United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-3259
                                   ___________

Charles W. Hammer,                    *
                                      *
           Appellant,                 *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * Western District of Missouri.
John Ashcroft, Attorney General,      *
Department of Justice,                *
                                      *
           Appellee.                  *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: February 12, 2004
                                 Filed: September 7, 2004 (corrected 9/14/04)
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BOWMAN and WOLLMAN, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

       After Charles Hammer failed to win two promotions, he filed this suit alleging
race and age discrimination and retaliation. The District Court1 granted summary
judgment to the defendants. With respect to the race-discrimination claim, the
District Court concluded that Hammer was unable to show that the government's
legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for not promoting him was pretext. As for the
age-discrimination claim, the District Court determined that Hammer could not

      1
       The Honorable Richard E. Dorr, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
establish a prima facie case and, in any event, could not show pretext. Finally,
regarding the retaliation claim, the District Court ruled that Hammer could not
establish a prima facie case because he had suffered no adverse employment action.
Hammer has appealed only his claims of race and age discrimination. We affirm.

       Hammer, who is white, was a corrections officer with the United States Bureau
of Prisons at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield,
Missouri. By all accounts, Hammer was a very good employee. In late May 1993,
Jerry Scott, an official at the facility, sent a memorandum to Sherman Waltner, the
assistant warden for mental health, noting that a counselor position would soon be
opening and suggesting that "[i]t might also be advisable to consider a minority
counselor for 10 North. Many of our patients are Black and some Hispanic and a
minority counselor could be an asset. Springfield has only one minority
counselor . . . ." Scott Mem. (May 25, 1993). For his part, Waltner conceded that he
agreed with Scott's assessment. Sherman Waltner EEO Aff. at 6 (Sept. 29, 1994). A
copy of Scott's confidential memorandum found its way into Hammer's work mailbox.
In October 1993, Hammer applied for the 10 North counselor position. For
promotions such as this, the Bureau used a two-tiered procedure. A selection board,
which included Waltner, first rated the applications and produced a Best Qualified list
that was submitted to the selecting official, Warden Richard Rison.2 Hammer's name
was not among the three names included on the Best Qualified list for the 1993
counselor position, and Warden Rison eventually selected Lee Walton, an African-
American male. These events gave rise to Hammer's reverse race-discrimination
claim.




      2
       There is evidence in the record to support the conclusion that the selection
board also made a non-binding recommendation as to which Best Qualified candidate
should be chosen by the warden. Noel Bascom EEO Aff. at 5 (Sept. 29, 1994).

                                         -2-
       In April 1994, Hammer applied for another counselor position. This time the
selection board, of which Waltner was again a member, included Hammer's name
among the five names listed on the Best Qualified list. For this counselor position,
Warden Rison selected Mark Miller, a thirty-seven-year-old white male; Hammer was
forty-three. These events gave rise to Hammer's Age Discrimination in Employment
Act claim. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 621–634 (2000).

      After unsuccessfully making use of the EEO process, Hammer filed suit in
federal court. The government successfully moved for summary judgment and
Hammer now appeals the adverse judgment on his claims of race and age
discrimination. We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo.
Gen. Trading Int'l, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 835 (8th Cir. 2003).
We consider Hammer's race and age discrimination claims seriatim.

       We turn first to Hammer's reverse race-discrimination claim. A plaintiff who
lacks direct evidence of discrimination may utilize the framework set forth in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

, 802–04 (1973), to prove a claim
of discrimination. Whitley v. Peer Review Sys., Inc., 

, 1055 (8th Cir.
2000). Within the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must first establish
a prima facie case of discrimination, whereupon the burden shifts to the employer to
establish a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for taking the allegedly
discriminatory action. If the employer presents such a reason, the plaintiff must show
that the employer's proffered explanation is pretextual or his claim will fail.

       In this case, the parties agree that Hammer has established a prima facie case
of reverse race discrimination because he is white; he applied for and was qualified
for an open position; he was rejected for that open position; and the employer hired
someone of a minority race. See Duffy v. Wolle, 

, 1036 (8th Cir.
1997), cert. denied, 

(1998). In reverse race-discrimination cases, we
have also required that the prima facie case include a showing "'that background

                                         -3-
circumstances support the suspicion that the defendant is that unusual employer who
discriminates against the majority.'" 

v. Thistledown Racing
Club, Inc., 

, 67 (6th Cir. 1985) (quotations and citations omitted)). Here,
Hammer alleges background circumstances similar to those pleaded in Duffy,
specifically, that the person ultimately hired was less qualified and that the Scott
memorandum as well as Waltner's acknowledgment that he agreed with the
memorandum raise an inference of reverse discrimination. See 

       The parties also agree that the government has articulated a legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason for not including Hammer on the 1993 Best Qualified list:
the individuals included on the list and the individual eventually promoted (Walton)
scored significantly better than Hammer. Thus, Hammer's claim must fail unless he
can "demonstrate that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the
employment decision," which he may do "directly by persuading the court that a
discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing
that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence." Tex. Dep't of
Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 

, 256 (1981).

