United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 03-2443
                                  ___________

In re: MJK Clearing, Inc.,               *
                                         *
             Debtor.                     *
_____________________                    *
                                         *
Ferris, Baker Watts, Inc.,               *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the
       v.                                * District of Minnesota
                                         *
James P. Stephenson, Trustee for MJK *
Clearing, Inc.; Securities Investor      *
Protection Corporation,                  *
                                         *
             Appellees.                  *
                                    ___________

                         Submitted: February 12, 2004
                             Filed: June 9, 2004
                                  ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, and RILEY, Circuit
      Judges.
                         ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.
       Ferris, Baker Watts, Inc. (Ferris) filed an adversary proceeding in the
bankruptcy court1 against James P. Stephenson, the trustee (Trustee) for MJK
Clearing, Inc. (MJK), to recover approximately $18 million in cash Ferris pledged as
collateral for a stock-loan transaction. Ferris requested that the bankruptcy court
impose a constructive trust or compel the Trustee to tender the cash collateral to
Ferris. The Trustee counterclaimed, requesting that the bankruptcy court declare, to
the extent Ferris had an interest in MJK’s deposit accounts, the Trustee could avoid
Ferris’s interest using his strong-arm powers. On cross-motions for summary
judgment, the bankruptcy court concluded Ferris held a general unsecured claim
against MJK’s estate, and granted the Trustee summary judgment on the remaining
claims. Ferris appealed to the district court,2 which affirmed. Ferris appeals. We
affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       Four days before MJK’s financial demise, Ferris and MJK entered into a stock-
loan transaction for GenesisIntermedia, Inc. (GENI) stock (stock-loan transaction).
The Master Securities-Loan agreement (MSL) between Ferris and MJK governed the
stock-loan transaction. The MSL required Ferris to pledge cash collateral equal to
the current fair market value of the GENI stock to secure the stock-loan. MJK was
required to identify the collateral on its books; however, the MSL permitted MJK to
use or invest the cash collateral and did not require MJK to segregate the collateral.
The MSL also allowed MJK to “pledge, repledge, hypothecate, rehypothecate, lend,
relend, sell or otherwise transfer” the collateral.




      1
       The Honorable Robert J. Kressel, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
      2
      The Honorable Richard H. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
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       On September 21, 2001, to consummate the stock-loan transaction, Ferris
transferred $22 million, the current fair market value of the GENI stock subject to the
transaction, as collateral (cash collateral) to MJK’s Depository Trust Company (DTC)
account, and MJK transferred two million shares of GENI stock to Ferris’s DTC
account. MJK also had numerous other unrelated transactions settled through the
DTC account on the same day, with the transactions settled on a net basis, rather than
on an individual basis. By the end of day, MJK’s DTC account balance was negative,
requiring MJK to transfer funds from one of its bank accounts to the DTC account.

       As the price of the GENI stock fluctuated, Ferris and MJK “marked to
market.”3 Four days before MJK’s financial demise, GENI stock declined $1 per
share. To “mark to market,” MJK transferred $2 million to Ferris. One day before
MJK’s demise, GENI stock again declined another $1 per share. The following
morning, MJK transferred $2 million to Ferris to “mark to market,” leaving $18
million of Ferris’s cash collateral in MJK’s possesion. When the price of the GENI
stock then fell $3 per share, Ferris demanded MJK transfer $6 million to Ferris. MJK
failed to comply, which was a default under the MSL.

      The same day, trading of GENI stock was halted, and MJK notified federal
regulators it lacked adequate capital to operate. Two days later, at the Securities
Investors Protection Corporation’s (SIPC) request, the district court entered a
protective decree under 15 U.S.C. § 78eee(b) (2000) against MJK, appointing the




      3
        “Marking to market” is the process of equalizing the value of cash collateral
to the stock held by the debtor. If the stock’s price declines, the lender returns the
difference between the stock’s fair market value and the collateral. Conversely, if the
stock’s price rises, the debtor transfers to the lender collateral equal to the difference
between the stock’s fair market value and the collateral. The parties “mark to the
market” each business day.
                                           -3-
Trustee and removing the case to the bankruptcy court.4 After the district court
entered the protective decree, Ferris tendered the GENI stock to the Trustee,
demanding the Trustee return Ferris’s cash collateral. The Trustee refused.

       Ferris brought an adversary proceeding in the bankruptcy court. Asserting
MJK fraudulently misrepresented its financial condition and its compliance with
federal regulations when entering the stock-loan transaction, Ferris requested the
bankruptcy court impose a constructive trust on assets of MJK’s estate. Ferris also
asserted the MSL obligated the Trustee to return the cash collateral, asking that the
bankruptcy court compel the Trustee to return its property. Ferris contended the cash
collateral is not property of the estate as defined by 11 U.S.C. § 541. The Trustee
counterclaimed, seeking a declaration that Ferris held only a general unsecured claim
against MJK’s estate, and, to the extent Ferris held an interest in monies held in
MJK’s accounts, the Trustee could use section 544 of Title 11, the strong-arm clause,
to avoid Ferris’s interest.

