United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 03-1707
      ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Mario Morreno,                          *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *

      ___________
                                             Appeals from the United States
      No. 03-1953                            District Court for the
      ___________                            District of Nebraska.

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
Francisco Beltran-Hernandez,           *
also known as El Gordo,                *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: February 12, 2004
                                Filed: June 28, 2004
                                 ___________
Before BYE, HEANEY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Mario Morreno and Francisco Beltran-Hernandez contend that the district
court1 erred in denying their motions to suppress. Beltran-Hernandez also argues that
there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict and that the court erred
in denying him "safety valve" relief. We affirm.

                                           I.
        On October 12, 2001, Omaha Police Officers Mark Lang, Daniel Clark, Brian
Heath, Mark Desler, and other officers in the Drug Interdiction Unit executed a search
warrant at 3130 Chicago Street, Apartment No. 4, in Omaha, Nebraska, in search of
illegal drugs. During the search, Officer Clark escorted Marie Smith,2 one of the
occupants of Apartment No. 4, into the hallway. While in the hallway, Smith told
Officer Clark that some of the methamphetamine found in the apartment belonged to
the occupants of Apartment No. 7. Smith stated that "El Gordo," the owner of
Apartment No. 7, sometimes stored his drugs inside Apartment No. 4. This was the
first information the officers had received about Apartment No. 7.3

      According to Officer Clark, during this conversation, he heard footsteps
proceeding up the apartment's stairwell towards them. Officer Clark concealed


      1
         The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska.
      2
       Fifteen-year-old Marie Smith testified that on October 12, 2001, she lived at
3130 Chicago Street, Apartment No. 4, with her boyfriend and her sister, Amanda
Smith.
      3
        Apartment No.7 is located across from Apartment No. 4 on the same floor of
the apartment building.

                                         -2-
himself in the upper stairwell. Officer Clark observed a man–later identified as
Morreno–approach Apartment No. 7. Officer Clark greeted Morreno in English.
Officer Clark asked Morreno, "How are you doing?" Morreno turned around, saw
Officer Clark, and responded in English that he was "okay." In response to Officer
Clark's questions, Morreno, in English, provided his name and stated that he had
come to the apartment building to visit his cousin who resided in Apartment No.7.
Morreno appeared to understand Clark's questions and maintained eye contact during
the questioning. During the conversation, Morreno reached (approximately three
times) with his right hand to his right-front pants' pocket.

       During this initial encounter, Officer Lang entered the hallway. Officer Lang
observed Morreno standing next to Apartment No. 7. Morreno held a set of keys in
his hand and was carrying a backpack. Officer Clark advised Officer Lang of the
situation. Officer Lang inquired whether Morreno lived in Apartment No. 7, and
Morreno responded that he was there to visit a friend. The officers told Morreno that
they were conducting an investigation possibly involving Apartment No.7 and that
they were trying to determine if he resided in that apartment. Officer Lang also
observed Morreno reach into his right-front pants' pocket. Officer Clark advised
Morreno to keep his hand out of his pants' pocket.

      Because of Morreno's attempts to reach into his pocket, Officer Lang
conducted a pat-down search for officer safety. Officer Lang asked Morreno if he
could take his backpack and place it on the floor while he conducted the pat-down,
and Morreno responded by sliding the backpack off of his shoulder.

      Officer Clark requested permission to search Morreno's backpack. Morreno
consented. Officer Clark did not immediately open the backpack, but instead asked
Officer Heath, who was fluent in Spanish, to ask Morreno for permission to search
in Spanish. Officer Heath explained (in Spanish) to Morreno that the officers were
conducting a narcotics investigation and, as part of that investigation, the officers

                                        -3-
would like to search Morreno's person and backpack. Officer Lang testified that he
heard Moreno respond, "Si" to Officer Heath's request to search.

