United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-2662
                                   ___________

Larry Armstrong; Coleen Armstrong,  *
                                    *
                   Appellants,      *
                                    * Appeal from the United States
      v.                            * District Court for the
                                    * District of North Dakota.
United States of America,           *
                                    *
                    Appellee.       *
                               ___________

                             Submitted: March 8, 2004

                                  Filed: May 3, 2004
                                   ___________

Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

HEANEY, Circuit Judge.

      In 1995, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued Larry D. and Coleen
Armstrong a Notice of Deficiency for underpayment of taxes in 1989 and 1991. In
1999, the Armstrongs satisfied this debt with a payment of $156,142, the amount that
remained due at that time. In 2001, they filed an amended tax return, seeking a
refund of $149,871 plus interest for the 1989 calendar year, contending that the IRS’s
assessment of tax underpayment was erroneous. When the IRS did not respond to
their request for a refund, the Armstrongs began this action in district court.1 The
district court held that the IRS properly concluded the Armstrongs’ actions in 1989
created a taxable situation for which they owed a deficiency, and thus granted
summary judgment in favor of the IRS. The Armstrongs now appeal, and we affirm.

                                 BACKGROUND

       This matter reaches us on appeal from a grant of summary judgment in favor
of the IRS; we thus recite the facts in the light most favorable to the Armstrongs. Ia.
80 Group, Inc. v. United States, 

, 1071 (8th Cir. 2003). In the fall of
1989, Larry Armstrong sought to arrange a short-term loan to help pay his children’s
educational costs. He discussed the matter with Midwest Federal Saving Bank
(Midwest Federal), where he had other loans and a longstanding relationship.
Thomas F. Gietzen, who was then assistant vice president at Midwest Federal,
informed Armstrong that Midwest Federal could make him the loan, and Armstrong
agreed to provide life insurance as collateral. According to Gietzen, Armstrong was
in a hurry due to an out-of-state business trip, so Armstrong signed blank loan
documents that they agreed Gietzen would fill in later. Gietzen agreed to pick up
Armstrong’s life insurance policies from Armstrong’s office in order to fill out the
loan documents with the accurate collateral information.

      When Gietzen went to Armstrong’s office, he was given the wrong documents.
Instead of providing two life insurance contracts, one of Armstrong’s employees
mistakenly gave Gietzen two retirement plan annuity contracts. These annuity
contracts were issued by UNUM Life Insurance Company of America, and owned by
National Marketing Company, Inc. (National Marketing), Armstrong’s corporation.
Unaware of any mistake, Gietzen filled in the loan documents listing the annuity


      1
       The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief United States District Judge for the
District of North Dakota.

                                         -2-
contracts as collateral. These documents included the promissory note and two
collateral receipts, which Armstrong had already signed, as well as forms assigning
Armstrong’s interest in the annuity contracts to Midwest Federal. The assignment
forms were signed by Judy Ballantyne, Secretary-Treasurer of National Marketing,
and witnessed by Susan Armstrong, the Armstrongs’ daughter. Gietzen forwarded
the assignment forms to UNUM, which recorded them and sent a letter, dated
November 9, 1989, confirming the assignment to Armstrong’s office. On
November 15, 1989, Midwest Federal funded the loan for the full amount
requested–$134,000.

        At this point, the loan agreement appeared fully executed, with Midwest
Federal granting a loan to Armstrong which was due November 15, 1990, and
Armstrong assigning two annuity contracts as collateral for the loan. The loan
agreement, collateral receipts, assignment forms, and confirmation of assignment
letter all consistently listed the annuity contracts as collateral for the loan. Shortly
after the loan had been funded, Gietzen sent Armstrong a Corporate Authorization
Resolution to execute, since the annuity contracts were owned by Armstrong’s
corporation. At that time, Armstrong realized that the annuity contracts had been
listed as collateral, rather than the agreed-upon life insurance policies. He contacted
Gietzen, stating that he did not intend to pledge the annuity contracts as collateral,
and offered to return the loan proceeds. Armstrong claims that Gietzen then assured
him that the assignment would not be valid without a fully executed Corporate
Authorization Resolution, that Armstrong could keep the funds from the loan, and
that the bank would consider the loan unsecured. None of the loan documents were
modified to reflect this conversation, nor was UNUM instructed to void the
assignment of the annuity contracts. All of the relevant documents continued to show
that the loan was secured by an interest in the annuity contracts.

      The next year, the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) took over Midwest
Federal. When the loan came due on November 15, 1990, Armstrong defaulted. In

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a letter dated March 21, 1991, RTC wrote to Armstrong informing him that his loan
was more than four months past due and was continuing to accrue interest. When
Armstrong had not paid back his loan by June of 1991, RTC withdrew $159,375.53
from Armstrong’s annuity contracts, which were still listed as collateral on the loan.
In January of 1992, UNUM advised Armstrong and the IRS of the withdrawal from
the retirement policies, which the Armstrongs had never reported as taxable income,
by way of a Form 1099.

