United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                             Nos. 02-1832/02-1935
                                 ___________

Kathleen Suggs,                       *
                                      *
            Plaintiff-Appellee /      *
            Cross-Appellant,          *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the Eastern
                                      * District of Arkansas.
Dorothy Stanley and                   *
Betty Hendricks,                      *
                                      *
            Defendants-Appellants / *
            Cross-Appellees.          *
                                 ___________

                            Submitted: January 13, 2003
                               Filed: March 31, 2003
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN and MURPHY, Circuit Judges, and GRITZNER,1 District Judge.
                         ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

      This defamation action was brought by Kathleen Suggs against Dorothy
Stanley and Betty Hendricks, the sisters of her deceased companion. The jury ruled
in favor of Suggs, and the sisters appeal from the judgment, contending that the



      1
       The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
district court2 erred by denying their motion for judgment as a matter of law and that
it improperly admitted certain evidence. Suggs filed a cross appeal based on her
unsuccessful attempt to assert a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
We affirm.

                                           I.

       Dorothy Stanley and Betty Hendricks had one brother, Gilbert Wicker, who
was involved in a romantic relationship with Kathleen Suggs for approximately
twelve years prior to his death. The father of the three siblings died in 1994, and the
next year their mother, Mamie Wicker, transferred to Gilbert property which she had
inherited from her husband. The property included a certificate of deposit for
$10,000, a savings account of about $25,000, and a house in Stamps, Arkansas. Both
the certificate of deposit and the savings account were payable to Mamie in the event
of Gilbert’s death, and she continued to live in the home in Stamps. After the transfer
in 1995, Gilbert executed a will which provided that if he died before Mamie, the
properties would be placed in trust for her with Kathleen Suggs as trustee. Suggs was
also made executrix of his estate.

       Evidence at trial indicated that the relationship between Gilbert and his sisters
had deteriorated over the years. Gilbert suffered from renal failure for a long time
and needed two kidney transplants. He had asked his sisters to consider donating a
kidney before each transplant operation, and there was a conflict in the evidence
about whether they were tested to see if they could qualify as donors. Suggs testified
that they had not returned Gilbert’s phone calls, and they acknowledged on cross
examination that they had not spoken to their brother for some ten years after he



      2
        The Honorable George Howard, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.

                                          -2-
talked to them about his need for a transplant. Gilbert’s aunt, his lawyer, and his
neighbor also testified that the sisters and Gilbert had become estranged.

       Dorothy Stanley obtained guardianship over the person and assets of Mamie
in 1999, as well as power of attorney, and moved her mother from Stamps to
Shreveport, Louisiana, where she lived. Dorothy also sued to recover the properties
that Mamie had turned over to Gilbert. In her complaint Dorothy alleged that her
mother had been incompetent when she signed over the property because she had
been drugged by her doctor and Gilbert. Suggs contends that Mamie chose to transfer
her property to Gilbert in order to prevent Dorothy and Betty from squandering it and
leaving Mamie without adequate financial support, and Gilbert’s aunt testified that
she had not supported Dorothy’s lawsuit because of worry about what would happen
to the property given the costs incurred in the guardianship.3

      At the time Dorothy’s lawsuit was served, Gilbert was hospitalized because his
second kidney transplant was failing. He did not file a responsive pleading, but on
May 28, 1999, he told his attorney to draw up a new will leaving all his property to
Suggs and naming her as his executrix. Mamie was not mentioned in the new will.
On July 2, 1999, Gilbert was found dead.

       Suggs testified that she discovered Gilbert’s body after she had been unable to
reach him on the phone and went to his house to check on him. After she found him
dead, she called the Little Rock police who went to the house and started an
investigation. They contacted Dorothy as next of kin to report Gilbert’s death and
advised her to come to claim the body. Dorothy alerted her sister Betty, whose
husband agreed to drive them to Little Rock. Dorothy also called her attorney who
told her to videotape the contents of Gilbert’s house.