       Officer Clark searched the backpack after Officer Heath told him that Morreno
had consented. Officer Clark found packages of methamphetamine wrapped in a
yellow-colored cellophane. Morreno uttered an expletive, but made no other
statements. Officer Clark removed the methamphetamine from the backpack and told
Officer Lang to arrest and handcuff Morreno. Clark continued to search through the
backpack and found numerous bundles of methamphetamine, a small semi-automatic
pistol, and over $4,000.

        Officer Pamela Heidzig interviewed Smith while at Apartment No. 4. Heidzig
testified that Smith stated that her boyfriend, who lived in Apartment No. 4, and the
occupants of Apartment No. 7 used the same drug supplier. According to Smith, she
had made drug deliveries for "El Gordo," who lived in Apartment No. 7. Smith also
testified that Morreno lived with "El Gordo" and supplied narcotics for both
apartments.

       After Morreno's arrest, Officers Heath, Desler, and Kula approached Apartment
No. 7. Heath testified that he knocked on the door, and Beltran-Hernandez opened it.
The officers were in plain clothes with their badges displayed and their guns
holstered. In Spanish, Officer Heath explained to Beltran-Hernandez that they were
involved in a narcotics investigation, and requested to enter the apartment and speak
with Beltran-Hernandez. Officer Heath testified that Beltran-Hernandez consented
and opened the door completely allowing all of the officers to enter. According to the
officers, Beltran-Hernandez appeared awake, sober, and unafraid.

      The officers entered the living room and saw three adults and two small
children. Officer Heath explained to everyone in Spanish why the officers were there.
He told the residents that the officers had been conducting a narcotics investigation

                                         -4-
across the hall and had obtained information that suggested that their apartment was
also being used for narcotics distribution. He said that the officers wanted to search
the apartment for drugs. Officer Heath asked who paid the rent for the apartment, and
Beltran-Hernandez responded that he paid the rent.

        Officer Heath asked Beltran-Hernandez for permission to search the apartment.
He advised Beltran-Hernandez that he had a right to say "no." According to Officer
Heath, Beltran-Hernandez consented to a search. Officer Heath obtained an Omaha
Police Department consent-to-search form and filled out the Spanish version,
explaining the form to Beltran-Hernandez. Officer Heath told Beltran-Hernandez that
if he still wanted to give the officers permission to search his apartment, he could do
so by signing the form. Officer Heath testified that Beltran-Hernandez then signed the
form. Officers Desler and Kula began a search of the apartment. The officers found
guns in the bedroom and a photograph of Morreno between the mattress and box
springs. A scale and $10,000 were found in the freezer. However, no drugs were
uncovered in Apartment No. 7.

       After being read his Miranda rights, Beltran-Hernandez told the officers that
he did not know why the money and scale were in the freezer but suggested that it
was possible that the children had put them in there. He stated that he had earned the
money from his work at a hotel. Officer Heath acknowledged during the search that
it was not uncommon for illegal immigrants to deal only in cash.

      Officer Heath believed he had no reasonable suspicion to detain
Beltran-Hernandez after the interview, and the officers left without making an arrest
in Apartment No. 7.4 Later, based on the statements of Morreno and Smith, officers


      4
       Officer Heath gave the consent to search form signed by Beltran-Hernandez
to Officer Lang after the officers left Apartment No. 7. However, the police
department has been unable to locate the form.

                                         -5-
arrested Beltran-Hernandez for conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine. A federal grand jury indicted Morreno and Beltran-
Hernandez on one count of conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to
distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846
and subject to forfeiture, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 853. Morreno was also charged
with possession of a firearm during a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c), and possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1).

      On May 29, 2002, the district court, adopting the report and recommendation
of the magistrate judge,5 denied Morreno's motion to suppress. The court denied
Beltran-Hernandez's motion to suppress on September 4, 2002. Morreno entered a
conditional plea of guilty–subject to his appeal of his motion to suppress–and was
sentenced to 180 months' imprisonment. A jury found Beltran-Hernandez guilty of
one count of conspiracy. The district court, on March 19, 2003, sentenced Beltran-
Hernandez to 188 months' imprisonment on the conspiracy count.