       After an examination of the Armstrongs’ financial circumstances, the IRS
determined that the collateral assignment of the annuity contracts for the 1989 loan
made them taxable income. It increased the Armstrongs’ 1989 income by
$149,871–the 1989 market value of the annuity contracts, and increased their 1991
income by $9,505–the additional value that the contracts had gained by the time of
the RTC’s withdrawal in 1991. In 1995, the IRS issued the Armstrongs a Notice of
Deficiency for taxes due on their additional income for 1989 and 1991. By 1999, the
Armstrongs had paid the remainder of the taxes owed for these years, and filed
amended returns for 1989 and 1991 seeking refunds of $149,871 and $9,505,
respectively.2 The IRS did not respond to the refund request within six months, so
the Armstrongs properly brought this suit in district court seeking refunds for the
1989 and 1991 payments. The IRS moved for summary judgment with respect to the
1991 refund, which the Armstrongs conceded was barred by the applicable statute of
limitations.3 Thereafter, both parties moved for summary judgment as to the 1989
refund. The district court found that the annuity contracts were assigned, perhaps
mistakenly, as collateral for Larry Armstrong’s loan, making them taxable income.
It further held that although the Armstrongs contend that the assignment was not


      2
       By the time the Armstrongs completed paying for their 1989 and 1991
deficiencies, interest and penalties had accrued at such a rate that their taxes on the
additional income actually matched the amount of that income.
      3
          The Armstrongs have not pursued their claim for the 1991 refund on appeal.

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valid, they did not take adequate steps to modify or rescind the loan. Thus, despite
the Armstrongs’ protestations of mistake, the district court held that the “realities of
the transactions” at issue exhibited that the Armstrongs collaterally assigned annuity
contracts in 1989, converting the contracts to taxable income. The district court
rendered judgment in favor of the IRS, and this appeal followed.

                                       ANALYSIS

       We review the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.
Thom v. United States, 

, 942 (8th Cir. 2002). Summary judgment is
appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. As such, we view the
facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party in order to determine
whether summary judgment in favor of the movant is warranted. Ia. 80 Group, Inc.
v. United States, 

, 1071 (8th Cir. 2003). In a taxpayer refund suit, the
taxpayer bears the ultimate burden of proving that the taxpayer overpaid his tax. 

based its determination of liability on 26 U.S.C. § 72, which governs
the tax treatment of retirement plan annuities such as the ones in this case. According
to § 72(p)(1), assignments or pledges of an employee’s interest in a plan such as
National Marketing’s will be treated the same as a taxable distribution from that
plan.4 The Armstrongs concede, as they must, that if there was a valid collateral

      4
          In pertinent part, § 72(p)(1) reads as follows:

      (1) Treatment as distributions.–

            (A) Loans.– If during any taxable year a participant or beneficiary
      receives (directly or indirectly) any amount as a loan from a qualified
      employer plan, such amount shall be treated as having been received by
      such individual as a distribution under such plan.


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assignment of Larry Armstrong’s annuity contracts for his 1989 loan, § 72(p)(1)
would treat the assignment as a taxable distribution from the plan. Citing both North
Dakota law and the bylaws of National Marketing, however, the Armstrongs contend
that the collateral assignment of the annuity contracts was not valid and therefore
should not be taxed. They argue that the assignment was the product of a mutual
mistake on behalf of Larry Armstrong and Midwest Federal, that National
Marketing’s board of directors never authorized the assignment, and as a result the
assignment was void and unenforceable.

        We are guided by the “established tax principle that a transaction is to be given
its tax effect in accord with what actually occurred and not in accord with what might
have occurred.” Comm’r v. Nat’l Alfalfa Dehydrating & Milling Co., 

,
148 (1974). In this case, the facts establish that Midwest Federal loaned Larry
Armstrong $134,000 in 1989, and that Armstrong signed documents assigning his
interest in the annuity contracts as collateral for the loan. Armstrong complains that
he never intended to do this. By the paper trail, though, the transaction appears to be
an unequivocal assignment of the annuity contracts: Armstrong agreed in the loan
agreement to collaterally assign the annuity contracts for a $134,000 loan; he signed
receipts acknowledging the annuity contracts would be used as collateral; he received
the $134,000 in loan proceeds; his office received notice from UNUM that the
contracts had been collaterally assigned to Midwest Federal; and lastly, when he
defaulted on the loan, the debt was satisfied through the annuity contracts.

