United States Court of Appeals
                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                 No. 03-1296
                                 ___________

Claude M. Schoch,                    *
                                     *
            Appellee,                *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * District of Nebraska.
InfoUSA, Inc.; American Business     *
Information Marketing, Inc.,         *
                                     *
            Appellants.              *
                                ___________

                           Submitted: June 19, 2003

                                Filed: September 3, 2003
                                 ___________

Before BOWMAN, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

       InfoUSA, Inc. and American Business Information Marketing, Inc.
(collectively infoUSA) appeal from the district court’s1 order confirming an
arbitration award in favor of Claude M. Schoch (Schoch) and entry of judgment in
Schoch’s favor. InfoUSA argues the award should be vacated because (1) the



      1
       The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska.
arbitrator exceeded his contractual authority, and (2) the award is completely
irrational and evidences a manifest disregard for the law. We affirm.

I.      BACKGROUND
        In September 1996, infoUSA bought Schoch’s business for $20,000,000 in
cash and stock and entered into a three-year employment agreement with Schoch for
an annual salary of $225,000. InfoUSA also granted Schoch the option to purchase
360,000 shares of infoUSA stock (180,000 shares before intervening 2-for-1 stock
split). The options vested over a four-year period (90,000 shares annually in August
of 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000) and could “be exercised for up to three months after
termination of employment or consulting relationship.” The employment agreement
ended on September 9, 1999, and the parties did not renew the agreement. At the
time the employment agreement ended, the options to purchase 270,000 shares had
vested, while the option for the remaining 90,000 shares would not vest until August
2000. Even though the employment agreement had ended, Schoch did some work for
infoUSA in October, November, and December 1999, but did not get paid for this
work. During this time, Schoch apparently attempted to get infoUSA to extend his
agreement so he could work until the remaining 90,000 shares vested, but infoUSA
refused. In mid-December 1999, infoUSA’s stock price rose significantly, and the
market price exceeded the exercise price of Schoch’s options. On December 17,
1999, Schoch tried to exercise his options to purchase 360,000 shares. InfoUSA
refused his tender offer, claiming Schoch’s employment agreement ended on
September 9, 1999, which meant his three-month exercise period had ended on
December 9, 1999.

       In March 2000, Schoch sued infoUSA for breach of contract, reformation, and
unjust enrichment. In February 2001, Schoch and infoUSA agreed to arbitrate the
dispute and the district court granted a stay pending arbitration. The parties hired a
retired state court trial judge to arbitrate the dispute. After holding three days of
hearings and reviewing post-hearing briefs, the arbitrator issued a nine-page opinion

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containing his findings and conclusions. The arbitrator decided Schoch continued in
an employment relationship until December 17, 1999, such that the options for
270,000 shares had not expired.2 The arbitrator then decided Schoch’s damages for
not being allowed to exercise his options amounted to $1,632,000.

       Schoch moved the district court to confirm the arbitration award, while
infoUSA moved to vacate the award. InfoUSA maintained that a heightened standard
of review applied because the arbitration agreement contained the following
language: “The Arbitrator shall issue an award consisting of findings of fact and
conclusions of law. . . . The Arbitrator’s decision and award shall be valid and
binding, judgment may be entered on such award, and such award shall be final as
to the Parties, as long as the Arbitrator has not exceeded his or her authority (i.e.,
the award would be limited to disputes arising out of the [Complaint] . . . , and
resolved in accordance with applicable law).” (emphasis added). Even if a
heightened standard of review does not apply, infoUSA argued the arbitrator’s award
should be vacated because he exceeded his contractual authority and the award is
completely irrational and evidences a manifest disregard for the law. Refusing to
apply a heightened standard of review, the district court granted Schoch’s motion to
confirm the award and entered judgment for Schoch in the amount of $1,632,000.

II.   DISCUSSION
      A.     Standard of Review
      In reviewing the district court’s order confirming the arbitrator’s award, we
accept the court’s factual findings unless clearly erroneous, but decide questions of
law de novo. Boise Cascade Corp. v. Paper Allied-Indus., Chem. & Energy Workers,

, 1080 (8th Cir. 2002). However, the underlying award itself is entitled


      2
      The arbitrator also determined Schoch was not entitled to compensation for
work performed from September through December 1999, and the option for the
remaining 90,000 shares did not vest.

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to “an extraordinary level of deference.” 

We are simply “not
authorized to reconsider the merits of an arbitral award, ‘even though the parties may
allege that the award rests on errors of fact or on misinterpretation of the contract.’”

