United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 02-2335
                                  ___________

Mary Ottman,                             *
                                         *
              Plaintiff-Appellee,        *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
       v.                                * District Court for the
                                         * Western District of Missouri.
City of Independence, Missouri,          *
                                         *
              Defendant,                 *
                                         *
Bruce Hahl, in his official and          *
individual capacity; Rob Richardson, *
in his official and individual capacity, *
                                         *
              Defendants-Appellants.     *
                                    ___________

                            Submitted: December 10, 2002
                               Filed: September 3, 2003
                                ___________

Before BOWMAN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

      Mary Ottman (Ottman) was employed as a city planner with the City of
Independence, Missouri (City). Ottman filed a lawsuit against the City, Bruce Hahl
(Hahl) and Rob Richardson (Richardson) alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
(2000), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-
2000e-17 (2000) (Title VII), the Missouri Human Rights Act, Mo. Rev. Stat.
§§ 213.010-213.137 (2000) (MHRA), and the Age Discrimination in Employment
Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (2000). Defendants moved for summary
judgment. The district court denied Hahl and Richardson summary judgment based
on qualified immunity. Hahl and Richardson filed this interlocutory appeal,
contending the district court erred in denying them qualified immunity. We reverse.


I.    BACKGROUND
       As Director of the Community Development Department (Department) for the
City, Hahl hired personnel, recommended hiring salaries, and assigned work to
Department employees. In January 1996, Hahl hired Richardson as a city planner at
a starting salary of $34,200. Richardson had considerable planning experience,
including experience working on City planning projects. Hahl claims he told
Richardson that once Richardson completed his master’s degree, Richardson would
be eligible for a promotion to senior planner. Ottman contends Hahl assured
Richardson that, upon completion of his master’s degree, Richardson would be
promoted to senior planner.


        In May 1997, Hahl interviewed Ottman for a city planner position. Ottman had
a master’s degree in landscape architecture. During her interview, Hahl asked Ottman
if she objected to working on landscape architecture and design projects. Ottman told
Hahl she would not mind working on such projects, but she did not want them to
comprise her principal work. Hahl told Ottman a senior planning position would be
opening in the future, and Ottman could compete for the position along with another
person in the office. Hahl hired Ottman at a starting salary of $29,500.1




      1
          This salary was above the minimum rate of pay for the position.

                                          -2-
      Hahl also hired Jim Marwedel (Marwedel) as a city planner.2 Marwedel had
a master’s degree and considerable planning experience. Marwedel’s starting salary
was $33,996 ($2,833 per month). When Marwedel was hired, Ottman was earning
$34,200 annually ($2,850 per month).


       In May 1998, Richardson received his master’s degree in urban planning. In
August 1998, a senior planner position opened in the Department. Both Ottman and
Richardson applied for the position. The Director of Human Resources certified
Ottman and Richardson as eligible for the position. After interviewing Ottman and
Richardson, Hahl promoted Richardson.3 When Ottman was not promoted, she did
not file a formal complaint with either the Director of Human Resources or the City
Administrator. She did, however, complain to Hahl, her immediate supervisor.


      Within a few months of being employed in the Department, Ottman believed
Hahl was giving her inferior job assignments because of her gender. Ottman
repeatedly complained to Hahl about being displeased with her work assignments and
about not being assigned to professionally significant planning jobs. Because of her
landscape architecture background, some of Ottman’s assignments were expressly
requested by the mayor. It does not appear Ottman specifically complained to Hahl
she was being denied significant jobs because of her gender. However, Ottman once
complained to the City Manager about Hahl’s sexual discrimination relating to a
landscape screening project. Ottman could not recall when she made the complaint
or what happened thereafter.


      2
       The summary judgment record does not indicate when Marwedel was hired.
Based on Ottman’s and Hahl’s despositions, it appears Marwedel was hired sometime
in 1999.
      3
        In her appeal brief, Ottman argues Hahl refused to interview her for the senior
planning position. The summary judgment record shows Hahl did meet with her,
albeit briefly, to discuss the position.
                                          -3-
        Ottman also believed Hahl discriminated against her by excluding her from
weekly department meetings. Ottman does not recall complaining to Hahl about the
exclusion and does not know during what time period the exclusion occurred. In the
fall of 1998, Richardson attended a leadership training seminar which Ottman was not
allowed to attend. Janet Groucher, a female co-worker, attended weekly department
meetings and also attended the fall 1998 leadership training seminar.