      3
        There was evidence that the chancery court had ordered Dorothy to file a
report regarding guardianship expenditures of $41,000 for a sixteen month period.

                                         -3-
      After two hours on the scene, the police completed their investigation and
determined that Gilbert’s death was a suicide. Before leaving, they instructed Suggs
to secure the house, and she then contacted Gilbert’s lawyer. The lawyer advised
Suggs to remove all valuables and to make sure the house was locked and soon
arrived to help secure it. While at the house, Suggs received a call from Gilbert’s
aunt who told her that Dorothy and Betty were on their way to Little Rock and
suggested that she call them. Gilbert’s lawyer advised Suggs to tell the sisters that
they did not have to drive all the way to Little Rock because his body could be
released by fax to the funeral home in Stamps.

       Suggs called Dorothy’s cell phone and told her that the house was secure and
the sisters did not need to come to Little Rock, but Dorothy replied that they were
already underway. Suggs told Dorothy that she would be gone by the time they
arrived. Before locking up the house, Suggs removed the most valuable items and
Gilbert’s personal records for use in administering his estate. She then went over to
the neighbor’s house.

        After Dorothy received the call from Suggs, a call was placed on Betty’s cell
phone to the Little Rock Police Department. Although the sisters deny reporting that
Suggs was in Gilbert’s house, they admit that one of them may have inquired as to
whether it was appropriate for Gilbert’s girlfriend to be in the house before any of his
relatives arrived. It is undisputed, however, that three minutes after the call from
Betty’s cell phone, the police dispatcher broadcast a “burglary in progress” at
Gilbert’s address, and officer Bill Bentley was sent to investigate. Officer Bentley
testified at trial that the dispatcher had told him that a burglary had been reported by
a woman who said she was Gilbert’s sister on the way to Little Rock.

      When Bentley arrived at Gilbert’s house, Suggs was standing in the neighbor’s
yard. She went over to talk with Bentley, and he informed her that he was responding
to a burglary call at that address. Suggs told him that she had her own key to the

                                          -4-
house, and Bentley left after concluding that there had been no burglary. When
Dorothy and Betty arrived in Little Rock, they attempted to get Suggs to open
Gilbert’s house for them, but she refused and they sought assistance from the police.
After hiring a locksmith, they gained entrance to the house and videotaped its
contents.

        After Gilbert’s funeral, Dorothy began making phone calls to the Little Rock
Police Department regarding his death. She told the police that she did not believe
his death had been a suicide and that she thought Suggs had been involved. She
mentioned a note found at the death scene which had been written and signed in block
print and which mentioned love for a dog but nothing about Mamie. Dorothy said
that Gilbert never printed his name, so it would have been uncharacteristic to do so
in his final note. She added that when she and Betty went to Gilbert’s house after his
death, all the papers found there had been signed by Gilbert in longhand rather than
printed, and neither she nor Betty were able to find a notepad matching the paper used
for the suicide note. Dorothy also stated that it was not possible that Gilbert would
have thought of his dog before dying, but not his mother. Moreover, if his death had
been a suicide, there must have been another note Suggs did not want anyone to see.
Dorothy also reported that Gilbert’s personal papers had been removed from his
house after his death.

      On July 22, 1999, Dorothy sent a letter to homicide detective Steve Moore
which contained similar allegations. She also requested that the police check the
suicide note to make sure Gilbert’s fingerprints were on it because she did not believe
he had written it.4 In addition, she alleged that Suggs had tried to determine “how
much time she had” before the sisters arrived at the house, suggesting she needed


      4
       The letter stated: “Please check the note to make sure [Gilbert’s] fingerprints
were on it because I DO NOT believe he wrote this note. I believe there was a note
but one that Ms. Suggs does not want anyone else to see.”

                                         -5-
time to accomplish something before they got there. Dorothy attached copies of
Gilbert’s wills to the letter to show that Suggs stood to benefit from his death. The
copy of the most recent will indicated on its face that Betty had faxed it to Dorothy
for inclusion with the letter. Detective Moore testified that he had received and
considered the letter and then placed it in a police file.

