United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
           ___________

           No. 00-2469
           ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
             Appellee,                 *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
John L. Palmer,                        *
                                       *
             Appellant.                *
           ___________
                                           Appeals from the United States
           No. 00-3769                     District Court for the
           ___________                     Western District of Missouri.

United States of America,              *
                                       *
             Appellee,                 *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
James O. Cashaw, also known as J.C.,   *
                                       *
             Appellant.                *
           ___________

           No. 01-1601
           ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
             Appellee,                 *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Harold J. Jones, also known as          *
Jeff Jones,                             *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: November 12, 2001

                                  Filed: July 23, 2002
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN,1 Chief Judge, BOWMAN, and STAHL,2 Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

WOLLMAN, Chief Judge.

       Appellants John Palmer, James Cashaw, and Harold Jones (collectively, the
defendants) appeal from orders entered by the district court3 following remand from
this court. We affirm.




      1
       The Honorable Roger L. Wollman stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on January 31,
2002. He has been succeeded by the Honorable David R. Hansen.
      2
       The Honorable Norman H. Stahl, United States Circuit Judge for the First
Circuit, sitting by designation.
      3
       The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
                                             I.

       The defendants were convicted of conspiracy to possess cocaine with the intent
to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846. During their trial, the
government offered the testimony of Anthony Rashid, a leader in the drug conspiracy.
During that testimony, Assistant United States Attorney Mark Miller asked Rashid
whether he had received any consideration in exchange for his cooperation with the
government. Rashid responded by stating that FBI Special Agent Mark Foxall had
promised him two sentence reductions. Rashid acknowledged that prior to the
defendants’ trial he had received a sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment, reduced
from a sentencing range of 360 months to life on the basis of the government’s
motion. He testified that the second reduction was to be granted after he testified
against the defendants. Miller asked Rashid whether he understood that the United
States Attorney’s Office would challenge any petition for a second reduction. Rashid
stated that he understood that, but that he intended to litigate the matter at a later time.

      Cashaw was sentenced to 360 months’ imprisonment, and Jones and Palmer
each received 235-month sentences. Following the defendants’ trial, Rashid filed a
request for an additional sentence reduction. Contrary to the position it had asserted
during the defendants’ trial, the government did not oppose Rashid’s request, and his
sentence was reduced to 60 months’ imprisonment.

       Defendants raised numerous issues in their appeal from their convictions and
sentences, including a challenge by Cashaw to the four-level managerial enhancement
that had been applied to him, and a claim by all three defendants alleging that the
government had engaged in misconduct by failing to oppose Rashid’s request for a
second reduction of his sentence. With the exception of Cashaw’s challenge to his
sentence, we affirmed the convictions and sentences. With respect to the claim of
prosecutorial misconduct, we found that the defendants had “presented no evidence
to support their bare assertion that the government had no intention of opposing

                                            -3-
Rashid’s second reduction.” United States v. Jones, 

, 478 (8th Cir.
1998). Accordingly, we concluded that defendants’ claim of prosecutorial
misconduct entitled them to no relief. 

as true the government’s explanation that it had filed no objection
to Rashid’s motion for a second reduction because of the unequivocally expressed
intention by Rashid’s sentencing judge (the Honorable Scott O. Wright) to grant the
reduction on his motion and the judge’s refusal to brook any opposition to such a
course of action, and because of the government’s inability to locate Foxall, who had
been dismissed by the FBI for irregularities in dealing with a confidential informant,
which left the government with no evidence to refute Rashid’s claim that he had been
promised a second reduction. 

recognized that a mere disparity in the sentences imposed upon
co-conspirators does not confer upon the district court the discretion to grant a
downward departure, we held that “where the government’s conduct directly results
in prejudice to a defendant, which is significant enough to take the case out of the
heartland of the guidelines, the district court has the discretion to impose a downward
departure.” 

