permitted to complete extensive post-secondary
education at two aviation institutes and was employed as an engineer until he left the
Ukraine. As for slurs and harassment from private individuals, these do not
constitute persecution. See Mikhailevitch v. INS, 

, 389-90 (6th Cir.
1998). The one episode of threats and physical roughness that occurred when Fisher
injected himself into the midst of an ultra-nationalist rally does not require the Board
to find persecution. See 

("Evidence of isolated violence .
. . is not sufficient."). Fisher relies heavily on Korablina v. INS, 

(9th
Cir. 1998), and In re O-Z and I-Z, Int. Dec. 3346, 

(BIA April 2,
1998), in which Jews from the Ukraine were found to have been persecuted. These
cases are readily distinguishable, since in both cases the applicants and their families
were subjected to repeated physical violence. Substantial evidence supports the
Board's determination that Fisher has not suffered persecution in the past.

      Nor is there a reasonable ground for Fisher to fear persecution in the future.
The letter from Fisher's employer threatening court proceedings if he did not return
the employer's property is not persecutory on its face, and the Immigation Judge
observed that after Fisher explained his whereabouts, the employer had taken no
further action against him.

       Viewing the evidence and Fisher's various other contentions together, the
Board's determination that Fisher and Nikolaeva are not eligible for asylum is well
supported on the record as a whole. Because they have failed to carry the lesser
burden of proving eligibility for asylum, it follows that they have also failed to
establish a right to withholding of deportation. 

.
Accordingly, we must deny review.




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A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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