       The Pulaski County Coroner was called as a rebuttal witness at trial after Betty
had testified that she had had no contact with him. The coroner testified that he
believed Betty was the woman who had accompanied Dorothy to his office to discuss
facts related to Gilbert’s death. He positively identified Dorothy in the courtroom and
said she had been his primary contact about Gilbert’s death but he was not absolutely
certain that Betty had been the other woman who came to his office.

       When Dorothy discovered that a default judgment could not be obtained
against Gilbert after he was deceased, she filed a new complaint naming his estate as
the respondent. Suggs answered as executrix. The chancery court subsequently ruled
that since Dorothy had not proven that Mamie was incompetent at the time she
transferred her property or that Gilbert had used undue influence over her, the
property had remained in Gilbert’s estate and later passed to Suggs as the designated
heir.

       In her role as executrix of Gilbert’s estate, Suggs had contacted the Little Rock
police before responding to Dorothy’s lawsuit. She was referred to detective Steve
Moore who told her that Dorothy had alleged that Gilbert’s death was not a suicide.
Suggs’ attorney obtained a copy of Dorothy’s letter to Moore through the Freedom
of Information Act and later initiated this diversity action. In her complaint Suggs
alleged that Dorothy had defamed her and caused her damage of more than $100,000.
The alleged acts of defamation included statements made in the telephone call to the
police the day of Gilbert’s death, Dorothy’s letter to detective Moore alleging that
Gilbert’s death had not been a suicide and that Suggs had concealed his actual note,

                                          -6-
and statements by Dorothy that Suggs had attempted to withdraw money from the
estate which really belonged to Mamie. After discovery began, Suggs amended her
complaint to include Betty as a defendant and to allege that the sisters had conspired
in the defamatory acts.

        Suggs testified at trial that Dorothy’s letter to detective Moore and the
statements made to the Little Rock police and the county coroner had damaged her
reputation with the police department and with anyone else who heard the
accusations. She also testified that the sisters had conspired against her for their gain
and had hurt her during a very vulnerable time, that she had suffered great stress, and
that she had been prevented from properly grieving Gilbert’s death. Detective Moore
testified that the police had taken the allegations in the letter seriously and that this
type of letter would affect a person’s reputation with the department. He stated that
even though Gilbert’s death had been ruled a suicide, Dorothy’s letter would remain
in the file indefinitely and could be reconsidered in the future. He also testified that
he would not want a letter like that written about him.

      The jury found that both sisters had defamed Suggs and awarded her a total of
$50,000 in damages ($10,000 compensatory and $30,000 punitive damages against
Dorothy; $5,000 compensatory and $5,000 punitive damages against Betty).

       The sisters appeal from the judgment. They also contend that the district court
erred by denying their motion for judgment as a matter of law because there had been
insufficient evidence of damage to Suggs’ reputation, the claimed defamatory
statements were opinions rather than statements of fact, and a case had not been made
against Betty. They claim that the district court abused its discretion by allowing
hearsay evidence from officer Bentley and irrelevant evidence about their relationship
with their brother and about Dorothy’s lawsuit. In her cross appeal Suggs argues that
the district court abused its discretion by not allowing an amendment to correct any
pleading defect in her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

                                          -7-
                                            II.

       Appellants argue they are entitled to judgment in their favor. They contend
that the district court erred by denying their motion for judgment as a matter of law
because the challenged statements were privileged, Suggs failed to establish required
elements of defamation, and there was insufficient evidence to support a judgment
against Betty. We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of
law, see EFCO Corp. v. Symons Corp., 

, 738 (8th Cir. 2000), consider
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and will only reverse for
insufficient evidence if no reasonable juror could have returned a verdict for the
prevailing party. 

law we must apply in this review is that of
Arkansas. See Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 

, 78 (1938).

