United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 03-1845
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * District of South Dakota.
Toby Bolzer,                             *
                                         *
      Defendant - Appellant.             *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: December 16, 2003

                                   Filed: May 20, 2004
                                    ___________

Before WOLLMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

       Toby Bolzer was convicted of second-degree murder and use of a firearm
during the commission of a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1111, 1153
and 924(c). He was sentenced to 168 months imprisonment on the murder count, 120
months consecutively on the firearm count, three years supervised release, restitution
of $4,326.44 and special assessments of $200. He argues on appeal that the district
court erred in: 1) denying his motion for acquittal based on the alleged failure of the
government to meet its burden with respect to all elements of second-degree murder;
2) giving an erroneous jury instruction on malice aforethought; 3) failing to grant a
mistrial based on prosecutorial misconduct; 4) refusing to allow extrinsic proof of a
prior inconsistent statement by a government witness; and 5) giving an erroneous jury
instruction regarding his allegedly false exculpatory statements. We affirm.

                                          I.

       At the time of her death, Santana Standing Bear lived in a house on the Pine
Ridge Indian Reservation with Holly Quinn, Quinn's four year-old daughter, Tyra,
and the defendant, Toby Bolzer. Quinn and Santana, both female, were in a romantic
relationship and had begun living together sometime in 2000. Bolzer moved in
during the fall of 2001. He knew Quinn from when they worked together for the
Oglala Sioux Tribal Police and had romantic feelings toward her. Quinn told Bolzer
that she was not interested in a romantic relationship with him, but nonetheless
allowed him to live in her home because Bolzer was unemployed and had previously
helped her.

      The government presented evidence that the relationship between Santana and
Bolzer was friendly at first but quickly deteriorated. Quinn testified that Bolzer and
Santana were jealous people and that problems developed between the two once
Bolzer learned the romantic nature of Santana's relationship with Quinn. She said
Bolzer and Santana rarely spoke to each other and often complained about one
another to Quinn. On February 16, 2002, Quinn told Bolzer that "if he couldn't
handle the situation with [Quinn and Santana] being together, then he could leave."
According to Quinn, Bolzer responded by yelling, "I hate her, I hate her." Neither he
nor Santana left the household.

       Several witnesses provided testimony about Santana's mental and emotional
problems. There was testimony that Santana had been the victim of an attempted
rape, had been emotionally and physically abused by her mother, had suffered sexual
abuse by her relatives, and had threatened or attempted to harm herself or commit



                                         -2-
suicide on several occasions. She spent a significant amount of time in treatment
centers attempting to deal with these problems.

        Santana's death occurred on the night of February 20, 2002. With the exception
of the few moments immediately preceding her death, the events of that night are
undisputed. The four members of the household spent the early evening hours
watching a movie with Quinn's eight year-old niece, Clara Poor Bear. When the
movie ended, Bolzer offered to drive Clara home. Santana and Quinn began to argue
while he was gone, and Quinn called Santana a "psycho." This comment caused
Santana to become very upset. She took Quinn's gun, which Quinn possessed in
connection with her employment by the Oglala Sioux Tribal Police, and refused to
relinquish it. Quinn continued arguing with Santana and told her at one point, "This
is it. This is fucking it," which Quinn later explained meant that she considered their
relationship to be over. Santana eventually moved from the kitchen, where the
argument had started, to her bedroom. She kept the gun with her.

       Bolzer returned when the two women were still in the kitchen arguing and
entered the house as Santana was walking toward her bedroom. Bolzer took Tyra into
the kitchen and attempted to comfort her while Quinn followed Santana to her
bedroom. Quinn heard Santana on the phone with a friend and took a step into the
bedroom. Santana pointed the weapon at Quinn and told her, "Don't come any
closer." Quinn backed out of the room and watched as Santana turned the gun and
pointed it at her own chest. Quinn returned to the kitchen for ten seconds, then
walked back to Santana's bedroom. Santana was still holding the weapon to her chest
and was trying to call her mother.

      Quinn returned to the kitchen again. She helped Bolzer get Tyra ready so that
Bolzer could take Tyra out of the house. After Bolzer and Tyra left the house, Quinn
put on her bullet-proof police vest and returned a third time to Santana's bedroom.
She heard Santana on the phone to Carla Jean Standing Bear ("C.J."), saying, "C.J.,

                                         -3-
I don't know what to do. I am going to kill myself." Quinn panicked, left the police
vest in her bedroom, and ran out of the house to Bolzer's truck, where Bolzer and
Tyra were sitting. Quinn told Bolzer, "She's going to do it, she's going to do it." She
then asked Bolzer, "Shall I go in, or are you going to go in?" He responded, "I will."

