United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 01-3443
                                    ___________

Shawn C. Jeanes; Wayne Mains,     *
                                  *
    Plaintiffs - Appellees,       *
                                  * Appeal from the United States
    v.                            * District Court for the
                                  * Southern District of Iowa.
ALLIED Life Insurance Company,    *
                                  *
    Defendant - Appellant.        *
                             ___________

                              Submitted: May 14, 2002

                                   Filed: August 23, 2002
                                    ___________

Before BOWMAN, LOKEN and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       Shawn C. Jeanes and Wayne Mains resigned as insurance agents and regional
directors for ALLIED Life Insurance Company, an Iowa insurer. Jeanes and Mains
then filed this diversity action, alleging they were forced to resign after discovering
that ALLIED failed to tell them of an improper increase in the fees charged to
universal life policyholders. A trial to the district court resulted in a judgment
awarding Jeanes and Mains damages totaling more than $1.3 million on their claims
of breach of contract and violation of the Iowa Wage Payment Collection Law.
ALLIED appeals. The district court’s decision is reported at Jeanes v. Allied Life Ins.
Co., 

(S.D. Iowa 2001).
      Iowa law governs this diversity case. Under Iowa law, when a breach of
contract claim has been tried to the court, the court’s findings are binding if supported
by substantial evidence; our review is then limited to correcting errors of law. See
Iowa R. App. P. 6.4, 6.14(6)(a) (Supp. 2002); Wolf v. DaCom, Inc., 

,
730 (Iowa App. 1993). We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s opinion, Van Oort Constr. Co. v. Nuckoll’s Concrete Serv., Inc., 

, 689 (Iowa 1999), and the district court’s interpretation of state law de novo,
Home Ins. Co. v. Aetna Ins. Co., 

, 929 (8th Cir. 2001). In this case, we
conclude that the district court erred in applying the doctrine of constructive
discharge to appellees’ breach of contract damage claims, and in awarding
prejudgment interest for the period prior to the assertion of plaintiffs’ Wage Payment
Collection Law claims. Accordingly, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

                        I. The Breach of Contract Claims.

       In separate agency contracts, ALLIED appointed Jeanes and Mains as
California-based independent agents authorized to solicit applications for ALLIED
policies in their respective territories, and as regional directors (formerly called
managing general agents) authorized to supervise and encourage life insurance sales
by assigned ALLIED Property/Casualty agents. Jeanes and Mains received
commissions on premiums paid on ALLIED policies issued through them, and
override commissions on premiums paid on ALLIED policies issued through their
assigned agents. At issue in this lawsuit is paragraph 3(b) of the agency contracts,
which provided:

      Good Faith: Both parties will, at all times, act in good faith when
      dealing with our policyholders and each other. You will not make any
      actions that suggest or encourage any policyholder to surrender or lapse
      any policy or to cease premium payments. Any such activity gives us
      [ALLIED] the right to terminate this Agreement for cause.


                                          -2-
       In January 1994, ALLIED decided to increase by two percent the cost-of-
insurance (COI) fees charged on outstanding universal life policies. After the
increase was implemented in September, ALLIED charged COI fees at the new rate
as each policy reached its anniversary date. The increased fee was not discernible on
the policies’ annual statements, and ALLIED did not otherwise disclose the increase
to its universal life policyholders. During a February 1995 meeting, ALLIED
informed regional directors of the fee increase but did not explain the reason for the
increase. In response to concerns that the fee increase might be invalid, ALLIED
discontinued collecting it in April 1995 and eventually rolled back the additional
charges by increasing the interest paid to policyholders on the affected policies.

