United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-2324
                                   ___________


Keyse G. Jama,                          *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                * Appeal from the United States
                                        * District Court for the District
                                        * of Minnesota.
Immigration and Naturalization          *
Service,                                *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: February 12, 2003

                                 Filed: May 27, 2003
                                  ___________

Before BOWMAN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       More than three years after he entered the United States, Somalian refugee
Keyse Jama pleaded guilty to third degree assault in Minnesota state court. As a
result of this felony conviction, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)1


      1
       On March 1, 2003, after the parties argued this case but before this opinion
was filed, the INS ceased to exist as an independent agency within the United States
initiated removal proceedings against Mr. Jama as an alien who had been convicted
of "a crime involving moral turpitude." See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). Mr. Jama
conceded his removability, and the immigration judge rejected his applications for
humanitarian relief. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed the
immigration judge's decision. After the INS issued a warrant of removal to Mr. Jama,
see 8 C.F.R. § 241.32, he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus to prevent the
execution of his removal order, see 28 U.S.C. § 2241. In that petition, Mr. Jama
argued that under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2), the INS could not remove him to Somalia
without first establishing that Somalia would accept his return.

       The district court granted habeas relief in favor of Mr. Jama, and the INS
appeals that decision. We believe that the district court correctly concluded that it
had jurisdiction to consider Mr. Jama's habeas petition, but we reverse the district
court's order granting the writ.

                                           I.
       The INS seeks review of the district court's conclusion that it had jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to consider Mr. Jama's habeas petition. Relying on general
principles of procedural default and waiver, the INS first argues that Mr. Jama should
have challenged the INS's decision to remove him to Somalia by bringing a timely
petition for review in this court following the administrative proceedings that resulted
in his final order of removal to Somalia. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), (b)(1), (b)(2),
(b)(9); 28 U.S.C. §§ 2341-2349. But as both parties recognize, Congress has directed
that "no court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of removal against an



Department of Justice, and its functions were transferred to the newly formed
Department of Homeland Security. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L.
No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (Nov. 25, 2002); 79 Interpreter Releases 1777, 1777
(2002). For ease of reference and because of the status of the agency at the time this
case was submitted, this opinion will refer to the agency as the INS.

                                          -2-
alien who is removable by reason of having committed" a crime of moral turpitude.
See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(C), 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I).

      Although it is true that we retain "direct review" jurisdiction to determine
whether an alien's criminal conviction is indeed the type of offense that subjects him
to removal, as well as to consider substantial constitutional challenges to the
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), neither of these exceptions applies in
Mr. Jama's case. See, e.g., Vasquez-Velezmoro v. INS, 

, 695-96 (8th Cir.
2002). Mr. Jama has long since conceded that his criminal conviction renders him
removable. Mr. Jama does not, as the INS suggests, raise a substantial constitutional
challenge to the INA. Mr. Jama's challenge is one of statutory construction,
notwithstanding his fleeting (and we think unavailing) references to the procedural
and substantive due process implications of removing him to a country that has not
agreed to accept him.

       The INS also contends that the district court lacked jurisdiction over Mr. Jama's
habeas petition because it constitutes a challenge to the execution of a removal order
prohibited by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g). That statute provides in relevant part that "no court
shall have jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on behalf of any alien arising
from the decision or action by the Attorney General to ... execute removal orders."
8 U.S.C. § 1252(g). Mr. Jama, however, is not objecting to an unfavorable
discretionary decision or action to execute the removal order. Cf. Reno v. American-
Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 

, 482-85, 487 (1999). He challenges,
rather, the Attorney General's construction of a statute; specifically, the Attorney
General's legal conclusion that 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(E)(iv) authorizes the INS to
remove Mr. Jama to Somalia without first establishing that Somalia will accept his
return. Our role here (and the role of the district court below) is not to second-guess
the Attorney General's exercise of his discretion; it is to address a purely legal
question of statutory construction.          Cf. Demore v. Kim, No. 01-1491,

, at *5 (U.S. April 29, 2003). We believe, therefore, that

                                          -3-
Mr. Jama's question is simply outside the scope of the jurisdiction-stripping provision
of § 1252(g).

       We note, moreover, that permitting Mr. Jama to proceed with his habeas
petition is entirely consistent with the principles set forth in INS v. St. Cyr, 

, 314 (2001), Calcano-Martinez v. INS, 

, 351 (2001), and Demore,

, at *5. Although those cases did not address § 1252(g), we
believe that they are pertinent to the jurisdictional issue at hand. Absent a "clear,
unambiguous, and express statement of congressional intent" to the contrary, we have
no reason to assume that Congress intended to preclude the district court's habeas
review of a pure question of law such as the one presented by Mr. Jama. See St. 