(Heaney & Bright, JJ., concurring specially). In vacating
Cashaw’s sentence and in remanding his case for resentencing, we stated that “if the
district court on remand determines that any of the appellants were directly prejudiced
by the government’s conduct significantly enough to take the case out of the
heartland of the Sentencing Guidelines, it may exercise its discretion in determining
whether to grant an appropriate downward departure.” 

judge who had presided over the defendants’ trial and sentencing, the
Honorable Joseph E. Stevens, Jr., died shortly after the entry of our judgment.
Accordingly, the case was assigned on remand to Judge Sachs, who held a two-day

                                         -4-
evidentiary hearing, at which the defendants called as witnesses AUSA Miller, FBI
Special Agent Bryan Underwood, and former Special Agent Mark Foxall (misspelled
as “Foxhall” in our prior opinion).

      AUSA Miller testified that at the time of defendants’ trial it was his intention
to oppose Rashid’s request for a second reduction of his sentence. By the time
Rashid filed his motion for reduction of sentence, Miller had learned from
Underwood, who was the case agent on Rashid’s file, that Foxall had been discharged
because of irregularities involving an informant. Because Foxall had been transferred
to Los Angeles prior to his discharge, Miller made inquiry of Underwood, who
informed him that the Los Angeles office of the FBI had told him (Underwood) that
Foxall was no longer working there and that they did not know where he was.
Although both Miller and Underwood knew that Foxall was from Omaha, Nebraska,
they made no effort to determine whether he was living there. Miller testified that he
had made no attempt to locate Foxall in Omaha because he knew that he was not
going to call him as a witness in Rashid’s sentence-reduction hearing. In Miller’s
words,

      I would say he [Foxall] was absolutely, at least from the information I
      had would have been absolutely discredited. He would have been
      having problems with an informant, doing things with informants that
      he shouldn’t have done, which would have lent credibility to Mr.
      Rashid’s statement he is making promises and doing things behind other
      people’s back. That was a major concern of mine.

      Miller went on to testify that

      [I]t seemed that Judge Wright was predisposed to the motion anyway.
      The last thing I wanted was either a factual finding that he [Foxall] was
      an incredible witness which would open the flood gate to every other
      person he ever was involved in in a prosecutorial sense, that I would see


                                         -5-
      the flood gate, the number of motions coming in saying Foxall promised
      me this, Foxall promised me that. I wanted to shut that off also.

      He further testified that his decision not to oppose Rashid’s request for a
further reduction in his sentence “was based on our inability to meet his charge that
a second Rule 35 had been promised to him. It was strictly a litigative [sic] decision.”

        Miller testified that he did not appear at the hearing on Rashid’s motion,
instead asking AUSA Christina Tabor to appear and instructing her not to oppose the
motion. In Miller’s words, “I probably told her let’s cut our losses and get out of
this.” In response to the district court’s inquiry as to Miller’s recollection of what he
had told Ms. Tabor, Miller responded, “I don’t have any recollection. It would not
surprise me, Your Honor, if I said just go with whatever Judge Wright seems that he
wants to go with and let’s go home.” Although Miller acknowledged that the Federal
Rules of Criminal Procedure do not authorize a defendant to file a motion for a
reduction of sentence under Rule 35(b), he testified that he did not instruct Ms. Tabor
to file an appeal from Judge Wright’s order granting the sought-for reduction, saying,
“we did not want to appeal this.”

      Foxall testified that he did not believe that he had made any kind of promise
to Rashid that he would be given a second sentence reduction in return for his
testimony at defendants’ trial, saying that perhaps Rashid had misinterpreted Foxall’s
statement that he would make Rashid’s continued cooperation known to the assistant
United States attorney. Foxall further testified that following his departure from the
FBI in Los Angeles, he returned to Omaha, Nebraska, where his father and his
brother, both of whom knew where Foxall was living, resided.