       Ottman contends Hahl and Richardson sexually harassed her by creating a
hostile work environment. Ottman alleges Hahl treated female employees differently
than males, and his disparate treatment was reflected in his words and actions.
Ottman testified Hahl belittled her work and conversed with female employees in a
superior and condescending tone, which he did not use when talking with men.


      Ottman alleges Richardson made sexist remarks on a weekly, if not daily, basis.
Richardson did not have supervisory authority over Ottman and did not have
authority to recommend disciplinary action against Ottman. On at least three
occasions, Ottman complained to Hahl about Richardson’s hostile treatment. Ottman
claims Hahl failed to take seriously her complaints against Richardson. Hahl spoke
to Richardson about Ottman’s complaints. Ottman also claims Richardson continued
to harass her after Hahl met with Richardson, but Ottman never informed Hahl of
Richardson’s continuing harassment.


      Ottman testified Hahl told her not to complain of harassment or discrimination
to anyone but him. Although she orally complained to Hahl, Ottman never made a
written complaint alleging harassment or discrimination based on gender or age.
Ottman’s last oral complaint to Hahl was made in December 1999. Ottman resigned
in May 2000.



                                         -4-
       Ottman filed a fifteen-count suit against the City, Hahl, and Richardson,
alleging constitutional and statutory violations. Ottman alleged one count of
discrimination and sexual harassment under section 1983 against Hahl, in his
individual capacity, and one count of sexual harassment under section 1983 against
Richardson, in his individual capacity. The district court dismissed as time-barred
two counts, alleging discrimination in promotion under Title VII and the MHRA.
The district court denied the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the
remaining claims, including Hahl’s and Richardson’s defense of qualified immunity.
Hahl and Richardson appeal the denial of qualified immunity.


II.   DISCUSSION
      A.      Overview
      A defendant may immediately appeal a district court’s denial of qualified
immunity under the collateral order doctrine. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 

, 525-
30 (1985). We review de novo a denial of qualified immunity. Holloway v. Reeves,

, 1037 (8th Cir. 2002).


       Government officials who perform discretionary functions are entitled to
qualified immunity unless their alleged conduct violated clearly established federal
constitutional or statutory rights of which a reasonable person in their positions would
have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 

, 818 (1982). Recently, the Supreme
Court reiterated the law is clearly established if it gives the official “fair warning” his
conduct violated an individual’s rights when the officer acted. Hope v. Pelzer, 

, 739-40 (2002). Guided by this precedent, we must consider the threshold
question: “Taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the
facts alleged show the [defendants’] conduct violated a constitutional right?” Saucier
v. Katz, 

, 201 (2001). “If no constitutional right would have been
violated were the allegations established, there is no necessity for further inquiries
concerning qualified immunity. On the other hand, if a violation could be made out
                                           -5-
on a favorable view of the parties’ submissions, the next, sequential step is to ask
whether the right was clearly established.” 

dispositive inquiry in
determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a
reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” 

      B.     Defendant Hahl
             1.    Failure to Promote
       We turn first to Ottman’s claim that Hahl denied her equal protection based on
gender by failing to promote Ottman to the senior planning position. A government
official may be liable upon a showing of deprivation of a constitutional or federal
right. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To establish a section 1983 cause of action, Ottman must
establish she was deprived of a right “secured by the Constitution and laws” of the
United States, and (2) the deprivation was caused by a person or persons acting under
color of state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks, 

, 155
(1978). We have held intentional gender discrimination in public employment by
persons acting under color of state law violates the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment and is actionable under section 1983. Marshall v. Kirkland,

, 1298 (8th Cir. 1979).