      There is incongruity between how the Armstrongs ask us to treat the
assignment in this tax matter, and how they have treated it for purposes of the


             (B) Assignments or pledges.– If during any taxable year a
      participant or beneficiary assigns (or agrees to assign) or pledges (or
      agrees to pledge) any portion of his interest in a qualified employer plan,
      such portion shall be treated as having been received by such individual
      as a loan from such plan.

                                          -6-
underlying loan agreement. Larry Armstrong signed documents assigning the annuity
polices as collateral for the loan, and has never disavowed those documents through
any court proceeding or by modifying the loan contract. When RTC withdrew funds
from the annuity contracts to satisfy the defaulted loan, the Armstrongs did not pursue
any legal action to assert that the assignment was not valid. In fact, the record is
devoid of evidence that the Armstrongs ever asked a court to consider the assignment
unenforceable until now, in this collateral tax proceeding. They claim that they have
consistently argued that the assignment was invalid by way of telephone calls to bank
representatives, meetings with congressmen, and other informal methods. Assuming
the truth of these assertions, we find it puzzling that the Armstrongs could believe the
assignments were invalid for over a decade, yet take no action to reform the contract
or seek judicial clarification, see, e.g., Ell v. Ell, 

, 150 (N.D. 1980)
(holding judicial reformation of contract is an appropriate remedy when the contract
was the product of a mutual mistake); N.D. Cent. Code § 32-04-17 (permitting North
Dakota courts to grant specific relief of revising contract that was the product of a
mutual mistake), even after funds were withdrawn from the annuity contracts based
on those assignments.5 Given the Armstrongs’ own acquiescence to the use of the
annuities as collateral, we cannot fault the IRS for treating the assignment of the
annuities as a taxable event.

      Although we agree with the district court that this case “is a tax refund suit .
. . not an action in contract,” (Appellants’ Add. at 9), we briefly address the
Armstrongs’ claims that the assignment is void and unenforceable as a contract since


      5
        The Armstrongs claim that they did not institute any legal action because all
parties to the loan agreement believed the annuity assignments were not enforceable,
making any further action by them superfluous. While this may have been the case
with Midwest Federal, clearly when RTC took over it believed the assignments were
valid, since it eventually used the funds from the annuities to satisfy the loan. Thus,
the contention that there was simply no use for any legal action since all parties
agreed what the loan documents meant is meritless.

                                          -7-
tax consequences may flow from that determination. North Dakota Century Code
section 32-04-17 permits revision of a contract based on the mutual mistake of the
parties “on the application of a party aggrieved.” See also Mau v. Schwan, 

, 135 (N.D. 1990). In limited circumstances, the court maintains the
ability to rescind a contract based on mutual mistake. N.D. Cent. Code §§ 9-09-02,
32-04-22; Romanyshyn v. Fredericks, 

, 423 (N.D. 1999). It is not,
however, required to do so. Accord N.D. Cent. Code §§ 32-04-17, -22. A contract
based on a mistake of fact is thus voidable, not void, and the aggrieved party is
charged with the responsibility of taking action to correct the contract. N.D. Cent.
Code § 32-04-17. The Armstrongs have failed to take the steps required to void or
modify the contract, and it thus remains in force as originally written despite the
alleged mistake.

       The Armstrongs next contend that the assignment was void because National
Marketing did not formally approve the assignment through its board of directors.
North Dakota permits corporations to pledge their assets as security for another
person if the transaction is approved by the corporation’s board of directors. N.D.
Cent. Code § 10-19.1-89(1). We are skeptical of the claim that Larry Armstrong
acted without board approval when he signed documents assigning the annuity
contracts to Midwest Federal; he was one of National Marketing’s three directors.
Judy Ballantyne, another director, signed forms assigning the annuity contracts as
collateral for the loan. In other words, two of National Marketing’s three directors
documented their agreement to the assignment of the annuity contracts. Moreover,
Larry Armstrong was the president and sole shareholder of National Marketing, and
did nothing to disavow the contract which he now ironically claims he had no
authority to enter into on behalf of his corporation. Although National Marketing’s
own bylaws may not have been followed, this does not render the contract void. At
most, the circumstances here may present a contract that may have been voidable
through appropriate action by an aggrieved party, such as the corporation itself. No
such action has been taken.

                                        -8-
                                 CONCLUSION

      In this tax case, the Armstrongs ask this court to hold that a 1989 assignment
of Larry Armstrong’s annuity contracts as collateral for a loan was void and thus not
taxable. To do so, we would necessarily turn a blind eye to what the district court
termed the “reality of the transactions,” since the Armstrongs themselves have not
challenged the legality of the assignment through any other proceeding, and, in fact,
have enjoyed the benefits of using the assignment as collateral for the loan. We
refuse to permit the Armstrongs to collaterally attack a contract when they have
neglected to do so directly, and thus affirm the district court.
                        ______________________________




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