       Hammer urges that he has presented sufficient evidence from which a
reasonable trier of fact could find pretext because he is in fact more qualified than
Walton and because an internal memorandum suggested that the government should
consider hiring a minority for the position. Concerning the applicants' relative
qualifications, we have recognized that "[e]vidence that an employer hired a less
qualified candidate for a position can support a finding that the employer's
nondiscriminatory reason for the hiring was pretextual." 

.
Hammer contends that he was more qualified than Walton because Walton had
discipline problems, had alcohol abuse problems, did not have a college education,
and had a poor attendance record. Although one witness stated that Walton's
attendance and discipline problems were a matter of record (James Campbell EEO
Aff. at 9 (Sept. 28, 1994)), Hammer himself testified that he did not think the hiring

                                         -4-
board was aware of Walton's problems, Charles Hammer Depo. at 24 (Feb. 21, 2003)
("I doubt that they knew about it."), and neither Walton's nor Hammer's employment
records or application materials are part of the record presented to us. In short, while
there is ample evidence that Walton's abuse of alcohol affected his job performance
after he was promoted and did eventually result in his forced resignation, Hammer has
not produced any evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that
the selection board knew Walton or the other Best Qualified candidates were
unqualified and nevertheless submitted them for Warden Rison's consideration.

       Hammer also points to the memorandum sent to Assistant Warden Waltner, a
member of the selection board, suggesting that "[i]t might also be advisable to
consider a minority counselor for 10 North. Many of our patients are Black and some
Hispanic and a minority counselor could be an asset. Springfield has only one
minority counselor as far as I know . . . ." Scott Mem. For his part, Assistant Warden
Waltner stated that "I concede that I agreed with Mr. Scott, that we were under-
represented in Black staff. That was an issue that I saw as important today." Waltner
Aff. at 6. We agree with the District Court's conclusion that this case is quite similar
to Duffy v. Wolle, where we held that "[a]n employer's affirmative efforts to recruit
minority and female applicants does not constitute discrimination." 

–39. Rather, we observed that:

      An inclusive recruitment effort enables employers to generate the largest
      pool of qualified applicants and helps to ensure that minorities and
      women are not discriminatorily excluded from employment. This not
      only allows employers to obtain the best possible employees, but it "is
      an excellent way to avoid lawsuits." The only harm to white males is
      that they must compete against a larger pool of qualified applicants.
      This, of course, "is not an appropriate objection," and does not state a
      cognizable harm.




                                          -5-


(citations omitted). We conclude that Duffy controls the case at hand, and
we believe the only meaningful distinction between the present case and Duffy cuts
against Hammer. In Duffy, the plaintiff sued a panel of district court judges who
picked a female candidate for a position as chief United States probation officer
instead of the plaintiff, a white male. As proof of pretext, Duffy pointed to a
statement by the chief judge that there was "an interest in the appointment of a
female" and that, consequently, the panel sought "an open, nationwide, diverse pool
of qualified applicants." 

(quoting witness affidavits). Although Hammer
points to the Scott memorandum as evidence of racial bias, by all accounts Waltner
was the only person on the selection board who ever saw the memorandum, and
Warden Rison, who made the final decision, denied that he ever saw the
memorandum. Richard Rison EEO Aff. at 2 (Oct. 7, 1994) ("I know of no letter that
was made known to me prior to my selection."). In these circumstances, the District
Court correctly determined that a reasonable trier of fact could not conclude the
memorandum was evidence of pretext, and Hammer did not proffer any other
evidence to show discrimination against him on account of race. Accordingly, the
District Court did not err when it granted summary judgment on Hammer's race-
discrimination claim.

      We next turn to Hammer's age-discrimination claim. As with his race-
discrimination claim, Hammer may utilize the McDonnell Douglas framework to
present his case. Mayer v. Nextel W. Corp., 

, 806–807 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 

(2003). Hammer first argues that the District Court erred by
determining that Hammer failed to establish a prima facie case.

       To establish a prima facie case of age discrimination, Hammer had to present
evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that he belonged to the
protected class, he was qualified for the position for which he applied, he was
rejected, and his employer filled the position with an individual "sufficiently younger
to permit the inference of age discrimination." Schiltz v. Burlington N. R.R., 115

                                         -6-
F.3d 1407, 1412 (8th Cir. 1997). There is no dispute that the first three elements of
Hammer's prima facie case were established. With respect to the fourth element, the
District Court concluded that the six-year age difference between Hammer (age forty-
three) and Miller, the individual selected for the 1994 promotion (age thirty-seven),
was insufficient to establish a prima facie case. In an alternative holding, the District
Court ruled that even if Hammer established his prima facie case, he was unable to
demonstrate that the government's proffered legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason was
pretextual, and the court therefore granted the government's motion for summary
judgment. The District Court reasoned that the government promoted Miller because
Miller was the better qualified applicant. We assume, arguendo, that the six-year age
difference between Miller and Hammer was sufficient to support a prima facie case.3
Given this assumption, we nevertheless conclude that summary judgment against
Hammer was proper, but not for the reason given by the District Court.