       In the alternative the sisters seek a new trial on the basis that the district court
abused its discretion by allowing hearsay evidence from officer Bentley and other
irrelevant and prejudicial evidence. We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings
for a clear abuse of discretion. See United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Historic Preservation
Trust, 

, 726 (8th Cir. 2001).

                                            A.

       To prove defamation under Arkansas law, a plaintiff must show that she was
defamed by a false statement of fact which referred to and damaged her and was
published by the defendant. See Faulkner v. Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 

, 402 (Ark. 2002). The defamatory statement of fact must have been
communicated to others and must have detrimentally affected the plaintiff’s
reputation. See Ellis v. Price, 

, 547 (Ark. 1999). Although the
plaintiff “must establish actual damage to his reputation, … the showing of harm is
slight.” 

statement must also “imply an assertion of [any] objective
verifiable fact.” 

.

                                           -8-
      Appellants argue that Suggs failed to prove that defamatory statements of fact
were communicated to others which detrimentally affected her relations with them.
They argue that the statements made in Dorothy’s letter and in the calls and visits to
the police and coroner were covered by qualified privilege, that nothing more than
opinions had been expressed, and that there was insufficient evidence of harm to
Suggs’ reputation. Betty also argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that
she took part in any defamatory act.

       Under Arkansas law a communication is covered by qualified privilege “when
it is made in good faith upon any subject-matter in which the person making the
communication has an interest … and to a person having a corresponding interest or
duty, although it contains matters which, without such privilege, would be
actionable.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Lee, 

, 653 (Ark. 2002).
Qualified privilege must be exercised in a reasonable manner and is lost if abused.
Thiel v. Dove, 

, 123 (Ark. 1958). The privilege is abused “if the
speaker is motivated by malice rather than by the public interest that calls the
privilege into being.” 

of whether malice has been established and
the communication shown not to be privileged is a question of fact for the jury. 

evidence that after Gilbert’s death the sisters shifted their
animosity from him to her and that they were motivated by their desire for control
over Mamie’s property. The jury was correctly instructed on defamation, and the
verdict indicates that the jurors found that the statements made to the police and the
coroner about Suggs had been motivated by spite and desire for personal gain, rather
than good faith or public interest. After examining the record in the light most
favorable to the verdict, we conclude there was sufficient evidence from which the
jury could find that the sisters acted out of malice and that the statements to the police
and coroner were therefore not covered by qualified privilege.




                                           -9-
       Appellants claim that their statements were only opinions, not statements of
fact as required by Arkansas law. The Arkansas Supreme Court has explained,
however, that “where the words, together with the attendant circumstances, are
alleged to charge a crime, they are actionable.” Bland v. Verser, 

,
125 (Ark. 1989). Whether the combination of words and related circumstances
charge a crime is a question of fact for the jury. 

in Bland, for
example, had argued that he was only expressing his opinion by suggesting that the
plaintiff was either very stupid or had colluded in converting funds. Because a “fair
and reasonable inference” could be drawn from the defendant’s statements that the
plaintiff was guilty of a criminal act, the statements were factual and actionable. See

–26. Here, Suggs presented evidence that Dorothy’s letter
to the police contained allegations which were also made during several phone calls
and visits to the police and the coroner. The statements suggested that Suggs had
been involved in Gilbert’s death for her own financial interest and that she had
falsified Gilbert’s suicide note and hidden the authentic note. In these circumstances
a “fair and reasonable inference,” 

could be drawn that the statements had
alleged that Suggs was guilty of obstruction of justice or tampering with evidence,
and had implied she might even be guilty of murder. Because of the allegations that
Suggs had committed at least one crime, the letter and oral statements contained
statements of fact, not merely opinion.

