United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 03-1128
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the
                                       * District of Nebraska.
Charles B. Brown,                      *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                  ___________

                         Submitted: June 11, 2003

                              Filed: October 6, 2003
                                   ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, HEANEY, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

       Charles Brown (Brown) was charged with possession with intent to distribute
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1) (2000). Brown moved to
suppress cocaine found in a search of his vehicle during a traffic stop. After the
district court1 denied Brown’s motion, Brown entered a conditional guilty plea,

      1
       The Honorable Laurie Smith Camp, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska, adopting the report and recommendation, as modified, of the
Honorable Thomas D. Thalken, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of
Nebraska.
reserving the right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion. Brown now
exercises that right. We affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       While observing traffic on Interstate 80, Sergeant Leroy Jones (Sergeant Jones)
of the Nebraska State Patrol clocked a speeding green van with no front license plate.
As the van passed, Sergeant Jones believed it had a rear California license plate.
Sergeant Jones pursued the van, and noticed the rear license plate was from Indiana,
a state requiring only a rear license plate. Sergeant Jones also observed a National
Car Rental license plate holder and sticker. A license plate check came back as “not
on file in Indiana.” Sergeant Jones initiated a traffic stop, and the van pulled over to
the shoulder. When Sergeant Jones approached the van’s passenger side to contact
the driver, Sergeant Jones saw a man reclining in the front passenger seat. When
asked for his license and rental agreement, Brown handed Sergeant Jones a
Minnesota driver’s license and an Indiana registration in the name of Candace Wilson
(Wilson). Sergeant Jones asked Brown to accompany him to the patrol car, and
Brown complied. Sergeant Jones informed Brown the license plate was not on file
in Indiana. When Sergeant Jones asked Brown who owned the vehicle, Brown gave
conflicting accounts. Brown also gave conflicting accounts of his trip. Sergeant
Jones informed Brown the detention had become an investigatory stop.

      Sergeant Jones also approached the passenger, who identified himself as Larry
Walden, Sr. (Walden). Walden’s account of the trip differed from Brown’s. Faced
with conflicting stories, Sergeant Jones called for backup and had dispatch run Triple
I background checks on Brown and Walden. After Trooper Naber arrived, Sergeant
Jones received the Triple I results, which showed prior drug offenses for Brown and
Walden.

      Sergeant Jones gave Brown a warning for speeding and returned Brown’s
license and papers. Sergeant Jones then asked Brown for consent to search the van.

                                          -2-
Brown verbally consented and signed a “Permission for Search” form. Sergeant
Jones and Trooper Naber searched the van for about a half hour. Brown complained
to Trooper Naber about the duration of the search, but never withdrew his permission
for the search. After Sergeant Jones and Trooper Naber detected a false ceiling,
Sergeant Jones requested a drug detection dog. The dog alerted immediately to the
false ceiling. Once the officers gained access to the compartment above the false
ceiling, they found fifty-three pounds of cocaine.

       The government charged Brown with possession with intent to distribute
cocaine. Brown moved to suppress the cocaine recovered during the search. The
district court denied Brown’s motion to suppress, finding (1) the detention was
lawful, (2) Brown consented to the search, and (3) Brown never withdrew his
permission to search. Brown entered a conditional guilty plea, and now appeals,
claiming his detention was unconstitutional, the search was performed without his
voluntary consent, and the search exceeded the scope of his consent.

II.   DISCUSSION
      We review the district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its factual
findings for clear error. United States v. Tirado, 

, 439 (8th Cir. 2002).
We review the district court’s finding of consent to search for clear error. 

Stop and Detention
      An officer who observes a traffic violation, even a minor one, has probable
cause to initiate a traffic stop. United States v. Linkous, 

, 719 (8th Cir.
2002). Once the officer makes the traffic stop, the officer may lawfully check the
driver’s license and registration, ask the driver about his destination and purpose, and
request that the driver sit inside the patrol car. United States v. Bloomfield, 

, 915 (8th Cir. 1994) (en banc). The officer may also ask the passenger similar
questions to verify the information the driver provided. 

.