      To succeed on her claim, Ottman must establish intentional gender
discrimination. Texas Dep’t. of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 

, 253-56
(1981). Where, as in this case, no direct evidence of gender discrimination exists, we
apply the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis to section 1983 employment
discrimination claims as a way to establish intentional discrimination. See
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

, 802-04 (1973); Mayer v. Nextel
W. Corp., 

, 806-07 (8th Cir. 2003) (ADEA); Floyd v. Mo. Dep't of Soc.
Servs., 

, 936 (8th Cir.1999) (section 1983 claim based on due process
and equal protection).
                                         -6-
        To establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination based on a failure to
promote, Ottman must demonstrate (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she
was qualified and applied for a promotion to an available position; (3) she was
rejected; and (4) a similarly situated employee, not part of the protected group, was
promoted instead. Ross v. Kansas City Power & Light Co., 

, 1046 (8th
Cir. 2002). If Ottman establishes a prima facie case of intentional gender
discrimination, the burden then shifts to Hahl “to articulate some legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” 

.
If Hahl satisfies this burden of production, then Ottman must show the proffered
reason is a pretext for intentional discrimination. 

; 

(citing 

). The burden of persuasion remains with
Ottman. 

. “The ultimate question in every employment
discrimination case involving a claim of disparate treatment is whether the plaintiff
was the victim of intentional discrimination.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods.,
Inc., 

, 153 (2000); see 

.


       Hahl does not dispute Ottman is a member of a protected class, who applied for
and was qualified for the senior planning position. Hahl argues Ottman fails to make
a prima facie case of gender discrimination because she cannot establish she was
similarly situated to Richardson, who was promoted to the senior planning position.
The job description for the senior planning position stated the minimum qualifications
were a bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in urban planning or related field and
four years professional planning experience. The job description also stated
certification by the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) was preferred.
The Director of Human Resources certified Ottman and Richardson as eligible for the
newly created position. Ottman and Richardson were both experienced city planners
with master’s degrees. For the purposes of establishing a prima facie case, we believe
Ottman has sufficiently shown she was similarly situated to Richardson.


                                         -7-
       Alternatively, Hahl contends (1) he has established a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for promoting Richardson, and (2) Ottman has failed to
establish proof of pretext. Hahl promoted Richardson to the senior planning position
because he did not believe Ottman met the minimum qualifications. When
Richardson applied for the senior planning position, he had a master’s degree in
urban planning, more than five years experience in urban planning, and was certified
by the AICP. Richardson had leadership experience as past president and vice
president of the Kansas City Metro Section of the American Planning Association
(APA), as well as public speaking and publishing experience on urban planning
issues. Five project plans on which Richardson had previously worked received state
or APA planning awards.


       When Ottman applied for the same position, she had a master’s degree in a
related area of landscape architecture, and between three and four years of
professional planning experience. Ottman did not have supervisory experience, was
not certified by the AICP, and had not spoken publicly to planners or published on
urban planning. None of Ottman’s planning projects had received state or APA
planning awards.


       Ottman admits Hahl did not promote her because Hahl determined she was not
qualified. However, Ottman claims this reason was a pretext for gender
discrimination, because the Director of Human Resources certified Ottman as
qualified for the position. Employers, not courts, are in the best position to determine
the most qualified applicant for a given position. “We refuse to sit as a super-
personnel department,” second-guessing employment decisions. 

. As Director, Hahl was entitled to exercise his independent judgment and select,
from the certified pool, the applicant he deemed most qualified. Hahl selected
Richardson because he had (1) a master’s degree in urban planning; (2) more
planning experience than Ottman; (3) AICP certification; (4) professional leadership,
speaking, and publishing experience; and (5) received distinguished state and APA
                                         -8-
awards for prior planning projects. Because Ottman has failed to offer any evidence
from which a reasonable jury could conclude Hahl’s stated reason for not promoting
her was a pretext for intentional discrimination, Ottman’s claim fails as a matter of
law, and Hahl is entitled to qualified immunity.