       Under Arkansas law a plaintiff’s testimony that her reputation has been injured
by defamatory statements can be sufficient evidence of harm. See Hogue v. Ameron
Inc., 

(Ark. 1985). In Hogue, for example, a police officer claimed
defamation by a letter to a state official reporting that he had driven in an unlicensed
vehicle and yelled obscenities while on duty. He testified at trial that his reputation
had been damaged by the resulting investigation, and another witness testified “rather
vaguely” about the damage. See 

. The Arkansas Supreme
Court held that this was sufficient evidence of damage to submit the defamation claim
to the jury. 

court also held in a more recent case that harm to the

                                         -10-
plaintiff’s reputation can be established by evidence that others think less of the
plaintiff because of defamatory statements or believe that the plaintiff did what had
been alleged. See Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. v. Fitzhugh, 

, 920–21
(Ark. 1997).

        After examining the trial record, we conclude that under Arkansas law there
was sufficient evidence of damage to Suggs’ reputation. Suggs testified that she was
very upset after learning that appellants had suggested to the police that she was
involved in the death of Gilbert, with whom she had a close relationship for over
twelve years, and that she had tampered with evidence and falsified a suicide note.
She also testified that she believed their allegations had damaged her reputation with
the Little Rock Police Department and with everyone who heard the accusations or
read the letter. She added that her fear of how people were reacting was causing her
immense stress at a particularly difficult time in her life. Officer Moore testified that
a letter like Dorothy’s was taken seriously by the police, that it could definitely harm
a person’s reputation with the department, and that he would not want such a letter
written about him or placed in a police investigation file. Gilbert’s attorney testified
that Dorothy’s letter would cause anyone to wonder whether the allegations were true,
that the allegations could be devastating to Suggs’ reputation, and that the letter is
readily available to anyone through the Freedom of Information Act. There was
additional evidence to show how damaging the allegations in the letter could be since
Suggs’ best friend testified that although the accusations seemed absurd, it was only
human to have some doubt about whether the statements were true. Given this record,
appellants were not entitled to prevail on their motion for judgment on the basis of
insufficient evidence of damage to Suggs’ reputation.

       The final issue is whether Suggs made out a case that Betty had conspired with
her sister in the acts of defamation. To succeed with this theory Suggs had to show
that Betty and Dorothy “combined to accomplish a purpose that is unlawful or
oppressive or to accomplish some purpose, not in itself unlawful, oppressive or

                                          -11-
immoral, but by unlawful, oppressive or immoral means, to the injury of another.”

. The initial phone call to the Little Rock police was
shown to have been made on Betty’s cell phone, and this call initiated a series of
contacts by the sisters about Gilbert’s death.5 There was evidence from which the
jury could find that Betty was the other woman who went with Dorothy to the coroner
to discuss concerns related to Gilbert’s death. There was also evidence that Betty
provided Dorothy with the copy of Gilbert’s second will for attachment to her letter
to the police. An inference could be drawn by the jury that the purpose of the
attachment was to suggest Suggs had a motive for murder or at the very least, that
Suggs knew she could benefit from Gilbert’s death. Other evidence also tended to
show that the sisters had conspired together, motivated by animosity and the desire
to recover their mother’s property, including evidence that Betty had encouraged her
sister in the lawsuit to retrieve property from Gilbert and his estate, had accompanied
Dorothy throughout, and had testified in support of Dorothy at the chancery court
proceeding. Because of the way that the jury allocated damages, it obviously found
Betty’s involvement to have been less than Dorothy’s, but we conclude there was
sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Betty had knowingly combined with
Dorothy to defame Suggs.

      In sum, the district court did not err by denying the motion for judgment as a
matter of law on any of the asserted grounds.




      5
        Officer Bentley testified at trial about this first call, but the police dispatcher
did not. The report of what was said to the dispatcher, by a woman representing
herself as Gilbert’s sister on the way to Little Rock, would therefore be hearsay if
offered to prove the truth of its content. Accordingly, we will not consider the
content of statements reported to have been made to or by the dispatcher.

                                           -12-
                                           B.