                                          -3-
       Sergeant Jones stopped Brown because he was speeding and the van’s license
plate was not on file in Indiana. When Sergeant Jones asked Brown for his license
and rental agreement, Brown gave Sergeant Jones a Minnesota driver’s license and
an Indiana vehicle registration in Wilson’s name. Sergeant Jones then requested
Brown step over to the patrol car, where Sergeant Jones asked about Brown’s trip and
the van’s owner. Brown gave inconsistent accounts of his trip and who owned the
van. Sergeant Jones then asked Walden about the trip. Walden gave an entirely
different story. Sergeant Jones had probable cause to initiate the stop, and his routine
questioning of Brown and Walden was well within constitutional bounds.

       In addition to having the authority to ask routine questions, Sergeant Jones had
reasonable suspicion to expand the scope of the traffic stop further to detain and
question Brown and Walden. See 

(stating “[a]n officer’s suspicion of
criminal activity may reasonably grow over the course of a traffic stop as the
circumstances unfold and more suspicious facts are uncovered.”); United States v.
Barahona, 

, 416 (8th Cir. 1993) (declaring, “if the responses of the
detainee and the circumstances give rise to suspicions unrelated to the traffic offense,
an officer may broaden his inquiry and satisfy those suspicions.”). As the district
court recognized, Brown’s conflicting accounts of his trip and who owned the van
authorized Sergeant Jones to ask Walden about the trip. Walden’s differing story
reasonably permitted Sergeant Jones to expand the scope of the stop and request
background checks, which disclosed prior drug offenses for both Brown and Walden.
None of these evolving actions constituted an unlawful detention.

      B.    Search of Van
            1.    Initial Consent
     After Sergeant Jones received the results of the background checks, returned
Brown’s license and other papers, and issued a warning citation, Sergeant Jones asked
Brown for permission to search the van. Brown verbally consented and signed a
“Permission for Search” form. Brown claims he did not voluntarily consent to the

                                          -4-
search of the van because Sergeant Jones engaged in a belittling interrogation and
presented the “Permission for Search” form without informing Brown he could refuse
to consent.

      The Constitution guarantees the “right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.”
U.S. Const. amend. IV; see United States v. Ameling, 

, 447 (8th Cir.
2003), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. Aug. 29, 2003) (No. 03-6198) (Fourth
Amendment applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment). “A consensual
search does not violate the Fourth Amendment if the consent was voluntarily given
without coercion.” United States v. White, 

, 459 (8th Cir. 1994). In
deciding whether a district court’s consent determination was clearly erroneous, we
must consider the following factors:

      personal characteristics of the defendant, such as age, education,
      intelligence, sobriety, and experience with the law; and features of the
      context in which the consent was given, such as the length of detention
      or questioning, the substance of any discussion between the defendant
      and police preceding the consent, whether the defendant was free to
      leave or was subject to restraint, and whether the defendant’s
      contemporaneous reaction to the search was consistent with consent.

United States v. Jones, 

, 696 (8th Cir. 2001).

       The district court found Brown was an adult, “appeared sober and answered
questions appropriately yet in a somewhat rambling manner,” “was not threatened or
pressured, and promises of leniency were not made,” and Sergeant “Jones’ tone was
not unacceptably ‘accusatory, aggressive, and interrupting.’” We note Brown served
5 1/2 years in the United States Air Force and holds a bachelor of science degree in
engineering. Brown’s assertion that he was subjected to a belittling interrogation
belies our holding that Sergeant Jones’s questioning was authorized and the district


                                        -5-
court’s finding that Sergeant “Jones’ tone was not unacceptably ‘accusatory,
aggressive, and interrupting.’” The district court’s finding that Brown voluntarily
consented to the search was not clearly erroneous.