       On cross-motions for summary judgment, the bankruptcy court entered partial
summary judgment for Ferris and the Trustee. The bankruptcy court granted Ferris
a general unsecured claim against MJK’s estate for over $19 million.5 Concluding
Ferris could not trace its cash collateral to any property of MJK’s estate and Ferris
could not prove fraudulent inducement, the bankruptcy court declined to impose a
constructive trust. The bankruptcy court also refused specific performance.
Alternatively, the bankruptcy court concluded Ferris could not prevail because, even

      4
        Under the Securities Investors Protection Act (SIPA), the bankruptcy court has
jurisdiction over SIPA liquidation proceedings. 15 U.S.C. § 78eee(b)(4). Except as
inconsistent with SIPA, chapters 1, 3, and 5 and parts of chapter 7 of Title 11 govern
SIPA liquidation proceedings. 

      5
       Besides the $18 million remaining from the stock-loan transaction, the general
unsecured claim includes amounts used to collateralize other transactions that are not
subject to this appeal.
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if Ferris could trace the cash collateral to an asset of MJK’s estate, the cash collateral
was customer property under SIPA, and the Trustee could avoid Ferris’s interest
under section 544(a).

       Ferris appealed to the district court, which affirmed in all respects. Ferris
appeals to this court, contending (1) it is entitled to a constructive trust because it
presented substantial evidence of fraudulent inducement, and it can trace its interest
in the cash collateral to property of MJK’s estate; (2) MJK’s breach of the MSL
requires the Trustee to turn over $18 million from MJK’s estate to Ferris; (3) the
Trustee cannot use his strong-arm power to avoid Ferris’s interest; and (4) the $18
million it seeks from MJK’s estate is not customer property under SIPA. Because our
resolution of the tracing issue dispenses with all issues on appeal, we only discuss
whether Ferris can trace the cash collateral to any assets of MJK’s estate.

II.   DISCUSSION
      “We review [a court’s] grant of summary judgment de novo.” Interstate
Cleaning Corp. v. Commercial Underwriters Ins. Co., 

, 1027 (8th Cir.
2003). “We will affirm [a court’s] grant of summary judgment ‘if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
affidavits . . . ,’ demonstrate that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

R. Civ. P.
56(c)).

       “State law governs the resolution of property rights within a bankruptcy
proceeding.” Chiu v. Wong, 

, 309 (8th Cir. 1994). All agree Minnesota
law governs this case. To establish the right to a constructive trust under Minnesota
law, Ferris must prove MJK obtained the cash collateral by fraud, by bad faith, or by
other improper means. Henderson v. Murray, 

, 216 (Minn. 1909).
Beyond proof of wrongful conduct, Ferris must trace the cash collateral “into an
identified product” or property currently in MJK’s estate. 

.

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             A constructive trust may be imposed only when there is some
      specific property identified as belonging, in equity and conscience, to
      the plaintiff. . . . A constructive trust does not arise unless there is
      property on which the trust can be fastened, and the property is held by
      the person to be charged as constructive trustee.

Rock v. Hennepin Broad. Assocs., 

, 739 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984)
(citations omitted) (requiring “clear and convincing evidence” before imposing
constructive trust).

       To trace assets in an account, we employ the lowest intermediate balance test.
See 5 Lawrence P. King, et. al., Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 541.11[5] (15th ed. rev.
2004). Ferris and the Trustee accept the applicability of this test. Under the lowest
intermediate balance test, a court follows the trust fund to and decrees “restitution
from an account where the amount on deposit has at all times since the commingling
of the funds equaled or exceeded the amount of the trust fund.” Conn. Gen. Life Ins.
Co. v. Universal Ins. Co., 

, 619 (1st Cir. 1988). “Should the amount on
deposit be reduced below the amount of the trust fund but not depleted, the claimant
is entitled to the lowest intermediate balance in the account.” 

intermediate balance test is based on a fiction that non-trust funds are first withdrawn,
retaining as much of the trust fund as possible in the account. 

the
account is depleted after the trust fund has been deposited, the trust fund is treated as
lost. Id.; see also First Fed. of Mich. v. Barrow, 

, 915 (6th Cir. 1989);
In re United States Cigar Stores Co. of Am., 

, 316 (2d Cir. 1934).