             2.     Disparate Pay
       Ottman alleges Hahl intentionally discriminated against her by paying Ottman
a lower starting salary than male planners, namely, Richardson and Marwedel.
Ottman claims the pay disparity violated her right to equal protection on the basis of
sex. Ottman does not allege the pay disparity violated her federal statutory rights
under the Equal Pay Act (EPA), which does not require proof of discriminatory
intent. See Varner v. Ill. State Univ., 

, 932 (7th Cir. 2000) (“Under the
Equal Pay Act, an employer is potentially subject to liability without a showing of
discriminatory intent.”); see also Berry v. Bd. of Supervisors of L.S.U., 

,
975 (5th Cir. 1983) (holding mere allegation that a female professor was paid less
than a male colleague for equal work stated a claim under the EPA).


      Because Ottman claims the pay disparity violated her right to equal protection,
Ottman must prove the pay disparity was motivated by a discriminatory animus. See
Pers. Adm’r of Mass. v. Feeney, 

, 274 (1979) (declaring “purposeful
[gender] discrimination is ‘the condition that offends the Constitution’”) (internal
quotation omitted); Washington v. Davis, 

, 238-39 (1976). We join the
Tenth and Eleventh Circuits in deciding that McDonnell Douglas and Burdine
provide the appropriate framework for evaluating an indirect evidence claim of
gender-based wage discrimination. See Sprague v. Thorn Americas, Inc., 

, 1362-63 (10th Cir. 1997); Meeks v. Computer Assocs. Int’l, 

,
1018-19 (11th Cir. 1994).



                                         -9-
       To establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination based on disparate pay,
Ottman must establish she occupied an employment position similar to that of higher-
paid males. Once a prima facie case is established, the defendant must articulate a
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the pay disparity. “This burden is
‘exceedingly light’; the defendant must merely proffer non-gender based reasons, not
prove them.” 

(citation omitted). “Once the defendant advances such a
justification, the plaintiff must show that the defendant, regardless of the proffered
reasons, intentionally discriminated against her.” 

. “[T]he
plaintiff must show that ‘a discriminatory reason more likely than not motivated [the
employer] to pay her less.’” 

(citation omitted).


       The record establishes Hahn hired Richardson as a planner in January 1996,
at a starting salary of $34,200. When Richardson applied for the city planner
position, he was working as a planner for HNTB at a salary of $32,800. When hired,
Richardson had more than four years of professional planning, project organization,
and project management experience, including experience he had gained working on
two City planning projects.


      Hahl hired Ottman as a planner in May 1997, at a starting salary of $29,500,
which was above the minimum rate of pay for the position. When hired, Ottman had
a master’s degree in landscape architecture and 37 months experience in urban
planning. The summary judgment facts do not reveal Ottman’s salary history at the
time she applied for the city planner position.4


     In 1999, Hahl hired Marwedel as a planner at a starting salary of $2,833 per
month ($33,996 annually), which was above the minimum salary for the position at


      4
      Ottman’s deposition reflects she was earning $25,000 at her previous
employment with the City of Lee’s Summit.
                                     -10-
that time. Marwedel had a master’s degree and considerable planning experience.
At the time Marwedel was hired, Ottman was earning $2,850 per month, or $17 more
per month than Marwedel.


       In analyzing the pay discrimination claim, the district court did not expressly
find Ottman had made a prima facie showing of disparate pay based on gender, nor
did the district court find purposeful discrimination. Instead, the district court found
the defendant had failed to provide sufficient information in the record to establish
a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the salary disparity, and denied summary
judgment.


       We conclude the court erred in analyzing the disparate pay claim as a statutory
claim under the EPA, and should have analyzed the constitutional claim under the
McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework. Using this framework and relying on the
summary judgment facts, we find Ottman established a prima facie case of disparate
pay based on gender with respect to Richardson. We also find Hahl established
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for paying Richardson a higher starting salary
based on Richardson’s planning experience and salary history. However, we find
Ottman failed to meet her burden of establishing Hahl’s asserted reasons for the pay
disparity were a pretext for intentional discrimination.


       Moreover, Ottman failed to establish a prima facie case of disparate pay based
on Marwedel’s starting salary. Ottman was hired in May 1997. The record does not
show Marwedel’s hiring date, although it appears he may have been hired in July
1999, more than two years after Ottman. Unlike Richardson, who was hired at a
higher salary seventeen months before Ottman, the fact that Marwedel’s starting
salary was approximately $4,000 greater than Ottman’s starting salary does not raise
an inference of discrimination, at least not without knowing whether the City
increased the minimum salary for the city planner position over the more than two-
                                         -11-
year period between hirings. Because Ottman’s gender discrimination claim based
on disparate pay fails as a matter of law, Hahl is entitled to qualified immunity.