       We also reject Brown’s argument that Sergeant Jones’s failure to inform Brown
of his right to refuse to consent rendered his consent involuntary. See United States
v. Drayton, 

, 206 (2002) (acknowledging the “[Supreme] Court has
rejected in specific terms the suggestion that police officers must always inform
citizens of their right to refuse when seeking permission to conduct a warrantless
consent search”); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 

, 234 (1973) (holding
“knowledge of a right to refuse is not a prerequisite of a voluntary consent”). The
proper focus for valid consent is whether the consent was voluntary, which is a fact
question based on all the circumstances. Ohio v. Robinette, 

, 40 (1996)
(citation omitted). The district court’s finding of consent was not clearly erroneous,
especially given the “Permission for Search” form specifically informed Brown of his
“right to refuse to permit this search.”2

            2.    Scope of Consent/Probable Cause
      Brown argues Sergeant Jones exceeded the scope of consent to search the van
when Sergeant Jones dismantled the van’s ceiling. The scope of a consensual search
is measured by what “the typical reasonable person [would] have understood by the
exchange between the officer and the suspect.” Florida v. Jimeno, 

, 251
(1991). “The scope of a search is generally defined by its expressed object,” but a


      2
        Brown signed the “Nebraska State Patrol Permission For Search” form, which
states: “I, Charles Booker T Brown, do hereby voluntarily authorize L Jones 205, of
the Nebraska State Patrol with such assistance as he/she deems proper, to search 1998
Ford Van IN Plates 95V9439 presently located at MM 282 I-80 EB. I am giving this
written permission freely and voluntarily, without any threats or promises having
been made to me, and understanding that I have the right to refuse to permit this
search.”
                                         -6-
person may limit the scope of a consensual search. 

The Fourth
Amendment is not violated when “it is objectively reasonable for the officer to
believe that the scope of the suspect’s consent permitted him to open a particular
container within the automobile.” 

       In addition to consensual searches, an officer may make a warrantless search
of a vehicle based on probable cause. 

; cf. United States v.
Booker, 

, 1006 (8th Cir. 1999) (noting a warrantless search of a vehicle
after consent has been withdrawn does not violate the Fourth Amendment if officers
have probable cause). An officer has probable cause to search a vehicle “when, given
the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person could believe there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found in a particular
place.” 

(citation omitted).

       The signed “Permission for Search” form shows Brown consented to a search
of the van without any limitations. Based on Brown’s verbal and written consent,
Sergeant Jones and Trooper Naber initiated a deliberate search of the van. Their
search discovered a false ceiling. Although Sergeant Jones had probable cause at this
point to search the contents of the false ceiling, see, e.g., United States v. Mercado,

, 1230 (10th Cir. 2002) (holding officer’s discovery of false ceiling,
coupled with suspicious activity, gave probable cause to search); United States v.
Martel-Martines, 

, 858 (8th Cir. 1993) (finding probable cause for
warrantless search of concealed compartment after detainee’s evasive and
inconsistent responses to routine questions, even if consent limited or withdrawn), he
chose not to conduct an exhaustive search of the false ceiling. Instead, Sergeant
Jones requested a drug detection dog. When the dog alerted to the false ceiling, there
was a good probability the van contained drugs, which authorized a complete search
of the false ceiling. See 

(holding probable cause allows
warrantless search once dog alerts to drugs in car). Once the officers discovered the



                                          -7-
false ceiling and the drug dog alerted to the false ceiling, any quarrel regarding
consent and its scope was irrelevant.

       Finally, Brown contends his complaints about the duration of the search
showed he did not consent to the scope of the search. An expression of impatience
does not establish an intent to revoke consent. United States v. Ross, 

,
846 (8th Cir. 2001).3 The district court determined Brown did not withdraw his
consent, and we conclude that factual finding was not clearly erroneous.
Furthermore, the discovery of the false ceiling precluded Brown from withdrawing
his consent as Sergeant Jones had probable cause to search, see 

, or reasonable suspicion to detain Brown until the drug detection dog
arrived, see 

(80-minute detention to wait for drug dog not
unreasonable). Once the dog alerted to the false ceiling, Sergeant Jones had probable
cause to search the secret compartment, notwithstanding Brown’s complaints.

III. CONCLUSION
     For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Brown’s
motion to suppress.
                     ______________________________




       3
       This recalls the maxim attributed to Phaedrus: Everyone ought to bear
patiently the results of his own conduct.
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