       Ferris asks us to apply the lowest intermediate balance test to all of the cash
and cash equivalents in MJK’s estate, not just to the DTC account. Ferris asserts
Beiger v. IRS, 

(1990), and Chui mandate such an approach. Beiger does
not support Ferris’s approach. In Beiger, the Supreme Court considered whether a
bankruptcy trustee could avoid prepetition tax payments to the IRS. After concluding
the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) created a trust for the IRS’s benefit, the Court

                                           -6-
considered whether the IRS could trace the prepetition transfers to the IRC-created
trust. Noting a common-law trust did not arise until the settlor identified the property
subject to the trust, the Court concluded the IRC-created “trust is radically different
from the common-law paradigm.” 

. The IRC-created trust is
in an abstract “amount” and is not tied to a particular asset. 

the
differences between the IRC-created trust and a common-law trust, the Court decided
the tracing rules used for common-law trusts were not helpful. 

Ultimately, the Court concluded the amounts paid prepetition by a taxpayer are
presumed to be from the IRC-created trust. 

      Beiger’s tracing rules do not apply to constructive trusts. Unlike an IRC-
created trust,“[t]he point of tracing [for a common-law or a constructive trust] is to
follow the particular entrusted assets, not simply to identify some assets.” Conn.
Gen. 

. The constructive trust Ferris seeks to impose is a creature
of equity. A constructive trust’s subject is property wrongfully obtained by another.

; 

. Thus, like a common-law trust,
a constructive trust creates a trust in specific property, not an amorphous “amount.”
See 

.

      Chui also does not support Ferris’s approach. First, Chui sought to impress a
constructive trust in the bankruptcy court, not upon the bankruptcy estate, but upon
Wong’s personal real estate for the wrongful termination of a partnership with
Wong’s husband, Lai. 

After wrongfully terminating the partnership,
Lai continued to operate one of the businesses, using the cash and inventory from the
partnership. Lai and Wong later incorporated the business, which assumed the
partnership’s cash and inventory. Lai and Wong also opened a bank account for this
business. 

Lai and Wong later incorporated several successor corporations,
with each successor corporation assuming the predecessor’s cash and inventory.
While Wong and Lai operated the business, Wong occasionally withdrew money
from the corporation’s bank account for compensation, depositing the funds into her

                                          -7-
personal bank account. Wong then used money from her personal bank account to
purchase the real estate. 

A panel of this court noted Lai’s and Chui’s
partnership interests merged into an indistinguishable mass when Lai improperly
terminated the partnership, attaching to the property used by the successor businesses.

Reasoning Wong purchased the real estate with funds from her bank
account and the funds in her bank account were, in part, derived from the successor
business’s account, the panel concluded Chui could trace his partnership interest to
Wong’s real estate. 

and MJK’s interests did not merge into an indistinguishable mass
of interests across all of MJK’s cash and cash equivalents. Ferris deposited the cash
collateral into a particular account, MJK’s DTC account. MJK’s DTC account is the
only asset in which Ferris’s and MJK’s interests merged into an indistinguishable
mass. Even under Chui, we look only to the DTC account to determine if Ferris can
trace the cash collateral to property currently in MJK’s estate, the account in which
Ferris’s and MJK’s interests merged.

       Ferris cannot trace the cash collateral to property currently held by MJK’s
estate. On the day Ferris transferred the cash collateral, MJK disbursed more money
from the DTC account than had been deposited. At the end of the business day,
MJK’s DTC account possessed a negative balance. Because MJK’s DTC account
held a negative balance at the end of day, the “lowest intermediate balance” on the
account was zero. Therefore, no property existed upon which a court could impose
a constructive trust, and MJK could not have used the cash collateral to acquire its
cash or cash equivalents currently in MJK’s estate.

       Having concluded Ferris’s constructive trust claim fails, we now consider
MJK’s contract claim. Ferris contends MJK defaulted under the MSL when it failed
to pay Ferris $6 million to “mark to market,” which required MJK to return the cash
collateral. Ferris argues its interest was “substituted for the proceeds obtained by

                                          -8-
MJK” to the extent MJK used the collateral after the breach. Assuming, without
deciding, Ferris’s interest in the proceeds of the cash collateral were substituted for
MJK’s interest, Ferris’s claim fails because, as discussed above, Ferris cannot trace
its cash collateral into any property of MJK’s estate.

      Because we conclude Ferris cannot trace the cash collateral to an interest in the
property of MJK’s estate, we need not consider the Trustee’s powers under the
strong-arm clause or the scope of customer property under SIPA.

III.  CONCLUSION
      For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s and the bankruptcy
court’s grants of summary judgment to the Trustee on Ferris’s constructive trust and
breach of contract claims.
                       ______________________________




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