United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 01-3898
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the Western
Anthony J. Smalley,                    * District of Missouri.
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                       *
                                    ________

                             Submitted: May 14, 2002

                                 Filed: June 28, 2002
                                  ___________

Before HANSEN, Chief Judge, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge, and
      PRATT,1 District Judge.
                              ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Anthony Smalley was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and entered a plea of guilty. The United States
then filed a notice that it would seek to enhance Mr. Smalley's sentence under the



      1
       The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e); the district court2
applied that enhancement and sentenced Mr. Smalley to 15 years of incarceration.
Mr. Smalley now appeals, contending that the district court erred because it imposed
the enhancement based on his prior juvenile adjudications. Mr. Smalley also asserts
that the government breached the terms of its plea agreement with him, and, in so
doing, violated his due process rights. We affirm the district court's sentence.

                                          I.
      Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2), a defendant convicted of being a felon in
possession of a firearm can be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years in prison if he or
she has not been previously convicted of violent felonies or serious drug offenses.
The ACCA, however, mandates a minimum sentence of 15 years for anyone
convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm if he or she has three previous
convictions for a violent felony or a serious drug offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).
The district court increased Mr. Smalley's sentence from the prescribed statutory
maximum of 10 years to 15 years based, in part, on Mr. Smalley's prior juvenile
adjudications.

       In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 

, 490 (2000), the Supreme Court stated
that "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for
a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and
proved beyond a reasonable doubt." The question before us is whether juvenile
adjudications can be characterized as prior convictions as that term is used in
Apprendi. If so, it follows that they can be used to increase the penalty for a crime
beyond the prescribed statutory maximum without being submitted and proved to a
jury. See United States v. Campbell, 

, 708 (8th Cir. 2001), cert. denied,

(2002).


      2
      The Honorable Nanette K. Laughrey, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

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       As an initial matter, we note that Congress characterized juvenile adjudications
as "prior convictions" under the ACCA. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B), (e)(2)(C). But
the issue of whether juvenile adjudications can be characterized as "prior convictions"
for Apprendi purposes is a constitutional question implicating Mr. Smalley's right not
to be deprived of liberty without " 'due process of law,' " see 

(quoting U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1), and Congress's characterization,
therefore, is not dispositive.


       We have discovered only one federal case that has addressed the constitutional
issue of whether juvenile adjudications can properly be characterized as prior
convictions for Apprendi purposes. See United States v. Tighe, 

(9th
Cir. 2001). In holding that they cannot, the Tighe court relied heavily on the
following language in Jones v. United States, 

, 249 (1999): "One basis
for [the] possible constitutional distinctiveness [of prior convictions] is not hard to
see: unlike any other consideration used to enlarge the possibility for an offense ... a
prior conviction must itself have been established through procedures satisfying fair
notice, reasonable doubt, and jury trial guarantees." See 

.
It reasoned that because juveniles are not afforded the right to a jury trial, juvenile
proceedings are not subject to the "fundamental triumvirate of procedural protections"
that guarantee reliability and thus did not fall within the "prior conviction" exception
to Apprendi's general rule. See 

       We respectfully disagree with the Tighe court's conclusion. The Supreme
Court stated in Apprendi that prior convictions are excluded from the general rule
because of the "certainty that procedural safeguards," such as trial by jury and proof
beyond a reasonable doubt, undergird them. 

. The Court
went on to state that "there is a vast difference between accepting the validity of a
prior judgment of conviction entered in a proceeding in which the defendant had the
right to a jury trial and the right to require the prosecutor to prove guilt beyond a

                                          -3-
reasonable doubt," on the one hand, and accepting the validity of findings of facts by
judges that are subject to a lesser standard of proof, on the other. 

We
think that while the Court established what constitutes sufficient procedural
safeguards (a right to jury trial and proof beyond a reasonable doubt ), and what does
not (judge-made findings under a lesser standard of proof), the Court did not take a
position on possibilities that lie in between these two poles. In other words, we think
that it is incorrect to assume that it is not only sufficient but necessary that the
"fundamental triumvirate of procedural protections" support an adjudication before
it can qualify for the Apprendi exemption.