, 314. We note further that construing § 1252(g) to eliminate
"review of a pure question of law by any court would give rise to substantial
constitutional questions." See 

305; U.S. Const. Art. I, § 9, cl. 2.

                                           II.
       The INS also asserts that the district court misconstrued 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)
when it concluded that that statute requires the INS to establish that Somalia will
accept Mr. Jama's return prior to removing him to that country. We agree. Before we
turn to the merits of the INS's argument, we review briefly the statute at issue here.

       Section 1231(b)(2) sets forth a progressive, three-step process for determining
a removable alien's destination country. The statute first permits the alien to select
a country of removal, subject to certain limitations if the country designated is one
that is contiguous or adjacent to the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(A)-(B).
The Attorney General may disregard the alien's designation under four specified
circumstances; for example, if the designated country is unwilling to accept the alien.
8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(C), (b)(2)(C)(iii). In the second step, assuming the alien has
failed to select a country or cannot be removed to his designated country under step
one, the Attorney General is directed to "remove the alien to a country of which the

                                          -4-
alien is a subject, national, or citizen" unless the country is unwilling to accept the
alien or fails to indicate (upon an inquiry by the Attorney General) that it will accept
the alien. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(D).

       If the alien is not removed to a country where he is a subject, national, or
citizen, then the Attorney General must proceed to the third step of the process. That
step entails selecting a destination country from a list of statutory "[a]dditional
removal countries", as follows:

      (i)   The country from which the alien was admitted to the United
            States.
      (ii) The country in which is located the foreign port from which the
            alien left for the United States or for a foreign territory contiguous
            to the United States.
      (iii) A country in which the alien resided before the alien entered the
            country from which the alien entered the United States.
      (iv) The country in which the alien was born.
      (v) The country that had sovereignty over the alien's birthplace when
            the alien was born.
      (vi) The country in which the alien's birthplace is located when the
            alien is ordered removed.
      (vii) If impracticable, inadvisable, or impossible to remove the alien to
            each country described in a previous clause of this subparagraph,
            another country whose government will accept the alien into that
            country.

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(E)(i)-(vii). In this case, the parties agree that Mr. Jama's
removal destination must be determined at the third step of the process, and it is to
this step that we now turn.

     The INS seeks to remove Mr. Jama to Somalia because it is "[t]he country in
which [Mr. Jama] was born." 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(E)(iv). The parties disagree,
however, on whether the statute requires the INS to establish that Somalia will accept

                                          -5-
Mr. Jama's return prior to effecting his removal. This disagreement is significant; if
prior acceptance is required, the INS will be unable to return Mr. Jama to Somalia.
This is because Somalia lacks a functioning central government, rendering it
impossible for the INS to obtain Somalia's prior acceptance.

       Mr. Jama cites United States ex rel. Tom Man v. Murff, 

, 928
(2d Cir. 1959), and its unquestioning progeny for the proposition that the acceptance
requirement of clause (vii) applies to clauses (i) through (vi). We are not bound by
these decisions; indeed, we are not persuaded by them because they disregard the
plain language of the statute itself, which is the "starting point in any question of
statutory interpretation." United States v. Milk, 

, 766 (8th Cir. 2002).
Our careful review of the statute reveals that, as matter of simple statutory syntax and
geometry, the acceptance requirement is confined to clause (vii), and does not apply
to clauses (i) through (vi).

       This statute well illustrates the maxim "expressio unius est exclusio alterius,"
or "expression of the one is the exclusion of the other." Congress inserted an
acceptance requirement into steps one and two, and into the self-contained provisions
that appear in clause (vii) of step three. Congress did not insert an acceptance
requirement into the self-contained provisions that appear in clauses (i) through (vi).
"Courts are obligated to refrain from embellishing statutes by inserting language that
Congress has opted to omit." Root v. New Liberty Hosp. Dist., 

, 1070
(8th Cir. 2000). In other words, we believe that the "short answer" to Mr. Jama's
assertion (that the INS must obtain prior acceptance before returning him to the
country of his birth) is that "Congress did not write the statute that way." See United
States v. Naftilin, 

, 773 (1979). Whether it is politically wise, efficient,
or considerate of the United States to remove an alien without the prior acceptance
of the alien's destination country is, quite simply, a question that lies outside our
province.



                                          -6-
       Mr. Jama contends that this interpretation of step three nullifies the preceding
provisions of the statute. We disagree. We reject, for example, Mr. Jama's
suggestion that our plain reading of the statute, which permits the INS to return an
alien to his country of birth without prior acceptance, wholly eviscerates the need to
obtain a destination country's acceptance before returning its "subject, national or
citizen." See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(D), (2)(E)(iv). An alien is not always a subject,
national or citizen of the country in which he was born. We note, moreover, that
between countries, it is not uncommon behavior to attempt to accomplish a task by
asking politely first, and then to act anyway if the request is refused.