      Agent Underwood, who was present during most of Foxall’s interview with
Rashid, testified that Foxall had discussed with Rashid the possibility of a further



                                          -6-
reduction in his sentence in return for his cooperation but that no out-and-out promise
was made to that effect. In Underwood’s words,

      It was clear that Mark Foxall tried to implant the possibility that that
      would in fact occur; but as I said, an out and out promise was not made.
      I think Anthony Rashid took that inference or the suggestion that Foxall
      would recommend such a thing to the U.S. Attorney’s office as a clear-
      cut promise that it would in fact happen. That’s what I think went on
      here.

       The district court concluded that under the terms of our remand it could grant
a downward departure only if the defendants could show that they had suffered
prejudice, which the district court equated with actual harm, “in the sense of a longer
sentence than would have been in the absence of the government’s conduct.” The
district court found that because the defendants had made no such claim, no departure
was warranted under the district court’s interpretation of our remand. Alternatively,
the district court found insufficient prosecutorial misconduct to warrant the
imposition of sentences more proportional to that ultimately received by Rashid. The
district court found that although Foxall had not made an out-and-out promise to
Rashid that he would be given a second reduction in his sentence, “it is more than
likely that Foxall aggressively held out likely incentives, including a possible second
reduction in the sentence.” The court also found that Rashid’s counsel was probably
present during Foxall’s conversation with Rashid and that it was probable that
counsel would have cautioned Rashid that an agent’s recommendation does not
guarantee that the government will file a motion for downward departure or that the
sentencing judge will grant it if made. The court concluded that Foxall had “either
kept within the bounds of appropriate caution (a possibility but not a probability) or
Rashid’s counsel adequately advised him (a probability).”

      The district court found that although it believed that Rashid’s motion for a
second reduction should have been denied, the reduction was probably the result of

                                         -7-
a judicial mistake resulting from an inadequacy of information. Accordingly, the
district court concluded that the defendants had not established an adequate basis for
a downward departure in their sentences attributable to misconduct by Foxall.

       With respect to defendants’ claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the district
court found that at the time he represented to the jury that he would contest Rashid’s
request for a second reduction, AUSA Miller honestly intended to do so and that his
breach of that assurance in itself was not prejudicial to the defendants nor
inappropriate trial conduct.

       The district court found that, contrary to what we had been led to believe in the
first appeal, Miller had made no serious effort to find Foxall, whose whereabouts
would not have been that difficult to ascertain. The district court found that Miller
had “engaged in some unwise speculation without qualifying his words,” and that
“there was some runaway advocacy in the language [he] used.” The district court
concluded that at most Miller’s conduct in this regard would merit judicial
admonishment or possibly some very limited sanctions, neither of which would be
pertinent to defendants’ claims. Accordingly, the court held that defendants had not
established the existence of prosecutorial misconduct sufficient to entitle them to a
downward departure in their sentences.

      Turning to the government’s failure to appeal the second sentence reduction
granted to Rashid, the district court found that although it seemed that the reduction
was most unwarranted, the decision not to appeal “had fairly solid common sense
grounds,” that it could not in and of itself be considered to be prosecutorial
misconduct, and that it was an appropriate exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
Accordingly, the district court concluded that, even if there is a governmental-
misconduct exception to the rule forbidding departures to achieve internal
proportionality, the circumstances established by the testimony at the hearing did not
confer upon it discretion to grant defendants a downward departure. The district

                                          -8-
court ruled that to the extent it had been granted discretion to depart, it did not believe
that defendants merited a proportionality departure. The court concluded that the
pertinent comparison was not only with Rashid and several others who may have
been insufficiently punished, but also with several other named defendants who had
received lengthy sentences in drug cases. In doing so, the court commented that
“[t]his case may very well typify what I have frequently noted, that the most culpable
defendants are frequently the most sophisticated and knowledgeable persons in a drug
operation and thus may receive the most lenient treatment in our sentencing system.”