        As Bolzer proceeded toward the house, Quinn told him her vest was in her
bedroom and that he should also use her mace. After Bolzer entered the house, Quinn
sat in the pickup for one or two minutes and then drove off with Tyra to her cousin's
home. Quinn hoped to bring her cousin back to Quinn's house because she thought
her cousin could calm Santana down.

        The events of the next few moments are disputed. Bolzer testified that he
entered the house, found Quinn's mace, and put on Quinn's police vest. He said that
Santana's door was locked when he reached it but that he could hear her crying and
talking on the phone. He sprayed mace under the door, then went to the kitchen to
find a knife that he could use to pry the door open. He found a knife, opened the
door, took a step into the room and told her, "Give me the gun; give me the gun." He
testified that he approached her and sprayed mace at her, and she turned away. He
testified that he took another step and reached down for the gun when a shot was
fired–either accidentally or because Santana intentionally pulled the trigger–into
Santana's chest.

       The government presented evidence that the shooting was neither accidental
nor a suicide. The government's primary evidence was Bolzer's own confession,
which he made to FBI agents on March 7, 2002, approximately two weeks after
Santana's death. FBI Special Agent Joe Weir testified that he and two other agents
had Bolzer reenact the events surrounding Santana's death, and that the reenactment
led to Bolzer admitting to "grabbing the gun, pulling it back, raising it up, and then
pulling the trigger one round" into Santana's chest. Weir testified that Bolzer
admitted he shot Santana because the events of the night presented an opportunity to

                                         -4-
"get her out of the way." Weir also testified that Bolzer acknowledged having lied
to law enforcement by portraying the incident as a suicide.

       The government also relied on testimony from Carla Standing Bear, who said
that she was on the telephone with Santana when Bolzer entered the bedroom on the
night of the shooting. Carla Standing Bear testified that she heard Bolzer say,
"Santana, you bitch." She testified that Santana told her Toby had a gun and that she
needed help.

                                           II.

       Bolzer challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for
second-degree murder. He argues that even if the jury concluded he shot Santana, the
evidence surrounding the shooting–particularly the evidence of Santana's emotional
instability–is uncontradicted and shows the existence of extenuating circumstances.
These extenuating circumstances, he argues, negate any finding of malice
aforethought, which is a necessary element of second-degree murder. Instead, he
asserts that the facts support only a finding of voluntary manslaughter. The district
court denied his motion for judgment of acquittal both at the end of the government's
case and at the close of the trial.

      "We review the denial of a motion for acquittal by viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, giving the government the benefit of all
reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence." United States v. Davis, 

, 667 (8th Cir. 1996).1 We will uphold the conviction against a challenge to

      1
        Bolzer also argues that Davis is applicable for its proposition that "[w]here the
government's evidence is equally strong to infer innocence as to infer guilt, the
verdict must be one of not guilty and the court has a duty to direct an 

. Bolzer acknowledges that subsequent cases, including United States v.
Butler, 

, 1004 (8th Cir. 2001), have suggested that Davis conflicts with
United States v. Baker, 

, 338 (8th Cir. 1996) ("If the evidence rationally
                                           -5-
the sufficiency of the evidence unless "a reasonable fact-finder must have entertained
a reasonable doubt about the government's proof of one of the offense's essential
elements." United States v. Teitloff, 

, 393 (8th Cir. 1995).

       Bolzer rests his argument on DeMarrias v. United States, 

(8th
Cir. 1972), in which the appellant appealed his conviction for second-degree murder
on the ground that there was insufficient evidence of malice aforethought. The
appellant in DeMarrias had admitted in conversations with third-parties to having
killed the victim but made no further comment about his subjective motivation at the
time of the homicide. 

The three statements he made were: 1) "Keep still
or I will hit you, too" (made to another occupant of the home where the incident
occurred); 2) "I hope Jerry isn't dead. If he is, I have to go back to Sandstone,
Minnesota, prison"; and 3) "I killed my brother. I killed my brother." 

argued that evidence of collateral circumstances tended to prove malice,
including evidence that the victim had been found lying in a bed and that the
appellant had assaulted two other persons during the night of the homicide and had
threatened a third. We held that neither the appellant's statements nor this collateral
evidence supported an inference of malice because the government failed to establish
the time of the homicide and therefore failed to connect the circumstantial evidence
to the time of the homicide. 

the conviction aside and remanded with
instructions to resentence the appellant on a voluntary manslaughter charge. 