             3.     Hostile Work Environment
       Ottman further claims Hahl sexually harassed her by creating a hostile
environment. “Intentional sexual harassment by persons acting under color of state
law violates” the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and supports
a section 1983 action. See Moring v. Ark. Dep’t of Corr., 

, 455 (8th Cir.
2001). To establish a cause of action for hostile work environment sexual
harassment, Ottman must prove (1) she “belongs to a protected group,” (2) she was
sexually harassed; (3) the conduct was based on Ottman’s gender, (4) the conduct was
unwelcome, and (5) “the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege” of
Ottman’s employment. 

v. Nestle USA Co., 

, 964 (8th
Cir. 1999)).


        “Harassment affects a term, condition, or privilege of employment if it is
‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment
and create an abusive working environment.’” Howard v. Burns Bros., Inc., 

, 840 (8th Cir. 1998) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 

, 21
(1993)). Relevant factors for determining whether conduct rises to the level of
abusiveness include “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity;
whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and
whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” 

. The Supreme Court has “made it clear” that “conduct must be
extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of employment.” Faragher
v. City of Boca Raton, 

, 788 (1998). See Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore
Servs., Inc., 

, 81-82 (1998) (explaining only “conduct which a reasonable
person in the plaintiff’s position would find severely hostile or abusive” is actionable
under Title VII).
                                         -12-
       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Ottman, the district court
found Hahl had belittled the work of Ottman and other females, but had not belittled
the work of male employees; had belittled women’s abilities; had cut off Ottman’s
conversation with a city employee; had spoken condescendingly to Ottman, as if she
were a child; had, on two separate occasions, made the comment, “It’s just like a
woman” referring to two women, not Ottman, who had disagreed with him; and had
occasionally referred to women as “girls.” Another female worker testified Hahl had
declared “we need more men” and sometimes told female workers to “be quiet, men
are talking.” Based on these findings, the district court ruled that a genuine issue of
fact exists whether Ottman’s work environment was objectively hostile, and denied
summary judgment.


       Heeding Faragher and Oncale, as we must, we conclude the district court erred
in finding a triable issue for the jury. Viewed objectively, Ottman’s allegations and
summary judgment proof do not raise a fact issue that Hahl’s conduct clearly violated
Ottman’s federally protected rights to equal protection. Ottman failed to establish
Hahl’s alleged harassment was so severe or pervasive as to alter a term, condition or
privilege of Ottman’s employment. Duncan v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 934
(8th Cir. 2002) (manager’s posting of derogatory poster combined with boorish
behavior was not “so severe and extreme that a reasonable person would find that the
terms or conditions of [] employment had been altered.”); 

(nine incidents of unpleasant conduct and offensive comments, considered “either
individually or collectively,” were not “severe or pervasive enough so as to alter a
term, condition, or privilege of [] employment.”). Hahl’s remarks, while certainly
patronizing and unprofessional, cannot be characterized as “extreme” and did not
constitute “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe
or pervasive to alter the conditions of [Ottman’s] employment and create an abusive
working environment.” See 

(quoting 

).



                                          -13-
       Ottman also claims Hahl, her immediate supervisor, failed to adequately
address Ottman’s complaints of co-worker sexual harassment in the workplace. On
at least three occasions, Ottman complained to Hahl about Richardson’s hostile
remarks and hostile attitude toward women. Ottman did not take her complaints to
another City official, because Hahl told Ottman and another female employee to
report incidents of perceived harassment or discrimination only to Hahl. Ottman
believed Hahl did not take seriously her complaints about Richardson’s conduct.
Based on these findings, the district court denied summary judgment.


