United States Court of Appeals
                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                 No. 01-1369
                                 ___________

Jong E. Lee; Heide Sue Casavan;         *
Darcie Molitor; Whitney McFarlin;       *
George E. Faue; Patricia E. Faue;       *
Janice McQuiston; Randolph G.           *
Sunder; Phillip Thomas; Linda Grady;    *
Mathias Faue; Desiree Swan; Ranjit C.   *
Desai; Priyam R. Desai; Herbert A.      *
Beron; Gordon E. Bennett; C. William    *
Brown, Dr., Trustee on behalf of        *
C. William Brown, M.D.P/S Trust,        *
dtd 4/1/85; Charles Fisher; Judith      *
Anne Jacobson; Ann M. Ritz;             *
Joseph Cooper,                          *
                                        *
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,          *
                                        *   Appeal from the United States
        v.                              *   District Court for the
                                        *   District of Minnesota
Ernst & Young, LLP,                     *
                                        *
        Defendant-Appellee.             *
                                        *
Summit Medical Systems, Inc.,           *
                                        *
        Defendant.                      *
                                        *
--------------------------------------- *
                                        *
Securities and Exchange Commission, *
                                        *
        Amicus on Behalf of Appellant. *
                                      ___________

                               Submitted: October 17, 2001

                                     Filed: June 18, 2002
                                      ___________

Before McMILLIAN, FAGG and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.

       This appeal arises from consolidated securities fraud lawsuits filed against
Summit Medical Systems, Inc. (“Summit”), Summit’s officers and directors, and
Summit’s public accountant-independent auditor, Ernst & Young (“E&Y”)
(collectively “defendants”) by Summit shareholders (“plaintiffs”) in the United States
District Court for the District of Minnesota. Following the entry of final judgment,
plaintiffs appeal from orders of the district court resulting in the dismissal, pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), of their claim against E&Y for allegedly violating § 11 of
the Securities Act of 1933 (“the 1933 Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 77k,1 by making materially


      1
          Section 11, 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a), provides the following:

             In case any part of the registration statement, when such part
      became effective, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or
      omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
      to make statements therein not misleading, any person acquiring such
      security (unless it is proved that at the time of such acquisition he knew
      of such untruth or omission) may, either at law or in equity, in any court
      of competent jurisdiction, sue–

               (1) every person who signed the registration statement;

               (2) every person who was a director of (or person
               performing similar functions) or partner in the issuer at the
                                            -2-
false and misleading statements and omissions in Summit’s registration statement
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in connection with
Summit’s initial public offering in August 1995. See Joint Appendix, Vol. I, at 65-66
(Count III of the Amended and Consolidated Class Action Complaint (hereinafter
“the first amended complaint”)). For reversal, plaintiffs argue that the district court
(1) erred in holding as a matter of law that standing to bring the § 11 claim exists only



             time of the filing of the part of the registration statement
             with respect to which his liability asserted;

             (3) every person who, with his consent, is named in the
             registration statement as being or about to become a
             director, person performing similar functions, or partner;

             (4) every accountant, engineer, or appraiser, or any person
             whose profession gives authority to a statement made by
             him, who has with his consent been named as having
             prepared or certified any part of the registration statement,
             or as having prepared or certified any report or valuation
             which is used in connection with the registration statement,
             with respect to the statement in such registration statement,
             report, or valuation, which purports to have been prepared
             or certified by him;

             (5) every underwriter with respect to such security.