supports two conflicting hypotheses, the reviewing court will not disturb the
conviction."), but argues that we should follow Davis. We believe that Davis and
Baker are reconcilable. See United States v. Flores, 

, 1035 n.1 (8th Cir.
2004) (observing that Davis referred only to the government's evidence, while Baker
referred to all the evidence, including that presented by the defense). In any event,
we are not persuaded that the government's evidence in this case is equally strong to
infer innocence as to infer guilt.
                                          -6-
       Unlike the evidence in DeMarrias, Bolzer's confession and the government's
other evidence provides sufficient insight into his state of mind at the time of the
shooting to permit the jury to infer that he acted with malice aforethought. In
particular, Agent Weir testified that Bolzer admitted to having built up frustrations
with Santana and to seeing the events of the night of February 20 as an opportunity
to "get her out of the way." Moreover, the jury heard Carla Standing Bear testify that
she heard Bolzer call Santana a "bitch" immediately before the shooting, and that
Santana said Bolzer had a gun and pleaded for help. A reasonable juror, relying on
this evidence alone, could reasonably have concluded that Bolzer intended at the time
of the killing "willfully to take the a life of a human being or . . . willfully to act in
callous and wanton disregard of the consequence of human life." United States v.
Johnson, 

, 334 (8th Cir. 1989).

       The evidence of Santana's emotional problems on the night of the shooting
does not convince us otherwise. It is certainly possible that her problems affected
Bolzer to such an extent that he did not act with malice aforethought, but reaching
this conclusion would require us to give him the benefit of all reasonable inferences
that may be drawn from the evidence. This we clearly cannot do. See 

. Instead, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government, it is reasonable to infer from the evidence that Bolzer saw her instability
as an opportunity to get rid of her and therefore possessed the necessary malice
aforethought. The jury apparently concluded as much, and we will not disturb their
verdict.

                                           III.

       Contrary to Bolzer's assertion, we also conclude that the district court did not
commit plain error in its jury instruction on malice aforethought. Bolzer did not
object below to the malice instruction, nor did he request a voluntary manslaughter
instruction, but now argues that the instruction erroneously informed the jury that it

                                           -7-
needed only to find that Bolzer acted intentionally in order to find that he acted with
malice. The district court's instruction on malice aforethought followed almost
verbatim the language of a malice instruction that we described as "proper" in

, and therefore is not plainly erroneous.

                                         IV.

       Bolzer next argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying his
motion for a mistrial based on alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The government's
opening statement twice suggested that Bolzer had destroyed evidence immediately
after the shooting. The government made several other suggestions during the trial
that evidence was destroyed, including the presentation of testimony that Bolzer had
attended a law enforcement training course where lessons were given on how easy it
is to destroy evidence. Bolzer contends that no affirmative evidence was ever
presented that he had actually destroyed any evidence at the scene, and therefore the
opening statement and other allusions to the destruction of evidence constituted
misconduct.

      We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Bolzer's motion for a mistrial. See United States v. Warfield, 

, 1028 (8th
Cir. 1996) (applying abuse of discretion review).2 The reference to destruction of


      2
        The government appears to argue that our review should be for plain error
because Bolzer failed to object at the time the alleged misconduct occurred. We are
unpersuaded. Bolzer could not possibly have known upon hearing the government's
opening statement, or upon hearing the early parts of the government's case, that the
government would ultimately fail to substantiate its claims. Because Bolzer moved
for mistrial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct at the end of the government's
case, the district court had an adequate opportunity to consider his motion, and we
will review the denial of that motion for abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Novak, 

, 109-10 (10th Cir. 1990) (defendant's motion for mistrial at the
end of the government's case was sufficient to preserve claim of prosecutorial
                                          -8-
evidence in the government's opening statement was a permissible inference that
could be drawn from the evidence the government ultimately produced in the case.
See United States v. Wilkinson, 

, 1435 (2d Cir. 1985) (affirming
district court's denial of new trial motion based on prosecutorial misconduct where
the statements objected to "did not go beyond inferences that might normally be
drawn from the evidence"); see also United States v. Perry, 

