United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 01-3270
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Northern District of Iowa.
Jedediah W. Regenwether,                *      [PUBLISHED]
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: May 14, 2002

                                 Filed: August 27, 2002
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BRIGHT, and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

PER CURIAM.

      Jedediah Regenwether was convicted of two counts of solicitation to commit
a crime of violence, one count of aiding and abetting attempted bank robbery, one
count of aiding and abetting bank robbery, and one count of conspiracy to commit
bank robbery. He was sentenced to 135 months’ imprisonment on each of the aiding
and abetting charges, 120 months’ imprisonment on each of the solicitation charges,
and 60 months’ imprisonment on the conspiracy charge, to be served concurrently.
The district court imposed a three-level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2B3.1(b)(2)(E) after finding that Regenwether’s possession of a firearm was relevant
conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. It is from this three-level enhancement that
Regenwether appeals.

       This case involves two sets of interrelated criminal convictions. On March 13,
1998, Regenwether and Vincent Abney robbed the Boone County Community Credit
Union (the Credit Union robbery). In addition to having perpetrated the Credit Union
robbery, Regenwether and Abney also had attempted to rob the Security State Bank
in Radcliffe, Iowa (the Radcliffe bank). Subsequently, Regenwether attempted to
recruit James Olscewski for a second attempt to rob the Radcliffe bank. Olscewski
became an FBI informant, and Regenwether was arrested. Regenwether cooperated
with the FBI and during the course of that cooperation he admitted that he had
purchased a shotgun to use in the Credit Union robbery. A tape recording of his
attempt to recruit Olscewski revealed that part of Regenwether’s plan for robbing the
Radcliffe bank was to brandish the shotgun in an effort to intimidate bank personnel
into giving him the money. No charges resulted from the conduct surrounding the
Radcliffe bank. Regenwether pleaded guilty to the Credit Union robbery and was
sentenced to eighteen months in prison.

      Upon Regenwether’s release from prison he entered a halfway house, where
he met Benjamin Kirk. After their release from the halfway house, Kirk and
Regenwether conspired on a third attempt to rob the Radcliffe bank. On September
30, 1999, Kirk, following Regenwether’s instructions, entered the bank but left
without receiving any money. On November 10, 1999, Regenwether and Kirk
successfully robbed the First American State Bank and were arrested on November
22, 1999. Regenwether was charged for conduct related to the First American
robbery and the aborted Radcliffe bank attempt. The Radcliffe bank charges included
a conspiracy charge that dated back to Regenwether’s aborted attempts to rob the
Radcliffe bank with Abney and Olscewski. Regenwether was convicted on all
charges in May of 2001.



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       At sentencing, the government objected to the presentence report’s failure to
include an enhancement for possession of the shotgun as conduct relevant to the
Radcliffe bank charges. Following a hearing, the district court determined that
Regenwether’s possession of the shotgun before his conviction for the Credit Union
robbery was conduct relevant to the Radcliffe bank charges. The court made two
alternative findings of fact. First, possession of the shotgun was relevant conduct
because Regenwether intended to use the shotgun in the second attempt to rob the
Radcliffe bank. Second, possession of the shotgun was relevant conduct because
Regenwether used it to try to recruit Olszewski as a co-conspirator to rob the
Radcliffe bank.

       “Whether an act or omission constitutes relevant conduct is a factual
determination.” United States v. Plumley, 

, 1091 (8th Cir. 2000)
(citing United States v. Georges, 

, 562 (8th Cir. 1998)). Thus, we
review for clear error. United States v. Larson, 

, 627 (8th Cir. 1997)
(citing United States v. Lamere, 

, 510 (8th Cir. 1992)).

       Regenwether argues that his 1998 conviction mooted any relevancy of the 1998
conduct to the 1999 charges. Regenwether acknowledged at sentencing that the
shotgun was not used to enhance his sentence for the Credit Union robbery.
Possession of the shotgun was relevant conduct as to the conspiracy to rob the
Radcliffe bank. The dates of the conspiracy, as charged in the indictment, were from
March 1998 until November 10, 1999. The jury found that a visit to the Radcliffe
bank on March 31, 1998, and the meeting between Regenwether and Olscewski on
April 1, 1998, were overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. Both of those acts
predate Regenwether’s first conviction and clearly relate to the conspiracy to rob the
Radcliffe bank. Thus, we find that the district court did not commit clear error in
determining that possession of the shotgun was relevant conduct and in imposing the
three level increase.