             If such person acquired the security after the issuer has made
      generally available to its security holders an earning statement covering
      a period of at least twelve months beginning after the effective date of
      the registration statement, then the right of recovery under this
      subsection shall be conditioned on proof that such person acquired the
      security relying upon such untrue statement in the registration statement
      or relying upon the registration statement and not knowing of such
      omission, but such reliance may be established without proof of the
      reading of the registration statement by such person.
                                           -3-
for those plaintiffs who acquired their stock in the initial public offering, In re
Summit Med. Sys., Inc., Sec. Litig., 

, 1070 (D. Minn. 1998) (In
re Summit), and (2) abused its discretion in denying their request to have a named
plaintiff, Whitney McFarlin, appointed as a lead plaintiff after the statutory sixty-day
period for requesting such appointments had expired. See Joint Appendix, Vol. II,
at 554-55 (Transcript of Proceedings (Nov. 20, 1998)). For the reasons discussed
below, we reverse the district court’s holding on the § 11 standing issue, decline to
address the lead plaintiff appointment issue, and remand the case to the district court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Jurisdiction was proper in the district court based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
Jurisdiction is proper in this court based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The notice of appeal
was timely filed pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).

                                     Background

       Summit is a corporation headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which
provides “clinical outcomes” medical database software and related products and
services. According to the first amended complaint, 2.5 million shares of Summit
common stock began trading publicly on August 4, 1995, at $9.00 per share.
Following the initial public offering, the Summit stock price increased even though
no profit was shown by Summit. A secondary public offering was made in June
1996. At the end of 1996, the Summit stock price began to decline, and it eventually
fell below the price at which the stock was initially offered to the public. On
March 3, 1997, Summit publicly disclosed that it had been improperly recognizing
revenues. Following an investigation, Summit announced that it planned to restate
its financial results dating back to 1994. On April 4, 1997, Summit filed revised
statements with the SEC showing the total revenues for the years 1994 and 1995, and
the first nine months of 1996, to be $5.6 million less than originally reported,
representing an 11% cumulative shortfall. See In re 

.

                                          -4-
       Following Summit’s public disclosures, numerous lawsuits were brought
against defendants, resulting in the present consolidated action. See Joint Appendix,
Vol. I, at 1-8 (magistrate judge’s order consolidating complaints, appointing lead
plaintiffs, and approving lead counsel, pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)). On August 25, 1997, the
lead plaintiffs in this consolidated case filed the first amended complaint. See 

In their factual allegations, plaintiffs averred that Summit initially filed a draft
registration statement and prospectus with the SEC on June 21, 1995, that Summit
thereafter filed several amendments to its draft registration statement and prospectus,
and that Summit filed its final registration statement and prospectus on August 7,
1995. See 

(Hereinafter “the registration statement” refers to the final
version filed by Summit on August 7, 1995.) According to the first amended
complaint, the registration statement identified E&Y as an “expert” which had
audited and certified Summit’s financial statements, and it set forth E&Y’s opinion
that Summit’s consolidated financial statements “presented fairly, in all material
respects, the consolidated financial position of [Summit] for the 1993 and 1994 fiscal
years, and the results of [Summit’s] consolidated operations and its consolidated cash
flows for 1992, 1993, and 1994, ‘in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles [(“GAAP”)].’” 

In Count III of the first amended complaint,
plaintiffs asserted that, because of Summit’s premature recognition of revenue in
violation of GAAP and Summit’s own publicly-stated revenue recognition policies,
the registration statement contained materially false and misleading statements and
omissions regarding Summit’s actual financial status and accounting practices from
as early as 1994. See 

In their prayer for relief, plaintiffs sought, among
other things, monetary damages, attorneys’ fees, and their costs of litigation. Whitney

      2
        Because we are reviewing a dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), we
assume to be true the relevant factual allegations contained in the complaint. See
Abels v. Farmers Commodities Corp., 

, 916 (8th Cir. 2001) (“We
assume, as we must in reviewing a dismissal for failure to state a claim, that all
factual allegations in the complaint are true.”).
                                            -5-
McFarlin, though not a lead plaintiff, was identified in the first amended complaint
as a named plaintiff. See 

       Defendants, including E&Y, moved to dismiss the first amended complaint on
several grounds. The district court granted in part and denied in part defendants’
motion to dismiss. In re 