, 1081 (8th
Cir. 1991) (holding that prosecutor's opening statement was not improper where it
referred to a witness who ultimately did not testify and thereby forced the jury to draw
an inference from circumstantial evidence). It is undisputed, for example, that after
the shot was fired Bolzer moved the gun from Santana's bedroom to the kitchen and
unloaded it. Nonetheless, his fingerprints were not found on the gun. In light of his
subsequent confession, the government certainly could argue the inference that he
wiped down the weapon in an effort to conceal his guilt. Likewise, the government
presented testimony that the gun was "[w]ithin a couple inches" from Santana's chest
at the time of the shooting, and that the bullet hit most of her vital organs, including
the heart, lung, stomach, and diaphragm. Nonetheless, there was no evidence of
"blowback"–described by a government witness as fragments of the victim's skin or
blood that may end up on a firearm–found on the gun. Again, a permissible inference
is that Bolzer destroyed evidence of blowback by wiping down the gun. Bolzer's
counsel was free to–and did–argue the weakness of such an inference. See 

(observing that the defendant was free to cross-examine witnesses and
put on his own evidence to show the weakness of the inferences urged by the
prosecutor).
                                           V.

      Bolzer next argues that the district court erred under Rule 613(b) of the Federal
Rules of Evidence in excluding evidence of an alleged prior inconsistent statement
by FBI Agent Weir. Weir testified on direct examination that he transferred from the
FBI office in Pierre, South Dakota, to the office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota,

misconduct for appeal).
                                          -9-
because his "wife is from Des Moines originally and she wanted to be closer to
shopping." Bolzer contends that the true reason for Weir's transfer was because of
his problematic relationship with a federal judge there, which culminated with Weir
using profanity to describe the judge during a conversation with a court employee.
On cross-examination, Weir admitted that there had been an inquiry into his conduct
but denied having used profanity. Bolzer later attempted to have the court employee,
Kathy Hammond, testify for the purpose of impeaching Weir, but the district court
refused to allow it under either Rule 608 or Rule 613(b). Bolzer was allowed to
present Hammond's testimony in an offer of proof outside the presence of the jury and
now appeals the district court's exclusion of this evidence. He limits his appeal to
admissibility under Rule 613(b).

        We review the district court's evidentiary rulings under Rule 613(b) for an
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Roulette, 

, 423 (8th Cir. 1996).3
Under Rule 613(b), "[a] party may introduce extrinsic evidence of a witness's prior
inconsistent statements if the witness is given a chance to explain the inconsistency,
the opposing party is afforded an opportunity to question the witness about the
inconsistency, and the inconsistent statements are material to the substantive issues
at trial." United States v. Miller, 

, 1163 (8th Cir. 1996).

       The government attempts to justify the exclusion of Hammond's impeachment
testimony by citing several cases dealing with the exclusion of evidence under Rule
608(b). That rule, in relevant part, states: "Specific instances of the conduct of a
witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness' character for
truthfulness. . . may not be proved by extrinsic evidence." Fed. R. Evid. 608(b). The

      3
       Bolzer cites a Fifth Circuit case, United States v. Davis, 

, 244
(5th Cir. 1981), for the proposition that our review is less deferential when the Sixth
Amendment is implicated. We do not read Davis as having any relevance to the
standard of review; instead, Davis merely recognizes that the Federal Rules of
Evidence do not limit a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process.

reliance on this rule is misplaced. Rule 608 and Rule 613 are
independent bases for the admission of evidence and are governed by different
principles. Rule 608(b) applies when a party attempts to introduce evidence of prior
conduct of a witness that standing alone tends to attack or support the witness's
general character for truthfulness. See, e.g., United States v. James, 

, 46
(2d Cir. 1979) ("[Rule 608(b)] was intended to regulate only the use of specific
instances of conduct to prove that the witness is a 'bad person' or is a generally
untruthful person who should not be believed."). In this sense, Bolzer clearly could
not introduce the court employee's testimony for the purpose of establishing that Weir
is generally a dishonest person or that he has a character for untruthfulness. By
contrast, Rule 613(b) addresses situations where a witness makes two irreconcilable
statements, one at trial and one previously. See United States v. Winchenbach, 

, 558 (1st Cir. 1999) ("In short, comparison and contradiction are the
hallmarks of Rule 613(b)."). A party may introduce evidence of the prior inconsistent
statement under this rule for the purpose of calling the witness's credibility into
question, see id.; however, the subject of the prior inconsistent statement must be
material. 

; 

.