                                            II.
                           A. Motion to Suppress - Morreno
        We review the district court's factual finding of consent for clear error.
However, we review a denial of a motion to suppress de novo. United States v.
Zamoran-Coronel, 

, 468 (8th Cir. 2000). Morreno argues that the drugs
found in his backpack should be suppressed because he did not consent to the search
of the backpack. Morreno also contends that the information known to the officers
at the time of the stop was insufficient to conduct a pat-down search of his person and
that the encounter went beyond the scope of a valid investigatory stop.



      5
        The Honorable Kathleen A. Jaudzemis, United States Magistrate Judge for
the District of Nebraska.

                                         -6-
      If Morreno voluntarily consented, the police had authority to search Morreno's
backpack even in the absence of probable cause or a search warrant. United States v.
Barahona, 

, 417 (8th Cir. 1993) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 

, 227–28 (1973)). The government bears the burden of proving a voluntary
consent to search by a preponderance of the evidence. 

was voluntary if it was the product of an essentially free and
unconstrained choice, rather than the product of duress or coercion, express or
implied. 

, 227. The voluntariness of a consent is a
question of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances surrounding
both the environment of the encounter and the nature of the consenting party. 

We consider a variety of factors6 in determining voluntariness, but we do not
apply those factors mechanically. 

. "The inquiry
turns on the totality of the circumstances, which must demonstrate that the police
reasonably believed the search to be consensual." 

review of the
record, we conclude that the district court's finding of voluntariness is not clearly
erroneous.

     Here, the magistrate judge, whose findings were adopted by the district court,
found that Morreno voluntarily consented to the search of his backpack. When


      6
         The following characteristics of persons giving consent are relevant when
assessing the voluntariness of their consent: (1) their age; (2) their general
intelligence and education; and (4) whether they consented after being informed of
their right to withhold consent. In examining the environment in which consent was
given, courts should ask whether the person who consented: (1) was detained and
questioned for a long or short time; (2) was threatened, physically intimidated, or
punished by the police; (3) relied upon promises or misrepresentations made by the
police; (4) was in custody or under arrest when the consent was given; (5) was in a
public or a secluded place; or (6) either objected to the search or stood by silently
while the search occurred. United States v. Chaidez, 

, 381 (8th Cir.
1990).

                                         -7-
Morreno approached Apartment No. 7, Officer Clark conversed with Morreno in
English. At no point during the conversation did Morreno indicate that he did not
understand. Then, after being questioned only briefly, Morreno gave oral consent to
the officers to search his backpack. Moreover, before the officers conducted the
search, Officer Heath asked Morreno in Spanish if the officers could search the
backpack. Again, Morreno agreed to the search.

       Morreno's actions during the search support the conclusion that he voluntarily
consented. Morreno placed the backpack on the ground for the officers to examine.
Morreno was cooperative and did not attempt to flee. The district court found that
Morreno was not threatened, physically intimidated, or punished before he consented.
In this case, Morreno's words, gestures, and conduct support the district court's
findings that this consent was the product of an essentially free and unconstrained
choice by Morreno. "This conclusion is significant because a search may be justified
by a voluntary oral consent even in the absence of a valid written consent." 

(citing United States v. Castillo, 

, 1082 (9th Cir.
1988)). Thus, after review of the record, we conclude that the district court's finding
that Morreno voluntarily consented was not clearly erroneous.

                                         III.
                    A. Motion to Suppress - Beltran-Hernandez
       Beltran-Hernandez first contests the district court's denial of his motion to
suppress, arguing that he did not voluntarily consent to the search of his apartment.
We find this argument unpersuasive. Applying the relevant factors, we find that
Beltran-Hernandez's words, gestures, and conduct showed consent. 