       We also reject Mr. Jama's suggestion that, in the absence of any material
difference between § 1231(b)(2) and its predecessor statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)
(1994), this court must presume that Congress meant to incorporate and adopt the (as
Mr. Jama sees it) "settled judicial construction" that reads the prior acceptance
requirement into all clauses of the statute. See, e.g., Cannon v. University of Chicago,

, 696-99 (1979). Whether or not this presumption applies only to
decisions by the United States Supreme Court or includes all judicial and
administrative constructions of the statute is immaterial. See Keene Corp v. United
States, 

, 212 (1993); Shapiro v. United States, 

, 16 (1947);
Lorillard v. Pons, 

, 580-81 (1978). Under either standard, there exists
no settled judicial construction of the provision in question. See United States v.
Powell, 

, 55 n.13 (1964); Compare Tom 

(prior
acceptance required), with In re Niesel, 10 I.&N. Dec. 57, 59, 

(BIA
1962) (no prior acceptance required).

       The dissenting opinion takes the view that Niesel addresses only the issue of
an initial inquiry into whether a country will accept an alien, and thus does not bear
on a country’s final agreement to accept an alien. Our reading of Niesel, however,
convinces us that no such distinction exists in that case or under the statute. Niesel
recognizes that certain portions of the statute (steps one and two, and clause (vii) of

                                          -7-
step three) require the INS’s “preliminary inquiry” as to whether a country is willing
to accept an alien prior to ordering the alien deported to that country, and that under
the remaining portions of the statute, no such preliminary inquiry is required. Niesel,
10 I.&N. at 59. It does not follow from this that there exists some sort of statutorily-
required “final inquiry” that applies to the deportation of every alien under every
portion of the statute.

      We note, moreover, that contrary to what the dissenting opinion suggests, the
BIA did not abandon Niesel’s holding in In re Linnas, 19 I.&N. Dec. 302, 

(BIA 1985). That case arose in New York, and the BIA, citing Tom Man,
noted that “the language of [the statute] expressly requires, or has been construed to
require, that the ‘government’ of a country selected under any of the three steps must
indicate it is willing to accept a deported alien into its ‘territory.’ ” Linnas, 19 I.&N.
at 307 (emphasis added).

       Finally, we note the dissenting opinion’s reluctance to apply the words of the
statute because to do so would not “accord with [the dissenting judge’s] sense of
liberty and justice.” But it was Learned Hand himself who noted that it would be
“most irksome to be ruled by a bevy of Platonic Guardians,” even if he knew “how
to choose them,” which, he said, he assuredly did not. Learned Hand, The Bill of
Rights, 73 (1958). Congress is free to fix the statute if it needs fixing, and Congress
knows how to do so if it wishes.

                                        III.
      Having reviewed Mr. Jama's remaining arguments, we conclude that they are
without merit. Accordingly, for the reasons stated, we reverse the district court's
order granting the writ, and remand the case to the district court for the entry of an
order denying Mr. Jama's habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.




                                           -8-
BYE, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

      I agree the district court and this court have jurisdiction to consider Mr. Jama's
habeas petition. I disagree, however, that 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2) allows our
government to remove Mr. Jama to Somalia before a functioning central government
has indicated it will accept him. Because I would affirm the district court's order
granting the writ, I respectfully dissent.

       For nearly a half century, the courts have held the United States cannot deport
an alien unless the receiving country advises us it is willing to accept the alien.
Rogers v. Lu, 

, 471 (D.C. Cir. 1958); United States ex rel. Lee Ming
Hon v. Shaughnessy, 

, 468 (S.D. N.Y. 1956).

       Forty-four years ago, Judge Learned Hand interpreted the statutory provisions
at issue here and concluded there were no circumstances under which the statute
allowed the United States to deport an alien unless the receiving country was "willing
to accept" him. United States ex rel. Tom Man v. Murff, 

, 928 (2d Cir.
1959) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a), the precursor to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)). Judge
Hand's interpretation of the statute subsequently became well-settled. See Chi Sheng
Liu v. Holton, 

, 743-44 (9th Cir. 1961); Chan Chuen v. Esperdy,

, 354 (2d Cir. 1960); Matter of Linnas, 19 I. & N. Dec. 302, 307, 

(BIA 1985) ("[A] country selected under any of the three steps [set forth
in § 1253(a)] must indicate it is willing to accept a deported alien into its 'territory'")
(emphasis added); see also Amanullah & Wahidullah v. Cobb, 

, 365-66
(1st Cir. 1988) (interpreting § 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2), a "parallel" provision to
§ 1231(b)(2) which applies to excludable rather than removable aliens, and holding
the statute requires a country to accept an alien prior to deportation).