       Officer Bentley testified that he had been directed to Gilbert’s residence by the
dispatcher who reported that an “unknown caller called southwest substation and
advised that there was a burglary in progress at her deceased brother’s residence” and
that “the caller said that she was … en route from Louisiana.” The district court
admitted this evidence over a hearsay objection to show the officer’s understanding
of the nature of the call to which he was responding, and it admitted Bentley’s written
report as a business record. While appellants concede the officer’s own observations
in his report are admissible as a business record, they argue that repetition of the
dispatcher’s statements was inadmissible hearsay. We review the district court’s
evidentiary rulings for a clear abuse of discretion. See United Fire & Cas. 

.

        Officer Bentley’s evidence about what he was told by the dispatcher was not
hearsay because it was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Fed. R. Evid.
801, see also supra note 5. The statements were admitted in order to explain why
Bentley went to Gilbert’s house even though police had already been there earlier that
day to investigate his death. See United States v. Collins, 

, 953 (8th Cir.
1993) (out of court statement to officer not hearsay if offered to explain why
investigation was undertaken); see also Nottingham v. Arkansas, 

,
630 (Ark. App. 1989) (officer’s testimony concerning phone call not hearsay when
offered to explain what prompted his investigation). The district court also instructed
the jury that the statements were to be used only to show why the officer went to
Gilbert’s house, not to prove that anything stated by the dispatcher or the caller was
true. Since the evidence was thus not hearsay and the jury was properly instructed
on its use, the district court did not abuse its discretion by allowing officer Bentley’s
testimony and written report into evidence.




                                          -13-
       Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion by allowing Suggs
to present evidence that was prejudicial and irrelevant, including evidence relating
to Gilbert’s illness, the lawsuit to recover the mother’s property, and Dorothy’s
guardianship of their mother and her assets. They charge that this evidence was
offered to show that they were persons of bad character and thus inadmissible under
Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Suggs responds that the evidence was relevant and necessary
to her claims that the sisters conspired to defame her, for punitive damages, and to
counter their defense of qualified privilege. She also says the evidence shows that
she became the object of the sisters’ animosity because of the transfer of their
mother’s property.

       A district court is afforded wide latitude in determining issues of relevancy,
and we will only reverse if there is a clear abuse of discretion. See EFCO 

. This evidence was not offered to prove character, but was relevant to
explain the sisters’ hostile attitude toward Suggs and helped show that they had
worked in concert to regain possession of their mother’s property, first from their
brother and then later from Suggs. It also helped establish malice, which was
necessary to overcome the sisters’ affirmative defense of qualified privilege and to
obtain punitive damages. See 

(conditional privilege of
providing information to police is lost if motivated by malice rather than the public
interest); Flynn v. McIlroy Bank & Trust, 

, 116 (Ark. 1985) (award
of punitive damages in a private figure defamation case requires proof of ill will,
malice, or bad intent). The district court did not abuse its discretion by finding the
relevance of the evidence outweighed any prejudicial effect and admitting it.

                                         III.

      After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in its evidentiary rulings and that there was sufficient
evidence under the requirements of Arkansas law to support the jury findings that

                                         -14-
Gilbert’s sisters had defamed his companion. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment
of the district court and dismiss the cross appeal as moot.6

GRITZNER, District Judge, dissenting.

      The essential elements of a cause of action for defamation in Arkansas have
been outlined as follows:

      An action for defamation turns on whether the communication or
      publication tends or is reasonably calculated to cause harm to another’s
      reputation.
      ....
             In order to establish a claim of defamation, a party must prove the
      following elements: (1) The defamatory nature of the statement of fact;
      (2) that statement’s identification of or reference to the plaintiff;
      (3) publication of the statement by the defendant; (4) the defendant’s
      fault in the publication; (5) the statement’s falsity; and (6) damages.

Little Rock Newspapers, Inc. v. Fitzhugh, 

, 918 (1997) (citations
omitted). Because I believe the majority opinion essentially eliminates the sixth
element, I must respectfully dissent.

       “A plaintiff must prove that the defamatory statement(s) have been
communicated to others and that the statements have detrimentally affected those
relations. The law does not require proof of actual out of pocket expenses.” Ellis v.
Price, 

, 546-47 (Ark. 1999). “A plaintiff must establish actual
damage to his reputation, but the showing of harm is slight.” 