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      We also reject Regenwether’s assertion that Application Note 8 to § 1B1.3
prohibits the consideration of the shotgun as relevant conduct in this case.
Application Note 8 states that “offense conduct associated with a sentence that was
imposed prior to the acts or omissions constituting the instant federal offense . . . is
not considered as part of the same course of conduct . . . as the offense of conviction.”
Application Note 8 is limited by its terms to offense conduct under § 1B1.3(a)(2),
however. In turn, subsection (a)(2) applies only to offenses cross referenced under
§ 3D1.2(d). Bank robbery is not so cross referenced; thus, Application Note 8 does
not apply.

      The sentence is affirmed.

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring.

        I have previously written about the upside down world of the Sentencing
Guidelines. See United States v. Smiley, 

, 483 (8th Cir. 1993) (Bright,
J., dissenting) (suggesting that sentences imposed under the guidelines where no rules
of evidence apply and where sentencing judges often summarily approve probation
officer recommendations seem to come from an Alice in Wonderland world where up
is down and down is up); United States v. Galloway, 

, 438 (8th Cir.
1992) (Bright, J., dissenting) (comparing sentences imposed under the relevant
conduct provisions of the guidelines to an Alice in Wonderland world in which words
lose their real meaning and down is up and up is down). I am not alone in making
such a comparison. United States v. Frias, 

, 393 (Oakes, J., concurring).

       Here we have another example of the application of the Sentencing Guidelines
to inflate a sentence for reasons that seem nonsensical.

      Jedediah Regenwether challenges the district court's application of a three-
level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) based upon

                                          -4-
Regenwether's possession of a shotgun, which the district court deemed relevant
conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. The government argues that the gun possession was
relevant conduct connected to Regenwether's 1998 robbery activities, which were
incorporated into the instant offense via the conspiracy count.

      Regenwether argues that the three-level increase should not apply because
possessing the shotgun is not relevant conduct with respect to his 1999 crimes in light
of defendant's intervening arrest, prosecution, and incarceration for one of the 1998
robberies.1 Police seized the gun when they arrested Regenwether in 1998. The
present case stems from 1999 robbery activities. The 1998 possession of a shotgun
should have no impact on the instant case, according to Regenwether, because the
gun played no role in the 1999 robberies as evidenced by the fact that the indictment
makes no mention whatsoever of the gun, and the facts reveal that the gun was not
used in the planning or execution of the 1999 robberies.

       In Regenwether's view, the government is trying to use the conspiracy count
to pull in the 1998 pre-incarceration gun possession as relevant conduct in order to
enhance Regenwether's sentence.2 I think that Regenwether is absolutely correct.




      1
       As the majority notes, Regenwether pleaded guilty to the 1998 Credit Union
robbery, but the government did not file charges on the two alleged 1998 attempted
robberies of the Radcliffe Bank. Those attempted robberies, however, are included
in the conspiracy count of the instant case, and form the basis for including the
shotgun as relevant conduct.
      2
       Regenwether's full argument is that relevant conduct, like conspiracies, must
have a beginning and an end. He argues that his intervening incarceration should
prevent the 1998 gun possession from being considered relevant conduct in the 1999
robberies. Regenwether's 1998 conspiracy with Abney is a distinct conspiracy from
the 1999 association with Kirk.


                                         -5-
Unfortunately, the law of conspiracy and the applicable sections of the Sentencing
Guidelines allow precisely this type of enhancement.

      The jury convicted Regenwether of a conspiracy going back to March of 1998.
The attempted Radcliffe bank robbery was an object of this conspiracy, as was the
March 31 meeting between Regenwether and Olszewski. Based on the jury's verdict
and U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, the trial court could properly determine that the gun was
conduct relevant to the conspiracy count.

      Frankly, it is situations like this that have led me to conclude that many of the
Guidelines make little sense. The defendant committed certain crimes in 1998, he
served time for the charges the government brought at that point, and surrendered his
shotgun. Now his offense level is enhanced three levels for possession of a gun that
he surrendered before the vast majority of the unlawful conduct charged by the
government occurred. This may be the current state of the law, but does it make
sense?

           Even though I am obligated under existing law to concur, I say it is time for a
change. Again, I reiterate my call for abolishing or radically changing the Sentencing
Guidelines and adopting a more fair and just system. See e.g., United States v.
England, 

, 411 (8th Cir. 1992) (Bright, J., concurring) (“In too many
instances, the sentences directed by the guidelines waste the lives of men and women.
. . . It is time for a re-evaluation and change.”) (emphasis in original); see also United
States v. Chavez, 

, 1093 (8th Cir. 2000) (Bright, J., concurring) (“‘Is
anyone out there listening?’ If not, isn’t it about time?”).




                                           -6-
A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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