        In June 1997, Jeanes and Mains were told by another ALLIED regional director
that the two percent COI fee increase had been imposed to maximize executive
bonuses. After contacting an attorney handling a class action lawsuit against another
life insurer, they resigned as ALLIED agents and regional directors on January 9,
1998, expressing concern that “unresolved issues” and “Senior Management’s
standards for operation” could jeopardize their integrity as agents and their
relationships with clients and other agents. This lawsuit followed. Following a bench
trial, the district court ruled in favor of Jeanes and Mains on their breach of contract
claims and awarded damages of $1,164,663.25 on those claims.

        Our task on appeal is simplified by noting at the outset what is not at issue.
First, the district court determined that ALLIED breached the universal life policies
by imposing the two percent COI fee increase because the policies provide that COI
fees will be determined “based on [ALLIED’s] expectations as to future mortality
experience.” The court did not find that the increases were motivated by a desire to
increase executive bonuses, as Jeanes and Mains argued, but it did find that the
reasons put forward by ALLIED trial witnesses were not limited to the company’s
expectations as to mortality experience, as the policies required. These findings and
conclusions are not challenged by ALLIED on appeal.

                                          -3-
       Second, the district court concluded that ALLIED breached the express good
faith provision in paragraph 3(b) of the agency contracts:

      In this case, good faith would certainly include an obligation on the
      behalf of Allied to make changes in the cost of insurance known to its
      policyholders. Good faith would also encompass an obligation by
      Allied to be honest with its Regional Directors so that they are able to
      be honest with the company’s clientele. It is clear from the record now
      before the Court that Allied did not raise the COI for mor[t]ality
      experience. It is also clear that the true reason for the increase, be it to
      maximize executive bonuses or to cover new legislative requirements,
      was not revealed and was not made known to policyholders and to
      Messrs. Jeanes and 

. These conclusions may be problematic because they were
made without considering whether ALLIED’s universal life policies obligated the
company to disclose to policyholders either the fact of the COI fee increase, or the
reasons for that increase. In most States, the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing “is a method to fill gaps in a contract” and may not be used to impose duties
that the contract’s express terms do not require. Taylor Equip., Inc. v. John Deere
Co., 

, 1032 (8th Cir. 1996) (quotation omitted) (applying South Dakota
law). The district court did not analyze whether the Supreme Court of Iowa would
adopt this limited definition of bad faith in resolving contract performance issues and
apply it in construing an express good faith covenant such as paragraph 3(b). But in
any event, ALLIED has not raised the issue on appeal. Therefore, we assume without
deciding that the district court correctly found a breach of paragraph 3(b).

        However, to prevail on their breach of contract claims under Iowa law, Jeanes
and Mains must prove they suffered damages as a result of ALLIED’s breach. Molo
Oil Co. v. River City Ford Truck Sales, Inc., 

, 224 (Iowa 1998). At
trial, Jeanes and Mains failed to prove that any client lapsed or terminated a universal
life policy because of the COI fee increase before Jeanes and Mains terminated the

                                          -4-
agency contracts. Thus, Jeanes and Mains did not prove that they lost commissions
due to ALLIED’s breach. Rather, their damage claims were based upon the loss of
future commission income resulting from their voluntary termination of their agency
relationships with ALLIED. The district court upheld this damage theory by invoking
the doctrine of constructive discharge under Iowa law. We disagree.

      Under Iowa law, a constructive discharge occurs “when the employer
deliberately makes an employee’s working conditions so intolerable that the
employee is forced into an involuntary resignation.” First Judicial Dist. Dep’t of
Corr. Servs. v. Iowa Civil Rights Comm’n, 

, 87 (Iowa 1982). The
Iowa courts have limited the doctrine to claims of wrongful termination of
employment. When an employer has forced an employee to quit, rather than firing
him, constructive discharge “provides a mechanism to avoid the technical
requirement that wrongful discharge be based on an employer-initiated discharge.”
Balmer v. Hawkeye Steel, 

, 641 (Iowa 2000). However, constructive
discharge is not a free-standing cause of action. “Even after establishing constructive
discharge, an employee must independently prove a breach of contract or tort in
connection with employment termination in order to obtain damages for wrongful
discharge.” 