. As to the § 11claim against
E&Y, the district court held, as a matter of law, that only those plaintiffs who
purchased their stock in the Summit initial public offering had standing to sue. See

In support of this holding, the district court relied upon Gustafson v.
Alloyd Co., 

(1995) (Gustafson) (holding that aftermarket purchasers of
securities did not have a claim under § 12(2) of the 1933 Act3). The district court
explained that the 1933 Act must be read as a whole and that, based upon the shared
legislative history and legislative intent behind § 11 and § 12(2) of the 1933 Act, “the
standing principles announced in Gustafson apply equally to Section 11 and 12
claims.” In re 

(citing In re WRT Energy Sec. Litig.,
No. 96-CIV 3611, 

, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 1997) (dismissing, for
lack of standing, a § 11 claim brought by aftermarket purchasers of securities, based
upon interpretation and application of Gustafson)). The district court dismissed the
§ 11 claim of all the named plaintiffs except for two (one of whom was McFarlin)
who appeared to have acquired their stock in Summit’s August 1995 initial public
offering. 

the other plaintiffs, the district court dismissed their § 11 claim
without prejudice and with leave to replead the § 11 claim to establish standing
consistent with the district court’s interpretation of the statute. Id.4

      3
          Section 12(2) of the 1933 Act is codified at 15 U.S.C. § 77l(a)(2).
      4
          The district court explained:

      Because plaintiffs do not complain that they purchased their Summit
      shares in the IPO, their Section 11 claim is dismissed for lack of
      standing, and because the only claim against E&Y is premised on
      Section 11, E&Y’s motion to dismiss is granted in its entirety. . . . None
                                           -6-
       Plaintiffs subsequently filed a Second Amended and Consolidated Class Action
Complaint (“the second amended complaint”), see Joint Appendix, Vol. II, at 352-
403, which again included under Count III a § 11 claim against E&Y and others.
This time, however, it was brought by the two plaintiffs who appeared to have
purchased their Summit shares in the August 1995 initial public offering, on behalf
of the members of the class who had purchased their Summit shares in the initial
public offering. See 

E&Y moved to dismiss the § 11 claim in the
second amended complaint, and the district court scheduled a hearing. At the
hearing, held on November 20, 1998, plaintiffs acknowledged that McFarlin was the
only named plaintiff who had purchased stock in Summit’s August 1995 initial public
offering, and they asked to have McFarlin appointed a lead plaintiff. The district
court orally denied plaintiffs’ request on the ground that it would be inconsistent with
the PSLRA to appoint McFarlin as a lead plaintiff at that point in the litigation. See
Joint Appendix, Vol. II, at 554-55 (Transcript of Proceedings) (“That, in my view,
both contravenes the words of the 60-day designation, and in fact contravenes the
strongly expressed spirit of Congress inherent in the passage of the [PSLRA].”).
Thereafter, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the district court dismissed plaintiffs’
§ 11 claim against E&Y as set forth in the second amended complaint. In re Summit,
No. 97-CV-558 (D. Minn. Nov. 24, 1998) (order).

    Following an agreement by the parties to settle the remaining claims against
Summit and its officers and directors, the district court entered an order approving the


      of the putative class plaintiffs allege a purchase in the IPO, and it is
      clear from the list of purchasers contained in the Complaint that only
      two plaintiffs, Casvan and McFarlin, could have purchased Summit
      stock in the IPO. Thus, the Section 11 claims for the remaining
      plaintiffs are dismissed without prejudice, and with leave to replead,
      should they have standing in accord with this opinion.

In re Summit Med. Sys., Inc., Sec. Litig., 

, 1070-71 (D. Minn.
1998).
                                           -7-
terms of the settlement and entering final judgment. 

2001) (judgment).
This appeal followed.