       In section 1983 actions, supervisory liability is limited. Boyd v. Knox, 

, 968 (8th Cir. 1995). A supervisor cannot be held liable for an employee’s
unconstitutional actions based on a theory of respondeat superior. 

v. Holmes, 

, 280 (8th Cir. 1994)). Rather, a supervisor incurs liability for
a violation of a federally protected right when the supervisor is personally involved
in the violation or when the supervisor’s corrective inaction constitutes deliberate
indifference toward the violation. Choate v. Lockhart, 

, 1376 (8th Cir.
1993). “The supervisor must know about the conduct and facilitate it, approve it,
condone it, or turn a blind eye for fear of what [he or she] might see.” Ripson v.
Alles, 

, 809 (8th Cir. 1994) (quoting Jones v. City of Chicago, 

, 992 (7th Cir. 1988)).


      We conclude the summary judgment record does not establish a genuine issue
of material fact whether Hahl was deliberately indifferent to Ottman’s federally
protected rights. The undisputed facts establish that, after Ottman complained to
Hahl of Richardson’s sexual harassment, Hahl met with Richardson to discuss
Ottman’s complaints and later revisited the issue in Richardson’s performance
evaluations. The fact is also undisputed that, after Hahl met with Richardson
concerning Ottman’s complaint, Ottman never told Hahl that Richardson continued
to harass her. Even if Hahl’s actions ultimately proved “ineffectual” in curbing

                                         -14-
Richardson’s harassing conduct, Hahl’s actions do not demonstrate deliberate
indifference. Therefore, Hahl is entitled to qualified immunity.


      C.      Defendant Richardson
        Finally, we turn to Ottman’s claim that Richardson violated her right to equal
protection by creating a hostile work environment. Richardson told Ottman women
do not belong in the workplace and women should be “barefoot and pregnant.”
Moreover, Richardson remarked to Ottman, he would never let a woman drive him
in a car. Richardson also told Ottman the reason he left his former employer was
because a woman was promoted ahead of him. Ottman alleged Richardson made
sexist remarks on a weekly, if not daily, basis.


       To establish liability against Richardson in his individual capacity, Ottman
must establish Richardson acted “under color of state law,” and Richardson deprived
Ottman of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or federal law.
See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Roe v. Humke, 

, 1215 (8th Cir. 1997). “[A]
defendant in a § 1983 suit acts under color of state law when he abuses the position
given to him by the State.” 

A clear nexus must exist between
the defendant’s official conduct and the violation of the plaintiff’s rights. See S.J. v.
Kansas City Mo. Pub. Sch. Dist., 

, 1028 (8th Cir. 2002) (absent “some
nexus” between teacher’s governmental role and violation of student’s rights, section
1983 claim against the individual teacher must fail).


       “Mere employment by a state or municipality does not automatically mean that
a defendant’s actions are taken under the color of state law.” Kern v. City of
Rochester, 

, 43 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Polk County v. Dodson, 

, 319-20 (1981)). The Tenth Circuit has rejected the contention that co-worker
harassment was done under color of law “when the harassment did not involve use
of state authority or position.” Woodward v. City of Worland, 

, 1400
                                       -15-
(10th Cir. 1992) (citing cases). “ The dispositive issue is whether the defendant acted
pursuant to power he or she possessed by state authority.” Edwards v. Wallace Cmty.
Coll., 

, 1523 (11th Cir. 1995).


       When the alleged harassment does not involve the use of either state authority
or position, courts have declined to find co-workers liable under section 1983. Id.;

(defendant law enforcement officers were not liable
under section 1983 for sexually harassing dispatchers employed by a separate
employer); Hughes v. Halifax County Sch. Bd., 

, 186-87 (4th Cir. 1988)
(co-workers were not acting with state authority when they taunted plaintiff and
performed a mock hanging of plaintiff); Murphy v. Chicago Transit Auth., 638 F.
Supp. 464, 468 (N.D. Ill. 1986) (staff attorneys who sexually harassed fellow staff
attorney were not liable pursuant to section 1983). Here, the summary judgment facts
clearly establish Richardson was a co-worker with no supervisory control or authority
over Ottman. Because Richardson was a private actor, he is not liable pursuant to
section 1983. See 

; 

-01.


III.   CONCLUSION
      We reverse the denial of qualified immunity for Hahl, dismiss the section 1983
claim against Richardson, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.


       A true copy.


             Attest:


                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                         -16-