(emphasis added, quotation omitted).

      In this case, Jeanes and Mains did not resign to avoid imminent improper
termination. ALLIED did not want them to resign, its breach of the good faith
covenant was not intended to force them to resign, and the fact that Jeanes and Mains
would give up lucrative agency relationships was not a foreseeable consequence of
ALLIED’s decision to conceal from them the reasons for the rescinded COI fee
increase. “[D]amages are not recoverable for injury that is too remote from the
conduct of the defendant constituting his breach of duty.” 5 Corbin on Contracts
§ 997 (1964). In these circumstances, the district court’s use of constructive
discharge to justify the award of post-termination damages for a prior unrelated
breach of the agency contracts was an unwarranted extension of Iowa law.

                                         -5-
       Moreover, even if the Iowa courts would apply the doctrine of constructive
discharge in this novel manner, we conclude that Jeanes and Mains failed to prove
they were constructively discharged. The test for constructive discharge is rigorous.
“The conditions giving rise to the resignation must be sufficiently extraordinary and
egregious to overcome the normal motivation of a competent, diligent, and reasonable
employee to remain on the job to earn a livelihood and to serve his or her employer.”
Haberer v. Woodbury County, 

, 575 (Iowa 1997) (quotation omitted).
The Supreme Court of Iowa recently surveyed its prior decisions and noted that no
plaintiff has succeeded “in establishing a constructive discharge under the facts of the
case.” 

. Here, ALLIED rescinded the COI fee increase
after a few months and refunded the increased charges. Over two years later, Jeanes
and Mains heard that the increases were imposed to fatten executive compensation --
a rumor they were unable to prove at trial. They waited six months longer -- in order
to collect their 1997 agent bonuses -- and then resigned, claiming ALLIED’s lack of
candor forced them to terminate the relationships. We are not convinced that any
reasonable person would feel compelled to terminate an independent agency
relationship in these circumstances. “The proper focus is on whether the resignation
was coerced, not whether it was simply one rational option for the employee.”

(quotation omitted). Though Jeanes and Mains were
within their rights in terminating the agency contracts on account of ALLIED’s
breach, they were not forced to resign.

    For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s award of damages for
ALLIED’s breach of paragraph 3(b) of the agency contracts.

                III. The Wage Payment Collection Law Claims.

      Shortly after Jeanes and Mains terminated their agency contracts and filed this
action, ALLIED ceased commission payments. Jeanes and Mains then amended their
complaint to allege that the commissions were clearly due and therefore the refusal

                                          -6-
to pay them violated the Iowa Wage Payment Collection Law, Iowa Code Ch. 91A.
ALLIED paid Jeanes and Mains the withheld amounts a few weeks before trial. The
district court concluded that ALLIED had violated the Wage Payment Collection Law
and awarded Jeanes and Mains liquidated damages of $156,056.36, prejudgment
interest, court costs, and attorney fees attributable to those claims.1

       The Iowa Wage Payment Collection Law is designed “to facilitate the
collection of wages owed to employees.” Phipps v. IASD Health Servs. Corp., 

, 201 (Iowa 1997). On appeal, ALLIED argues, as it did in the district
court, that Chapter 91A does not apply because Jeanes and Mains were independent
contractors, not employees. Applying the common law test of Miller v. Component
Homes, Inc., 

, 216-17 (Iowa 1984), the district court held that Jeanes
and Mains were employees because of the amount of control ALLIED exerted over
its regional directors.