Ins.
Co. of Am. v. Murphy, 

, 756 (Ark. 1998)).


      6
        Suggs argues in her cross appeal that if appellants succeed with their appeal,
her claim for intentional infliction of distress should be reinstated because she pled
such a claim and the district court abused its discretion by not allowing her to amend
it.

                                        -15-
      The majority relies upon Hogue v. Ameron Inc., 

, 374 (Ark.
1985), for the principle that a plaintiff’s testimony that her reputation has been injured
can be sufficient evidence of harm, and upon Little Rock Newspapers, 

, for the concept that harm to a plaintiff’s reputation can be
demonstrated by evidence that others think less of the plaintiff because of the
defamatory statements. The Hogue court concluded that plaintiff had testified
regarding harm to his reputation, but the court did not describe the nature of that
evidence. 

. The Fitzhugh court later observed “[n]ot
withstanding the holding in Hogue, the question still remains as to what particular
type of proof is sufficient to sustain a jury’s verdict in favor of a plaintiff in a
defamation action.” 

(emphasis added).

       In 1998, Arkansas abandoned the per se damages rule in defamation cases.
United Ins. Co. of 

. The Arkansas Supreme Court
announced, “[f]rom the date of this opinion forward, we hold that a plaintiff in
a defamation case must prove reputational injury in order to recover damages.” 

Therefore, in cases in which a private plaintiff sues a private defendant and a
defamatory statement is shown, the damage element could no longer be
presumed.7 

actual damages in an Arkansas defamation action is helpfully
illustrated by the quality of evidence in Ellis v. Price. 

. In
Ellis, the plaintiff was three months pregnant when two women called her husband
and told him the baby was not his. 

Ellis brought a defamation suit
alleging damages of “injury to her reputation, personal humiliation, embarrassment,
weight loss, difficulty sleeping, and loss of appetite.” 

proceeded to trial,


      7
       The doctrine of presumed damages had already been abolished in defamation
cases where a private plaintiff sues a media defendant in Little Rock Newspapers, Inc.
v. Dodrill, 

(1983).

                                          -16-
where defendants’ motion for a directed verdict at the close of evidence was denied
and the jury awarded significant compensatory and punitive damages. 

Supreme Court upheld the Ellis verdict on appeal. 

The court emphasized that a showing of damages was required to recover in a
defamation case and, although slight, Ellis had suffered damages. 

The
court pointed to Ellis’ testimony at trial detailing the damage to her relationship with
her husband. 

Ellis testified that although her husband said he did not
believe the accusation, he treated her as if he believed it. 

that after
receiving the phone call, her husband: (1) was angry; (2) did not sleep in the same
room with her for two or three months; (3) doubted her and questioned her
whereabouts; (4) would only have brief and infrequent conversations with her; and
(5) would make efforts to avoid touching her when they passed each other. 

Ellis also testified she went to her parents’ home in Memphis because there was really
no reason to be in Little Rock since she and her husband did not have a relationship.

testified that he was disturbed by the allegation and questioned his
wife’s honesty. 

harm in Ellis, while limited to her relationship with her
spouse, was specific and based upon facts rather than fears, suspicions, or conclusions
by the plaintiff. The Ellis court follows Hogue in allowing the plaintiff’s own
testimony to be the source of the record evidence, 

, but also
requires that it demonstrate actual harm. 

is further developed by the recent case of Faulkner v. Arkansas
Children’s Hospital, wherein the Arkansas Supreme Court found the trial court
properly dismissed a defamation action because the plaintiff failed to plead facts
supporting actual damage to reputation. Faulkner v. Ark. Children’s Hosp., 

, 403 (Ark. 2002). The lengthy facts in Faulkner detail a story of untrue
retaliatory statements made about the plaintiff which contributed to her suspension
and eventual demotion. 