We will confirm the arbitrator’s award “even if we are
convinced that the arbitrator committed serious error, so ‘long as the arbitrator is even
arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of his
authority.’” 

       Although an arbitrator has broad authority, the arbitrator is not wholly free
from judicial review. 

award can be vacated for the reasons
provided in the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). See 9 U.S.C. § 10(a) (reasons include
corruption, fraud, undue means, evident partiality, misconduct, or ultra vires acts).
Relevant to this case, a district court may vacate an arbitrator’s award when the
arbitrator exceeds his powers. 

In addition to the statutory reasons for
vacating arbitration awards, our court has recognized two “extremely narrow”
judicially created standards for vacating an arbitration award. Hoffman v. Cargill,
Inc., 

, 461 (8th Cir. 2001). First, an arbitrator’s award can be vacated
if it is “completely irrational,” meaning “it fails to draw its essence from the
agreement.” Boise 

. “An arbitrator’s award draws its
essence from the [parties’ agreement] as long as it is derived from the agreement,
viewed in light of its language, its context, and any other indicia of the parties’
intention.” 

Controls, Inc., Sys. & Servs. Div. v. United Ass’n
of Journeymen, 

, 825 (7th Cir. 1994)). The second judicially created
standard for vacating an arbitration award is when the award “evidence[s] a manifest
disregard for the law.” 

An arbitrator’s award “manifests
disregard for the law where the arbitrators clearly identify the applicable, governing
law and then proceed to ignore it.” 

       In addition to the narrow FAA and judicially created standards for vacating
arbitration awards, infoUSA asks us to recognize the right of parties to contract for

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a heightened standard of review of an arbitrator’s award. Indeed, infoUSA claims it
and Schoch contracted for a heightened standard of review, requiring the district
court, and our court, to review the arbitrator’s award de novo.

       We recognize the circuit courts are split on whether parties to arbitration
agreements can expand the scope of judicial review of arbitration awards. Compare
Bowen v. Amoco Pipeline Co., 

, 937 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding “parties
may not contract for expanded judicial review of arbitration awards”), and Chicago
Typographical Union v. Chicago Sun-Times, Inc., 

, 1505 (7th Cir.
1991) (noting parties cannot contract for judicial review of arbitration awards because
“federal jurisdiction cannot be created by contract,” but recognizing parties “can
contract for an appellate arbitration panel to review the arbitrator’s award”), with
Roadway Package Sys., Inc. v. Kayser, 

, 293 (3d Cir. 2001) (“We now
join with the great weight of authority and hold that parties may opt out of the FAA’s
off-the-rack vacatur standards and fashion their own.”), LaPine Tech. Corp. v.
Kyocera Corp., 

, 888 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding courts must honor
arbitration agreements that indisputably contract for heightened judicial scrutiny of
an arbitrator’s award), and Gateway Tech., Inc. v. MCI Telecomm. Corp., 

, 997 (5th Cir. 1995) (parties can contract for heightened de novo review of
arbitration awards).

       Our court has specifically reserved resolving this issue until the circumstances
require it. In UHC Management Co. v. Computer Science Corp., 

, 997
(8th Cir. 1998), this court made known that contracting for a heightened standard of
review is not “yet a foregone conclusion.” Expressing grave skepticism, we also
made the following statement: “It is not clear, however, that parties have any say in
how a federal court will review an arbitration award when Congress has ordained a
specific, self-limiting procedure for how such a review is to occur [under the FAA].
. . . Congress did not authorize de novo review of such an award on its merits; it
commanded that when the exceptions do not apply, a federal court has no choice but

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to confirm.”3 

noted that, if parties could contract for heightened
judicial review, “the parties’ intent to do so must be clearly and unmistakably
expressed.” 

       UHC Management was decided in July 1998. InfoUSA and Schoch entered
into their binding arbitration agreement on June 8, 2001. These sophisticated parties
had fair warning they needed appropriate language to create heightened judicial
review. If infoUSA and Schoch intended to contract for heightened judicial scrutiny,
as infoUSA claims they did, one would imagine they would express such an intent
using crystal-clear language. They did not. Because the parties did not “clearly and
unmistakably” express an intent to have the district court review de novo the
arbitrator’s award, we will not read such an intent into their agreement. The district
court correctly reviewed the arbitrator’s award under the narrow FAA and judicially
created standards. We will now proceed to do the same.