      The McDonnell Douglas framework was "never intended to be rigid,
mechanized, or ritualistic." Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters, 

, 577
(1978). In this case, it is not clear that the government has articulated a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason—at least not one of the usual sort—for choosing Miller.
Moreover, the government does not contend that Miller was actually better qualified
than Hammer.4 Nonetheless, the government has shown that Miller's selection was


      3
        Though we do not decide the question, we do not mean to suggest that we
think the District Court was wrong. See Grosjean v. First Energy Corp., 

, 336–40 (6th Cir. 2003) (collecting cases and concluding that six years or less is
not a substantial difference in age), cert. denied, 

(2004). We do think
the question is a close one, and one that is not entirely free from doubt. Our Circuit
has not decided the point. Cf. 

, and we avoid it because its
resolution is not necessary to our decision in this case.
      4
       With regard to its legitimate nondiscriminatory reason, the government has
only argued that:


                                          -7-
not the product of age discrimination, and we therefore conclude that the government
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The uncontroverted declaration under
penalty of perjury, see 28 U.S.C. § 1746, that Warden Rison made in his EEO
affidavit was that he did not base his selection on age because "[a]s the selection
official, I have no knowledge of his age, nor the ages of anybody else that was in the
best qualified group." Rison Aff. at 3. Hammer has presented no evidence to refute
the Warden's declaration, and the record lends further support to the declaration: the
material placed in the record to show what the Warden had before him when he
selected Miller from among the five individuals whose names were on the Best
Qualified list does not reveal the ages of any of those individuals.



      The most highly qualified applicants were scored by four individuals on
      the selection board. The board then submitted its best qualified list to
      the Warden for the selection of his choice. The Warden chose Mark
      Miller, who was only six years younger than the Plaintiff. There has
      been no evidence presented that the Warden chose Miller because he
      was younger than Mr. Hammer. In this case, Mr. Hammer did ma[ke]
      the BQ list. Mr. Hammer has no direct evidence that his nonselection
      was in any way based upon his age, or the age of Mark Miller. Mr.
      Hammer also has no evidence that he was more qualified for the
      counselor position than Mark Miller was. Thus, DOJ has given a
      legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for promoting Mark Miller, and the
      burden [in the McDonnell Douglas formula] shifts back to Mr. Hammer
      to demonstrate that this given reason is pretextual.

Appellee's Br. at 25–26 (citations omitted); see also Defendant's Motion for Summary
Judgment at 15 (April 9, 2003). Moreover, the evidence in the record tends to
suggest that Hammer and Miller were equally qualified. See Bascom Aff. at 7
("Charlie [Hammer] is an outstanding officer. . . . It's just luck of the draw. He was
up against top flight candidates. He's a top flight candidate in that group. It's just,
Warden could have just flipped a coin and made his choice. It just happens that he
chose Mark Miller."); Waltner Aff. at 3 ("Any of the five candidates that were in that
final list were satisfactory from my perspective, and basically from the perspective
of the other members of the committee . . . .").

                                         -8-
       Hammer, in addition to the prima facie case (which we have assumed exists for
the sake of argument), can only point to evidence that Miller and Hammer were
considered equally qualified by the members of the selection 

at n.4; that
sometime after Warden Rison took charge of the facility he made a remark about "old
timer dinosaurs around here that won't change," Wanda Young EEO Aff. at 2
(Nov. 28, 1994); that Warden Rison's remark was taken seriously and protested by the
older employees at the facility who felt they were disfavored; and that, although
Warden Rison was adamant that the remark was misinterpreted, he acknowledged that
the remark took on a life of its own, especially with "some of the old timers," Rison
Aff. at 3. This evidence regarding the Warden's "old-timer dinosaurs" comment and
the older employees' reaction to the comment does not assist Hammer at this juncture.
The "dinosaurs" comment only suggests that the Warden could have harbored
discriminatory feelings toward older employees in general; it does not directly deal
with the ultimate question: whether Hammer was discriminated against on account
of age when he applied for the counselor position in 1994. Cf. 

(noting that "the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity" after the
defendant rebuts the prima facie case). We have often noted the Supreme Court's
admonition that "[t]he ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the
defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with
the plaintiff." 

at 253. To carry this burden so as to avoid summary
judgment, Hammer had to present evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact
could conclude that age-based animus was directed against Hammer personally and
led to his non-selection. Hammer has failed to meet this burden: the record shows
that the Warden was unaware of the age of any of the candidates on the Best
Qualified list when he selected Miller. Hammer has not presented any evidence to
create a disputed issue of fact on this crucial point. Accordingly, we must conclude
that no reasonable trier of fact could find that Hammer's non-selection was based on
his age. The District Court therefore did not err when it granted summary judgment
to the defendant.



                                         -9-
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
                ______________________________




                                 -10-