      If the common law test for distinguishing employees from independent
contractors were controlling, we would have great difficulty affirming the district
court’s conclusion that these independent insurance agents were employees of
ALLIED. See Birchem v. Knights of Columbus, 

, 313 (8th Cir. 1997),
and cases cited. However, we conclude the common law test is not controlling


      1
        The Iowa Wage Payment Collection Law applies to persons “employed in this
state.” Iowa Code § 91A.2(3). We have some doubt whether the Act applies to
wages and commissions owed by an Iowa employer to persons whose services were
performed outside the State, such as Jeanes and Mains. See Holiday Inns
Franchising, Inc. v. Branstad, 

, 730-31 (Iowa 1995) (Iowa Franchise
Act does not apply to franchisees operating outside the State). However, Iowa courts
apply Iowa law unless a party pleads and proves the applicability of foreign law.
Penn. Life Ins. Co. v. Simoni, 

, 810-11 (Iowa 2002). Thus, ALLIED
has failed to preserve this issue.



                                        -7-
because a 1985 amendment to the Wage Payment Collection Law added the following
sentence to the definition of “employee” in § 91A.2(3):

      Employee also includes a commission salesperson who takes orders or
      performs services on behalf of a principal and who is paid on the basis
      of commissions but does not include persons who purchase for their own
      account for resale.

1985 Iowa Acts Ch. 119. The district court downplayed the significance of this
relatively recent amendment by stating, “While the statute includes commissioned
salespersons, it does not include under its ambit independent contractors.” 168 F.
Supp. 2d at 991. But the court cited no authority for this assertion, which is contrary
to the plain meaning of the amendment. The added sentence distinguishes between
manufacturers’ sales representatives and independent distributors, two types of
salespersons who are frequently independent contractors, by including the former
under the statute’s protections, but excluding the latter. The text of the amendment
provides no basis for limiting the statute’s coverage to commission salespersons who
are also employees. Moreover, the Iowa Legislature could rationally conclude that
commission salespersons have the same need for the protections of the statute as
wage-earning employees, even if the commission salespersons are technically
independent contractors. In these circumstances, lacking contrary guidance from the
Supreme Court of Iowa, we will enforce amended § 91A.2(3) as written.
Accordingly, Jeanes and Mains as commission salespersons were “employees” for
purposes of the Act, whether or not they were common law employees of ALLIED.

      ALLIED next argues that plaintiffs’ claims for liquidated damages for
commissions earned prior to February 12, 1999 are barred by the two-year limitations
period applicable to Wage Payment Collection Law claims, because Jeanes and Mains
did not amend their complaint to include these claims until February 12, 2001. This
contention is foreclosed by Andus v. Sabre Communications Corp., 

,


                                         -8-
873-74 (Iowa 1996), where the Supreme Court of Iowa held that continuously
accruing commissions are a “continuous, open, current account” for purposes of Iowa
Code § 614.5, and therefore the two-year statute of limitations is tolled until the last
commission was earned. Here, since Jeanes and Mains accrued some commissions
after February 1999, no part of their claims for liquidated damages was time-barred.

       Finally, ALLIED argues the district court erred in awarding prejudgment
interest on the Wage Payment Collection Law claims for the two years prior to the
assertion of those claims on February 12, 2001. We agree. The applicable Iowa
statute provides: “Interest shall be allowed on all money due on judgments and
decrees of courts at the rate of ten percent per year . . . . The interest shall accrue from
the date of commencement of the action.” Iowa Code § 535.3(1). Here, the Wage
Payment Collection Law claims do not relate back to the filing of the original
complaint because they concern post-litigation conduct of ALLIED that was
unrelated to ALLIED’s pre-termination conduct upon which the initial claims were
based. Compare Beeck v. Aquaslide ‘N’ Dive Corp., 

, 168-69 (Iowa
1984). Thus, prejudgment interest may only be awarded from February 12, 2001.

       The judgment of the district court is reversed insofar as it (i) awards damages
on count one of plaintiffs’ complaint of $570,977.99 for Jeanes and $593,685.26 for
Mains; and (ii) awards prejudgment interest as to count seven of plaintiffs’ complaint
prior to February 12, 2001. The judgment is otherwise affirmed, and the case is
remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

       A true copy.

              Attest:

                 CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.



                                            -9-