       3
        While we do not expressly adopt the Tenth Circuit’s persuasive reasoning in
Bowen, we again express skepticism as to whether parties can contract for heightened
judicial review of arbitration awards, which would seemingly amend the FAA, crown
arbitrators mini-district courts, force federal trial courts to sit as appellate courts, and
completely transform the nature of arbitration and judicial review. See 

(“Arbitration is not a perfect system of justice, nor is it designed to be.
‘[W]here arbitration is contemplated the courts are not equipped to provide the same
judicial review given to structured judgments defined by procedural rules and legal
principles. Parties should be aware that they get what they bargain for and that
arbitration is far different from adjudication.’ Arbitration is designed primarily to
avoid the complex, time-consuming and costly alternative of litigation.”) (citations
omitted); Eljer Mfg., Inc. v. Kowin Dev. Corp., 

, 1254 (7th Cir. 1994)
(“Arbitration does not provide a system of ‘junior varsity trial courts’ offering the
losing party complete and rigorous de novo review. It is a private system of justice
offering benefits of reduced delay and expense. A restrictive standard of review is
necessary to preserve these benefits and to prevent arbitration from becoming a
‘preliminary step to judicial resolution.’”) (citations omitted).

                                            -6-
      B.     No Reason to Vacate Arbitrator’s Award
      Under the narrow FAA and judicially created vacatur standards enunciated
above (as opposed to a rigorous de novo review), we agree with the district court that
we have no reason to vacate the arbitrator’s award in this case. The arbitrator did not
exceed his contractual authority, his award was not completely irrational, and he did
not evidence a manifest disregard for the law.

       The arbitrator reasonably complied with his contractual authority in issuing his
award. He conducted a three-day hearing and reviewed the parties’ written briefs
before he issued his nine-page award. In his award, the arbitrator recognized and
analyzed the appropriate issues to be resolved, as required by the arbitration
agreement. He complied with the agreement by issuing factual findings and legal
conclusions. After concluding the term “employment or consulting relationship” was
broader than simply being an employee, the arbitrator then discussed how Schoch had
continued performing work for infoUSA, at infoUSA’s request, after the employment
agreement ended. Based on this finding, the arbitrator decided Schoch was in an
employment relationship until December 17, 1999. In determining Schoch’s damages
for infoUSA’s failure to allow Schoch to exercise his options, the arbitrator stated
valid legal principles. After hearing live testimony, reviewing the evidence, and
studying the parties’ briefs, the arbitrator concluded Schoch would not have sold all
270,000 shares at a profit, but found no evidence Schoch would not have sold any
shares at all. The arbitrator judged the credibility of witnesses, including experts, in
deciding Schoch would have sold all of the shares, but at different prices over a
period of time. The arbitrator then determined, with the “requisite reasonable
certainty,” Schoch’s damages were $1,632,000.

       Although infoUSA may disagree with the arbitrator’s factual and legal
conclusions, the arbitrator did not exceed his contractual authority. Because the
arbitrator attempted to comply with the parties’ agreement, the award was not
completely irrational, as it drew its essence from the agreement.

                                          -7-
       Finally, the award does not evidence a manifest disregard for the law. The
arbitrator interpreted the contractual phrase “employment or consulting relationship”
to be broader than being an employee under an employment agreement. After noting
Schoch continued to work for infoUSA after the employment agreement ended, the
arbitrator determined Schoch was in an employment relationship. The arbitrator
specifically stated he determined damages with the “requisite reasonable certainty.”
Even if the arbitrator made legal errors, he did not completely ignore the law.

       Although we may disagree with the arbitrator’s factual findings or legal
analysis, our limited review does not authorize us to substitute our judgment for that
of an arbitrator hired by the parties. In UHC Management, we explained:

      We may not set an award aside simply because we might have
      interpreted the agreement differently or because the arbitrators erred in
      interpreting the law or in determining the facts. Although this result
      may seem draconian, the rules of law limiting judicial review and the
      judicial process in the arbitration context are well established and the
      parties here, both sophisticated in the realms of business and law, can be
      presumed to have been well versed in the consequences of their decision
      to resolve their disputes in this manner.

Container Co. v. Delphi Indus., Inc., 

, 751 (8th Cir.
1986)).

       InfoUSA complains it did not receive the benefit of its bargain. We disagree.
InfoUSA did not bargain for the benefits and protections of our state or federal
judicial systems. Instead, infoUSA chose to resolve its dispute quickly and efficiently
through arbitration. InfoUSA got exactly what it bargained for.




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III. CONCLUSION
     Because we conclude the district court properly confirmed the arbitration
award, we affirm.

       A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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