Faulkner was a nurse coordinator for a special
mobile unit at Arkansas Children’s Hospital (ACH). 

After two years at

                                          -17-
ACH, members of the hospital staff engaged in conduct aimed at removing Faulkner
from her position. 

included letters, phone calls, and meetings with
ACH administration, alleging Faulkner was unstable and blaming her for errors for
which she was not responsible. 

Ultimately, ACH determined Faulkner
was unstable and demoted her from the coordinator position. 

Faulkner
sued the hospital and the certain staff on various counts including defamation. 

s moved to dismiss the case under Arkansas Rule of Procedure
12(b)(6). 

found Faulkner did not prove the necessary elements of defamation
under Arkansas law and dismissal was proper. 

(“Faulkner has not pled
specific facts demonstrating that she has suffered actual damage to her reputation, but
has only pled a conclusion to that effect. That is not enough to withstand a Rule
12(b)(6) motion.”).

       In this case, Suggs did offer testimony that she believed the allegations had
damaged her reputation and that she suffered substantial distress as a result of the
conduct during this difficult time in her life. However, if the developing law in
Arkansas has meaning, a plaintiff’s own conclusions or fears about injury to reputa-
tion must be supported by evidence that those conclusions or fears have some basis
in fact. For example, “[p]roof of damage to reputation may include: (1) proof that
people believed the plaintiff to be guilty of the conduct asserted in the publication,
or (2) proof that people thought less of the plaintiff as a result of the publication’s
defamatory content.” Little Rock 

.

      It is axiomatic that no injury to reputation can result when the person receiving
the communication knows it is not true. The report of a burglary in progress at the
residence was, within minutes, determined by the police to be untrue. The various
communications to the Little Rock Police Department may not have been protected
by a qualified privilege under the circumstances of this case, but they were still made

                                         -18-
by concerned family members questioning the conclusion of suicide and inviting
further investigation by law enforcement. The record reflects this is commonly seen
by the police in cases of suicide. Police utilize such information in the process of
their investigation which by its essential nature withholds a determination of the
accuracy of the allegations pending confirmation. In fact, the Little Rock Police
Department concluded the death was a suicide and determined to close any further
investigation. Thus, the only persons to whom the defendants published the allega-
tions found them to be in all material respects, if not totally, false.

       The allegedly defamatory material is in the police files, only available pursuant
to a Freedom of Information request and then possible disclosure. The only requests
in the record came from attorneys for the plaintiff. There is no record of other
publication from the police files. Even assuming a Freedom of Information request
might allow for damaging publication, it has yet to occur.

      Officer Moore’s testimony that such a communication is taken seriously by the
police could harm a person’s reputation, and that he would not want such a letter
written about him or placed in a police file, does not alter the analysis. That such a
communication is annoying or could harm a person’s reputation does not prove the
element of damage. That police take an allegation seriously does not rise to
defamation in the face of the investigatory process with a contrary conclusion.

       Other than Officer Moore, the only witness who read the letter was Suggs’
friend Connie Tapp. Tapp only knew about the letter because Suggs showed it to her,
and she testified the letter did not affect her opinion of Suggs.

      Suggs worries she lost her job because of the letter, yet she offers no proof
anyone at Ryder ever saw the letter or knew of the accusations. In addition, she was
terminated in June 2001, which was eleven months after the letter was sent to
the LRPD.

                                         -19-
       Suggs testified her relationship with Mamie was noticeably affected the day
before Gilbert’s funeral. This was weeks before the allegedly defamatory letter was
sent. Furthermore, Suggs testified she had not seen Mamie for over a year and a half
prior to Gilbert’s death.

       Proof of a claim of defamation requires a showing of damages. Little Rock

. While the harm to reputation may be slight under
Arkansas law, 

, it must still meet that minimum. While a
plaintiff’s own testimony may be the source of the evidence, the substance of the
evidence must still demonstrate actual harm. 

the district court erred in
not sustaining the Motion for Judgment as A Matter of Law, and I would reverse.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                        -20-