       The materiality requirement gives rise to Bolzer's own apparent confusion
about the difference between Rule 608 and Rule 613(b). Bolzer insists that his appeal
is based on Rule 613(b); however, when pressed to explain the materiality of the
court employee's testimony, he argues that it is material because it would call Weir's
credibility into question by refuting Weir's claim of always acting courteously and
professionally. This appears to us as an attack on Weir's general character, which is
the focus of Rule 608. Moreover, even if Weir's credibility could constitute a
material issue for purposes of Rule 613(b), the Rule 613(b) test is nonetheless not
satisfied in this instance because Weir's credibility was not the subject of the prior
inconsistent statement. The relevant issue under Rule 613(b) is not whether there is
some material issue that would be affected in some way by the admission of the prior
inconsistent testimony, but rather whether the precise subject of the prior inconsistent

                                         -11-
testimony is material. See 

("A prior inconsistent statement
contains collateral matter and is therefore inadmissible if the facts referred to in the
statement could not be shown in evidence for any purpose independent of the
contradiction."). Weir's alleged comment about the federal judge to the court
employee in Pierre, however ill-advised and inappropriate, had no substantive
connection whatsoever to Bolzer's second-degree murder trial. Thus, any tendency
of that prior statement to call Weir's credibility into question is irrelevant for Rule
613(b) purposes.

       For these reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to
admit the impeachment testimony proffered by Bolzer. See United States v. Grooms,

, 428-29 (8th Cir. 1992) (district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding evidence that abuse victims' mother told a friend she believed the victims'
father had coached their testimony where the substance of the statement was not
material).

                                          VI.

       Bolzer's final argument is that the district court abused its discretion by giving
an improper jury instruction regarding Bolzer's consciousness of guilt. See United
States v. Lalley, 

, 755 (reviewing jury instructions for abuse of
discretion). The district court instructed:

      When a defendant voluntarily and intentionally offers an explanation or
      makes some statement tending to show his innocence, and this
      explanation or statement is later shown . . . to be false, the jury may
      consider whether the circumstantial evidence points to a consciousness
      of guilt. Ordinarily, it is reasonable to infer that an innocent person does
      not usually find it necessary to invent or fabricate an explanation or
      statement tending to establish his innocence.



                                          -12-
      Whether or not evidence as to defendant's voluntary explanation or
      statement points to a consciousness of guilt and the significance to be
      attached to any such evidence, are matters exclusively within the
      province of the jury.

Bolzer argues that the instruction failed to make clear that it applied only to his
pretrial statements; thus, it allowed the jury to use his trial testimony when evaluating
consciousness of guilt. He further argues that the instruction implied that his pretrial
statements were false when truth or falsity was an issue the jury was required to
decide before using the statements as evidence of consciousness of guilt.

       We conclude that any error in the district court's failure to distinguish between
pretrial statements and trial testimony is harmless. See United States v. Wright, 

, 1128 (8th Cir. 2001) (reversal is warranted for improper jury instructions
only where "the error affected the defendant's substantial rights"). We share Bolzer's
concern with the district court's failure to clarify that the instruction applied only to
his pretrial statements. See United States v. Clark, 

, 1251 (8th Cir.
1995) ("The false exculpatory statement instruction is aimed at pretrial fabrications,
on the theory that the innocent do not fabricate to avoid being accused of crime. That
theory does not apply to a defendant's trial testimony.") (internal citation omitted).
Nonetheless, Bolzer admits that the statement of innocence he made to an investigator
on the night of Santana's death–which was one of the voluntary and intentional
pretrial statements referred to in the jury instruction–was "an almost exact version of
events which Bolzer eventually testified to at trial." Thus, the jury could not have
found Bolzer's trial testimony to be false without also concluding that this pretrial
statement was false. If the jury actually did, as Bolzer fears, use the disbelieved trial
testimony as evidence of consciousness of guilt, then surely it used or would have
used the disbelieved pretrial statement for the same purpose.

      Similarly, even if one part of the jury instruction implied that Bolzer's
statements were false, the district court did not abuse its discretion in giving that

                                          -13-
instruction. Immediately after giving the instruction to which Bolzer complains, the
court instructed: "If you find that Santana Standing Bear intentionally took her own
life, or that either Santana Standing Bear or Toby Bolzer accidentally caused the gun
to discharge, then you must find the defendant not guilty on both counts of the
indictment." This instruction informed the jury that it needed to determine the
veracity of Bolzer's claim that the gun went off accidentally or by Santana's own
actions. Furthermore, the court later stated: "Nothing I have said or done is intended
to suggest what your verdict should be. That is entirely for you to decide." Again,
this instruction illustrated to the jury that it must reach a verdict on its own and that
any suggestions of guilt or innocence contained in the instructions were inadvertent.
See, e.g., United States v. Lalley, 

(8th Cir. 2001) (holding that district
court did not abuse its discretion in giving jury instructions that, "taken together. . .
fairly and adequately conveyed the issues to the jury").

                                          VII.

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm Bolzer's convictions.
                      ______________________________




                                          -14-