                                     Discussion

Standing under § 11 of the 1933 Securities Act

       We review the district court’s interpretation of a federal statute de novo. See
Hamilton v. Schriro, 

, 1551 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1996).
Plaintiffs, with the support of the SEC as an amicus curiae, argue that the district
court erroneously interpreted § 11 of the 1933 Act when it held that only those
plaintiffs who acquired stock in the Summit August 1995 initial public offering have
standing to sue under § 11. Plaintiffs argue that aftermarket purchasers may bring a
claim under § 11 so long as they can “trace” their securities to the public offering
under the registration statement alleged to be false and misleading. See, e.g.,
Kirkwood v. Taylor, 

(D. Minn. 1984) (allowing an aftermarket
purchaser to establish standing by “direct tracing” – that is, by showing that the
security was issued under the registration statement alleged to be defective, and not
under a different registration statement), aff’d, 

(8th Cir. 1985)
(unpublished table decision). Plaintiffs maintain that the district court erroneously
relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Gustafson in rendering its decision.
Plaintiffs contend that, because Gustafson involved § 12(2) of the 1933 Act, not § 11,
its holding is limited to the question of what constitutes a “prospectus” under § 12.
Plaintiffs note that the majority of federal courts that have addressed this issue,
including the only two circuit courts of appeals to have ruled on it since Gustafson
was decided, have concluded that the Gustafson holding does not extend to § 11
claims. See Brief for Appellants at 14-16 (citing, e.g., Joseph v. Wiles, 

, 1159-61 (10th Cir. 2000) (Joseph); Hertzberg v. Dignity Partners, Inc., 

, 1080-82 (9th Cir. 1999) (Hertzberg)). In support of this view, plaintiffs
highlight differences between § 11 and § 12. For example, the language of § 12

                                         -8-
refers to “the person purchasing such security from him,” where “him” is the seller
of securities by prospectus. In comparison, § 11 refers more broadly to “any person
acquiring such security.” Plaintiffs argue that allowing § 11 standing for aftermarket
purchasers is consistent not only with the Supreme Court’s reasoning and disposition
in Gustafson, but also with the language of the statute, the legislative history of the
1933 Act, and a large body of case law that has traditionally permitted tracing under
§ 11.

       E&Y argues that the district court has correctly and appropriately applied
Gustafson to the present case. E&Y explains: “Gustafson was animated, not by
anything unique to Section 12(2), but by the structure of the entire 1933 Act and the
relationship of the 1933 Act to the 1934 Act and the overall statutory scheme.” Brief
for Appellee at 24. E&Y further argues that the reference to “such security” in § 11
can only mean a security being offered in a public offering pursuant to the registration
statement at issue. E&Y also contends that plaintiffs have mischaracterized the
difference between § 11 and § 12 of the 1933 Act. According to E&Y, the real
distinction between § 11 and § 12 is not who may sue but, rather, who may be sued.
See 

E&Y maintains that § 12 only allows sellers of securities to be potential
defendants, while § 11 contains a much broader list of potential defendants.
Nevertheless, under both § 11 and § 12, E&Y argues, a purchaser must have obtained
his or her security in a public offering, pursuant to the registration statement at issue,
in order to have standing to sue. E&Y also argues that allowing aftermarket
purchasers to establish standing through tracing will produce anomalous results. For
example, under the tracing theory, two investors in the secondary market who
purchase the exact same stock, at the exact same time, for the exact same price, can
have completely different remedies under § 11 depending on the origin of the shares
they purchased. E&Y contends it could not have been the intent of Congress to allow
this and other seemingly arbitrary remedial disparities under § 11.




                                           -9-
      This court has yet to rule upon the § 11 standing issue in a published opinion.
By affirming the district court’s pre-Gustafson decision in Kirkwood v. Taylor, we
have, however, upheld an interpretation of § 11 which allows aftermarket stock
purchasers to establish standing by tracing their securities to the registration
statement alleged to be defective.