        We do not think, moreover, that Jones meant to define the term "prior
conviction" for constitutional purposes as a conviction "that has been established
through procedures satisfying fair notice, reasonable doubt and jury trial 

. We read Jones instead to mean that if prior convictions result from
proceedings outfitted with these safeguards, then they can constitutionally be used to
increase the penalty for a crime without those convictions being submitted and proved
to a jury. Our confidence in this reading is bolstered by the fact that in explaining the
exception for prior convictions, the Apprendi court itself talks about only the right to
a jury trial and proof beyond a reasonable doubt. We think it notable, moreover, that
Apprendi does not even refer to the language, quoted above, upon which the Tighe
court based its conclusion.


      In any case, we conclude that the question of whether juvenile adjudications
should be exempt from Apprendi's general rule should not turn on the narrow parsing
of words, but on an examination of whether juvenile adjudications, like adult
convictions, are so reliable that due process of law is not offended by such an
exemption. We believe that they are.




                                          -4-
       For starters, juvenile defendants have the right to notice, the right to counsel,
the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the privilege against self-
incrimination. See In re Winship, 

, 368 (1970). A judge in a juvenile
proceeding, moreover, must find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt before he or she can
convict. See 

that these safeguards are more than sufficient to ensure the
reliability that Apprendi requires. This conclusion finds at least some support in
those cases, in both our circuit and the Ninth Circuit, that hold that juvenile sentences
may be used to enhance a defendant's sentence within a prescribed statutory range.
See United States v. Early, 

, 244-45 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam); United
States v. Williams, 

, 214-15 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 

(1990). Finally, while we recognize that a jury does not have a role in trials for
juvenile offenses, we do not think that this fact undermines the reliability of such
adjudications in any significant way because the Supreme Court has held that the use
of a jury in the juvenile context would "not strengthen greatly, if at all, the fact-
finding function" and is not constitutionally required. See McKeiver v. Pennsylvania,

, 547 (1971) (plurality opinion).


       We therefore conclude that juvenile adjudications can rightly be characterized
as "prior convictions" for Apprendi purposes, and that the district court did not err in
increasing Mr. Smalley's sentence based on his prior juvenile adjudications.


                                           II.
      Mr. Smalley also argues that the government violated his due process rights by
breaching its plea agreement with him. We agree, however, with the district court's
conclusion that there was no plea agreement to breach. Unlike the situation in
Santobello v. New York, 

, 262 (1971), the government in this case never
promised to make a specific sentencing recommendation to the court, nor did it
promise, moreover, not to use subsequently discovered evidence for sentencing
purposes. Even if we were to accept Mr. Smalley's assertion that there was a plea

                                          -5-
agreement here and that the government breached it, which we do not, the Supreme
Court has held that permitting a defendant to replead when the government breaches
such an agreement is "within the range of constitutionally appropriate remedies." See
Mabry v. Johnson, 

, 510 n.11 (1984) (citing 

-
63). Mr. Smalley was given the opportunity to withdraw his guilty plea after it was
brought to his attention that the government would be recommending a sentence
enhancement under the ACCA, and he chose not to do so. We believe, therefore, that
there was no violation of his due process rights.


       We think that what occurred in this case can, at most, properly be characterized
as a violation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11. Rule 11(c)(1) provides, inter
alia, that the court must make the defendant aware of the minimum and maximum
penalty provided by law before the defendant pleads guilty. The district court
determined that Mr. Smalley had not been correctly informed of the penalty to which
he might be subject under the ACCA, and that his first plea was therefore invalid.
The district court then provided Mr. Smalley with an opportunity to withdraw his
guilty plea, a remedy that is consistent with our case law. See United States v.
Commisano, 

, 855 (8th Cir. 1979). In short, Mr. Smalley was afforded
the proper remedy for the unintentional violation of Rule 11.


                                         III.
       In sum, we believe that the district court was justified in considering
Mr. Smalley's juvenile adjudications in sentencing him and that Mr. Smalley's due
process rights were not violated because he was afforded the opportunity to withdraw
his plea. We therefore affirm the district court's sentence.




                                         -6-
A true copy.


      Attest:


         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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