      The district court concluded its analysis by ordering that, with the exception
of Cashaw’s motion, which it granted in accordance with our directions, the motions
for departure be denied.4

      The court then entered a separate order denying the defendants’ alternative
motions for new trial, ruling that our remand had not included a direction to consider
such a motion and that in any event the defendants had not presented any new
evidence that would justify a new trial.

                                           III.

      The defendants contend on appeal that the district court erred in denying their
motions for new trial based on prosecutorial misconduct. Cashaw contends that he
was sentenced in violation of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 

(2000).
Finally, all three defendants argue that §§ 841 and 846 are unconstitutional.




      4
      After eliminating the four-level manager enhancement, the district court
subsequently resentenced Cashaw to 292 months’ imprisonment.

                                           -9-
                                          A.

       The defendants reassert their contention from the prior appeal that the
government’s failure to oppose Rashid’s reduction motion amounted to prosecutorial
misconduct and entitled them to a new trial. The clear language of our opinion,
however, limited the remand to the issues of managerial enhancement and the
possibility of a downward departure based on the conduct of the prosecution. 

. The question of prosecutorial misconduct as it relates to the request
for a new trial was resolved against the defendants in the first appeal and is now law
of the case. Under the law of the case doctrine “‘a decision in a prior appeal is
followed in later proceedings unless a party introduces substantially different
evidence, or the prior decision is clearly erroneous and works a manifest injustice.’”
United States v. Bartsh, 

, 866 (8th Cir. 1995) (quoting United States v.
Callaway, 

, 905 (8th Cir. 1992) (per curiam)).

        The defendants argue that because the new evidence introduced at the
evidentiary hearing held on remand was substantially different from that upon which
their first appeal rested, their new trial motions are not barred by the law of the case
doctrine. Although we do not find this contention to be persuasive, we will accept
it for the purposes of this case, for we conclude that the district court did not abuse
its discretion in denying the motions for new trial.

       It is clear from the summary of the evidence outlined above that the district
court carefully and thoroughly analyzed the evidence that the defendants produced
at the evidentiary hearing held on remand. We find no clear error in any of the
district court’s findings, particularly with respect to its finding that at the time he
made that representation to the jury, AUSA Miller honestly intended to contest
Rashid’s request for a second reduction in his sentence. Although we agree with the
district court’s characterization of Miller’s representations to our court regarding his
attempts to locate Foxall as “unwise speculation” and “runaway advocacy” in the

                                         -10-
language he used, we conclude that his overstatement regarding the extent of those
attempts does not undercut his testimony at the evidentiary hearing that he would not
have called Foxall as a witness in any event.

       Likewise, we agree with the district court that although the second reduction
in Rashid’s sentence appears to have been unwarranted, the decision not to appeal
that reduction was an appropriate exercise of prosecutorial discretion, however much
we might question the decision not to correct what quite clearly appears to have been
legal error on the part of Rashid’s sentencing judge. In so holding, we cannot but
take note of the fact that the government seems quick enough to appeal from alleged
sentencing errors the seriousness of which pale in comparison to the error in Rashid’s
case.

     We also agree with the district court’s findings and conclusions that any
misconduct by former agent Foxall did not warrant the grant of a new trial.

       To the extent that the defendants have preserved their claim that the district
court erred in not granting them a downward departure in their sentences, we hold
that in denying the requested reduction the district court did not abuse whatever
discretion our remand conferred upon it. What we have said about the district court’s
ruling on the motion for new trial applies with equal force to its findings and
conclusions regarding the request for a downward departure.

                                          B.

       Cashaw’s Apprendi argument also fails. Although we acknowledge that
Apprendi as a legal precedent did not exist before the prior appeal in the present case,
that did not excuse Cashaw from the burden of raising an Apprendi-like argument in
the first appeal. See United States v. Moss, 

, 1001-02 (8th Cir. 2001)
(barring newly raised Apprendi argument in context of § 2255 motion). Cashaw

                                         -11-
argues that the sentencing issue was litigated below. Although Cashaw did present
a challenge in his first appeal to “the district court’s findings regarding its drug
quantity determinations and the credibility of the witnesses it relied upon,” 

, he did not raise a challenge to the district court’s authority to make the
determinations. Thus, the argument he now seeks to raise was waived.