       The Supreme Court’s 1995 Gustafson decision has added a new dimension to
the debate, and the result among the federal district courts has been a divergence of
views concerning the continued viability of the tracing doctrine. Compare, e.g., In
re Twinlab Corp. Sec. Litig., 

, 202 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (“Standing
under Section 11 is not limited to purchasers who directly participated in the public
offering covered by the allegedly misleading registration statement and prospectus.”),
with Gannon v. Continental Ins. Co., 

, 575 (D.N.J. 1996) (“There is
no allegation that any of these acquisitions were pursuant to an initial public offering
and plaintiff alleges, in his complaint that he purchased [the stock] ‘on the open
market.’ Such a purchase is by definition not pursuant to an initial public offering
and as such he has no cause of action under [§ 11].”). Both of the two federal courts
of appeals that have considered this standing issue since Gustafson – the Ninth and
Tenth Circuits – have, as noted above, held that § 11 claims can be brought by
aftermarket purchasers who are able to trace their securities to the registration
statement alleged to be defective. See 

; 

. Prior to Gustafson, the First and Second Circuits had indicated a
similar view. See Versyss Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand, 

, 657-58 (1st Cir.
1992) (holding that, by operation of merger law, securities of acquired company
ceased to exist upon their relinquishment to the acquiring company and therefore no
§ 11 claim could be asserted by the acquiring company against the accountant for the
acquired company even though, ordinarily, “under section 11, accountants are held
to demanding standards when they certify registration statements and are liable to
remote purchasers well beyond more predictable common law limits”) (emphasis
added), cert. denied, 

(1993); Barnes v. Osofsky, 

, 271-72

                                          -10-
(2d Cir. 1967) (assuming that § 11 allows claims based upon tracing to the
registration statement in question, but rejecting the even broader interpretation urged
by the appellant, which would provide a cause of action for purchasers of securities
“of the same nature” as those issued pursuant to the registration statement in
question).

      We begin our present analysis with the language of the statute itself. As we
have previously explained:

      If the plain language of the statute is unambiguous, that language is
      conclusive absent clear legislative intent to the contrary. Therefore, if
      the intent of Congress can be clearly discerned from the statute’s
      language, the judicial inquiry must end. If, on the other hand, the
      language of a statute is ambiguous, we should consider “the purpose, the
      subject matter and the condition of affairs which led to its enactment.”
      When the meaning of a statute is questionable, it should be given a
      sensible construction and construed to effectuate the underlying
      purposes of the law.

Dowd v. United Steelworkers, 

, 1099 (8th Cir. 2001) (Dowd) (quoting
United States v. McAllister, 

, 986 (8th Cir. 2000)).

      Section 11(a) provides in relevant part:

      In case any part of the registration statement, when such part became
      effective, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to
      state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
      statements therein not misleading, any person acquiring such security
      (unless it is proved that at the time of such acquisition he knew of such
      untruth or omission) may, either at law or in equity, in any court of
      competent jurisdiction, sue . . . .




                                         -11-
15 U.S.C. § 77k(a) (emphasis added). The phrase “any person acquiring such
security” is not only broad on its face but, more importantly, is broad when compared
to the language of § 12(2), the provision at issue in the Gustafson decision. Section
12(2) provides that any person who “offers or sells a security” by means of a
“prospectus or oral communication” containing a materially false or misleading
statement or omission shall be liable “to the person purchasing such security from
him” (subject to exceptions not pertinent herein). 15 U.S.C. § 77l(a)(2).
Section 12(2), therefore, expressly requires privity between the issuer and the
purchaser of the security at issue. Section 11, by contrast, has no comparable
language – it simply refers to “any person acquiring such security,” with “such
security” referring to a security registered under the registration statement alleged to
be defective. We perceive the absence in § 11 of limiting language similar to that
found in § 12(2) to indicate Congress’s intent to convey a relatively broader meaning.
See 