      The long-standing policy and, until recently, practice of the INS have been
consistent with Judge Hand's interpretation. See 8 C.F.R. § 241.4(k)(1)(i) ("[T]he

                                           -9-
INS] shall conduct a custody review for an alien . . . where the alien's removal, while
proper, cannot be accomplished during the period because no country currently will
accept the alien."); INS Operating Instruction 243.1(c)(1) ("Except for a limited class
of aliens deported to contiguous territory, deportation cannot be effected until travel
documentation has been obtained" and further providing for travel documents to be
obtained from the country willing to accept an alien) (App. 103); see also
2 Immigration Law Serv. § 17.433 ("[D]eportation under Step Three is dependent
upon the country in question being willing to accept the deportee into its territory.").

       Each time Congress amended the INA or re-enacted the statutory provisions
which now appear at § 1231(b)(2) without making any material changes to the
precursor statute, it adopted the well-settled construction given the precursor by the
courts and the INS. See Bragdon v. Abbott, 

, 645 (1998) ("When
administrative and judicial interpretations have settled the meaning of an existing
statutory provision, repetition of the same language in a new statute indicates, as a
general matter, the intent to incorporate its administrative and judicial interpretations
as well"). The majority cites In re Niesel, 10 I. & N. Dec. 57, 59, 

(BIA 1962) for the proposition there was no settled judicial construction of the
disputed provisions. I disagree. "Niesel simply held that the government
appropriately disregarded a petitioner's designation and lawfully chose another
country without first inquiring whether that country would accept the petitioner.
Thus, Matter of Niesel addressed only the issue of an initial inquiry, not final
acceptance of the country to which a person would be returned." Ali v. Ashcroft,

, 403 (W.D. Wash. 2003) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in
original). Even if Niesel had held no final acceptance was required, the Board of
Immigration Appeals clearly abandoned that position in Linnas.

       We are not to interpret statutory text in a manner which leads to absurd results.
Rowley v. Yarnall, 

, 192 (8th Cir. 1994). The majority explains its
interpretation of the statute in part by noting "between countries, it is not uncommon

                                          -10-
behavior to attempt to accomplish a task by asking politely first, and then to act
anyway if the request is refused." Ante at 7. That is easier said than done. A
government not willing to accept an alien will simply refuse his admittance into its
country. Thousands of deportees from China, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Cuba and other
countries continue to be detained in the United States because those countries are
unwilling to accept them. See Donald M. Kerwin, Throwing Away the Key: Lifers
in INS Custody, 75 Interpreter Release 649, 650-52 (1998). Those deportees can
attest to the practical difficulty, if not impossibility, of acting anyway when a request
is refused.

       As a practical matter, then, the task of removing an alien to a country which has
not accepted him will only be accomplished and the majority's construction of the
statute will only be implicated when there is no functioning government to refuse the
alien's acceptance, currently the case in Somalia. The absurdity of such a
construction lies in the fact we require a functioning central government as an
"essential aspect" of a "country " to which an alien can be deported. Linnas,
19 I. & N. Dec. at 307, 

; see also Ademi v. INS, 

, 521
(7th Cir. 1994) (recognizing it is impossible to seek acceptance from a country which
has ceased to exist); Chan Chuen v. Esperdy, 

, 354 (2d Cir. 1960)
("[A]ny place possessing a government with authority to accept an alien deported
from the United States can qualify as a 'country' . . . to which a deportable alien may
be sent"); Rogers v. Cheng Fu Sheng, 

, 664-65 (D.C. Cir. 1960)
(suggesting a "country" with the meaning of the statute requires a functioning
government with undisputed control over a well-defined geographical area).

      "Learned Hand warned that, absent order, liberty becomes license, ultimately
leading to the denial of liberty. In a world of unbridled license, the strong do what
they will and the weak suffer what they must." Remarks of Attorney General John
Ashcroft, Eighth Circuit Judges Conference (Aug. 7, 2002). I fear if we "act anyway"
by deporting Mr. Jama to Somalia, we abuse our great strength at the expense of the

                                          -11-
weak. With this change in policy, we abandon a stateless person without a passport
or traveling documents in a war-torn country victimized by battling warlords, and
without a central government. By doing so, I fear we abandon order and risk the
doom of liberty.

      Because the government's recent disregard of a well-settled and accepted
construction of § 1231(b)(2) does not accord with my sense of liberty or justice, I
respectfully dissent.

      A true copy.

            Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                       -12-