                                          C.

       Finally, the defendants’ contention that the Supreme Court’s Apprendi decision
rendered §§ 841 and 846 unconstitutional is without merit. Although we have not
considered the specific argument advanced by the defendants, our sister circuits have
rejected it. United States v. Buckland, 

; 1178-82 (9th Cir. 2002) (en
banc); United States v. Cernobyl, 

, 1218-19 (10th Cir. 2001); United
States v. Brough, 

, 1079 (7th Cir. 2001). Moreover, we have rejected
previous facial challenges to the constitutionality of these statutes, and we see
nothing in the defendants’ theory that should compel a different outcome for these
defendants. United States v. Vaca, 

, 1049 (8th Cir. 2002); United
States v. Woods, 

, 729 (8th Cir. 2001).

       The defendants argue that prior to the holding in Apprendi, the consensus
among the circuit courts was that Congress intended for § 841(b) penalties to be
sentencing factors determined by a judge by a preponderance of the evidence
standard. Therefore, their theory posits, the Supreme Court’s Apprendi ruling
rendered § 841 unconstitutional because courts cannot now abandon their pre-
Apprendi findings on Congressional intent and that intent was unconstitutional. The
Courts of Appeals that have addressed this specific issue have pointed out, however,
that the practice of determining § 841(b) drug quantities by judge rather than by jury
was based on judicial interpretation of the labeling of the statute rather than reliance
on the statutory language or the legislative history. 

;

; 

; cf. Woods, 270 F.3d at

                                         -12-
729-30 (stating that Apprendi was concerned not with statutory structure but
sentencing). In the absence of such language or history that indicates that Congress
intended determination by judge rather than by jury, nothing in Apprendi requires a
finding that § 841 is unconstitutional, and we hold that it is not.

                                      Conclusion

       This has been a troublesome case. For the reasons stated in our opinion in
defendants’ first appeal, we have no question about the sufficiency of the evidence
to support their convictions, nor about the manner in which the government secured
those convictions. Rather, our disquiet stems from the allegations of prosecutorial
misconduct levied by defendants regarding the failure of the government to object to
Rashid’s request for a second reduction in his sentence and its failure to appeal from
what clearly appears to have been the unwarranted grant of the requested reduction.
Section 5K1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines provides for a reduction
of sentence based upon a defendant’s substantial assistance only upon motion by the
government. There is no provision in Rule 35(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure for a motion by a defendant for a reduction based upon a claim of
substantial assistance to the government. There is nothing in the record to suggest that
the government’s refusal to make a motion for a second reduction in Rashid’s
sentence was based upon any improper or unconstitutional motive. In a word, then,
it appears that Rashid was the beneficiary of an additional reduction to which he was
not entitled. Accordingly, at first blush AUSA Miller’s decision not to oppose the
request for a second reduction and not to appeal from Judge Wright’s order granting
that request seems questionable to us, as it did to the district court. Nevertheless, as
we have stated above, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in finding that
Miller’s decision not to appeal Judge Wright’s order was an appropriate exercise of
prosecutorial discretion.




                                          -13-
       In sum, then, the fact that Anthony Rashid’s ultimate sentence may have been
both unduly lenient and extralegally imposed does not mean that defendants’
sentences were either too severe or improperly imposed. The record developed at the
evidentiary hearing does not demonstrate that the defendants were directly prejudiced
by the government’s conduct, and thus this case does not fall outside the heartland of
the sentencing guidelines. Consequently, the district court did not abuse its discretion
in denying the defendants the relief they sought.

      The orders appealed from are affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                         -14-