(comparing language in § 12(2) to § 17(a) of the 1933
Act, and explaining that the presence of limiting language in § 12(2) requires a
narrow construction, just as the absence of such limiting language in § 17(a) results
in a broader construction). In other words, we read § 11’s plain language to state
unambiguously that a cause of action exists for any person who purchased a security
that was originally registered under the allegedly defective registration statement –
so long as the security was indeed issued under that registration statement and not
another. Therefore, even in light of Gustafson, § 11 is broad enough to encompass
some aftermarket purchasers, subject, of course, to the long-recognized requirement
that the plaintiff must directly trace his or her security to the allegedly defective
registration statement at issue in the case, as was required in Kirkwood v. Taylor.
Accord 

; 

. In addition, we note
that, under § 11(e), damages are generally calculated as the difference between the
amount paid for the security, not exceeding the price at which the security was
offered to the public, and the price of the security at the time the lawsuit was filed or
the security was disposed of in the market. See 15 U.S.C. § 77k(e). It would be
unnecessary to limit the price to no more than the price offered to the public if the

                                          -12-
cause of action were limited to participants in the initial public offering. Similarly,
§ 11(g) – which expressly caps the maximum amount recoverable to the price offered
to the public – would likewise be superfluous if only those who participated in the
initial public stock offering could bring a § 11 claim. See 

       We next consider whether there is clear legislative intent contrary to our
interpretation of § 11. See Dowd (“If the plain language of the statute is
unambiguous, that language is conclusive absent clear legislative intent to the
contrary.”). The purpose and scope of the 1933 Act was to regulate the initial
distribution of securities. See 

. Central to the regulatory
scheme was the requirement that publicly-offered securities be registered with the
SEC. The importance of the registration statement to Congress’s regulatory and
enforcement framework is indicated by the standard imposing liability for materially
false and misleading misstatements or omissions, without a scienter requirement.5 By
making the cause of action available to anyone who purchased stock that was
originally issued under the registration statement in question, not just those who
actually participated in the initial public offering, Congress enhanced the incentive
for compliance and bolstered the mechanism for enforcing § 11. Our interpretation
of § 11 is also consistent with the recognition that a material misstatement or
omission in connection with an initial public offering can adversely affect aftermarket
purchasers. Accord 

. However, to protect issuers of
publicly-traded securities against abuses of the process, Congress additionally
incorporated a requirement for certain aftermarket purchasers to prove that they relied
on the registration statement in question. See 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a) (“If such person
acquired the security after the issuer has made generally available to its security
holders an earning statement covering a period of at least twelve months beginning

      5
        The plaintiff need only show that the registration statement, upon becoming
effective, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a
material fact that either was required or was necessary to render the statement not
misleading. See 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a).
                                         -13-
after the effective date of the registration statement, then the right of recovery under
this subsection shall be conditioned on proof that such person acquired the security
relying upon the such untrue statement in the registration statement or relying upon
such registration statement and not knowing of such omission, but such reliance may
be established without proof of the reading of the registration statement by such
person.”). Finally, requiring aftermarket purchasers to show that their securities can
be traced to the allegedly defective registration statement further ensures fidelity to
the statutory purpose, and we again emphasize that tracing is a requirement of
aftermarket purchaser standing under § 11 in this circuit. See, e.g., Kirkwood v.

.

                                      Conclusion

       We hold in the present case that standing to pursue a claim against E&Y
pursuant to § 11 of the 1933 Act exists for aftermarket purchasers of Summit stock
who can make a prima facie showing that the Summit shares they purchased can be
traced to the registration statement alleged to be false and misleading. Accordingly,
we reverse the district court’s holding to the contrary. In light of our holding on the
§ 11 standing issue, we reverse the dismissal of plaintiffs’ § 11 claim and decline to
reach the issue of whether the district court abused its discretion in denying plaintiffs’
request for the appointment of Whitney McFarlin as a lead plaintiff. The case is
remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                           -14-