. Beltran-Hernandez appeared to be sober; was not threatened; was told
that he could refuse consent; and read the Spanish consent-to-search form which
stated he had the right to refuse consent of the search of his apartment.




                                         -8-
       Beltran-Hernandez cooperated with the officers. When Officer Heath explained
(in Spanish) that the officers were involved in a narcotics investigation and wanted
to speak with him, Beltran-Hernandez opened his apartment door completely and
allowed the officers to enter. When the officers entered, Officer Heath explained to
Beltran-Hernandez and the other occupants why the officers were there. Officer Heath
asked Beltran-Hernandez if the officers could search the apartment for drugs, and
Beltran-Hernandez orally consented. Beltran-Hernandez also signed a Spanish
consent-to-search form. Beltran-Hernandez communicated with the officers during
the search. After considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the
district court's finding that Beltran-Hernandez knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily consented was not clearly erroneous.

                           B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
       Next, Beltran-Hernandez contends that the evidence was insufficient to support
his conspiracy conviction, and the district court erred by refusing to grant his motion
for judgment of acquittal. We disagree. When a judgment of acquittal is sought on the
basis of insufficiency of the evidence we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the guilty verdict, giving the government the benefit of all reasonable
inferences. United States v. Smith, 

, 1292 (8th Cir. 1994). "We reverse
only if we conclude that a reasonable fact-finder must have entertained a reasonable
doubt about the government's proof of one of the offense's essential elements." United
States v. Ivey, 

, 383 (8th Cir. 1990).

       To sustain a conviction for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, the
government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt: 1) that there was an agreement
to distribute methamphetamine; 2) that the defendant knew of the agreement; and 3)
that the defendant knowingly participated in the conspiracy. United States v. Nambo-
Barajas, 

, 960–61 (8th Cir. 2003). The government may prove this
agreement wholly by direct or circumstantial evidence. United States v. Shoffner, 

, 1433 (8th Cir. 1995).

                                         -9-
      Beltran-Hernandez argues that there was insufficient evidence to establish that
he entered into an agreement to distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine,
and therefore, the evidence cannot sustain his conviction for conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find that the
government's evidence was sufficient to sustain the jury's verdict.

       Beltran-Hernandez knowingly became part of a conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine. According to Smith, Beltran-Hernandez used the occupants of
Apartment No. 4 to make drug deliveries and used their apartment to store his drugs.
Smith also stated that Morreno lived with Beltran-Hernandez and supplied narcotics
for both Apartment No. 7 and Apartment No. 4. A reasonable jury could have found
beyond a reasonable doubt that Beltran-Hernandez and the occupants of Apartment
No. 4 were involved in a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Therefore, we
affirm the district court's denial of Beltran-Hernandez's motions for judgment of
acquittal.

                        C. Safety Valve of U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2
       Finally, Beltran-Hernandez asserts that the district court erred in refusing to
reduce his sentence under the "safety valve" provision of U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2. We
disagree. Under the "safety valve" exception, a drug defendant may be given a more
lenient sentence if, among other things, the defendant demonstrates that he has
truthfully provided to the government all information regarding the relevant crime
before sentencing. United States v. Velasquez, 

, 1282 (8th Cir. 1998)
(citing U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(5)); United States v. Romo, 

, 85–86 (8th Cir.
1996).

      The "safety valve" provision required Beltran-Hernandez to provide the
government with accurate information concerning his involvement in the conspiracy
and his knowledge of those involved in the crime. At sentencing, the district court
concluded that Beltran-Hernandez did not fully advise the government about his role

                                        -10-
in the distribution conspiracy, and therefore was not entitled to the "safety valve"
reduction. The court noted that Beltran-Hernandez continued to maintain his
ignorance of the conspiracy. The district court concluded that Beltran-Hernandez had
not "come clean" in his affidavit purporting to set forth his knowledge of the
conspiracy. We conclude that the district court's finding is not clearly erroneous.

                                       IV.
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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