United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                ________________

                                   No. 03-3100
                                ________________

Vladimir Ivanovich Krasnopivtsev,         *
                                          *
             Petitioner,                  *
                                          *       Petition for Review of an Order of
      v.                                  *       the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                          *
John Ashcroft, Attorney General of        *             [PUBLISHED]
the United States of America,             *
                                          *
             Respondent.                  *

                                ________________

                                Submitted: May 12, 2004
                                    Filed: September 3, 2004
                                ________________

Before BYE, HANSEN, and HAMILTON,1 Circuit Judges.
                         ________________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

      Vladimir Ivanovich Krasnopivtsev petitions this court for review of an order
by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). Krasnopivtsev argues that he suffered
persecution in Georgia on the basis of his Russian ethnicity and Baptist religion, and
he fears future persecution upon removal from the United States. After carefully
reviewing the record, we deny Krasnopivtsev’s petition for review.

      1
       The Honorable Clyde H. Hamilton, United States Circuit Judge for the Fourth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
                                          I.

      Krasnopivtsev, a 50-year-old citizen of Georgia and an ethnic Russian, entered
the United States in April 1999 as a nonimmigrant visitor for pleasure, with
authorization to stay until October 1999. He overstayed his visit, and the Immigration
and Naturalization Service (INS) commenced removal proceedings against him in
December 1999. He conceded deportability but requested asylum, withholding of
removal, voluntary departure, and relief under Article 3 of the Convention Against
Torture.

       At a hearing before an Immigration Judge (IJ), Krasnopivtsev and his sister
Vera testified. Krasnopivtsev testified that he is a citizen of Georgia, an ethnic
Russian, and a Baptist who attends church but has not been baptized. Krasnopivtsev
was not a member of a Baptist church while he lived in Georgia, but he went to
church with his parents when he was young, and he attended church occasionally as
an adult. His mother, father, two brothers and one sister, all active Baptists, were
granted refugee status in the United States in the 1990s. His father had been a deacon
in the church in Tbilisi, Georgia, and his brother was a Baptist pastor. Krasnopivtsev
did not elaborate on their experiences but testified only that his family was
“persecuted.” He mentioned that his father’s uncle had been executed in 1929 due
to his religious beliefs. Krasnopivtsev’s daughter, who was approximately 27 years
old at the time of the hearing, still lives in Georgia. She is not a Baptist but is an
ethnic Russian and has had no known problems living there. His sister Lydmila and
her daughter also still live there. Lydmila is a Baptist. There is no evidence that they
have suffered any harm. Krasnopivtsev said he fears he would be killed or
handicapped if he returned to Georgia, and although he is of Russian ethnicity, he
could not be sent to Russia.

      Krasnopivtsev testified that he encountered some troubles while he was in
school due to his family’s religion, such as name-calling and ridicule for going to

                                           2
church instead of believing in communism. This occurred in the 1960s, well before
the communist Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The IJ considered only events
subsequent to this change in the country’s condition.

       Krasnopivtsev testified that in 1995, a police officer stopped him on the street,
asked him for documents, and took him to the police station. The officer pointed a
gun to his head and asked, “[A]ren’t you Russian[s] afraid to live around here?” (R.
at 107.) The officer, who was drunk, then started shooting around randomly, and a
bullet grazed Krasnopivtsev. Immediately, other police took him to the hospital for
treatment and instructed him to tell the doctor that he fell down the stairs, if asked.
The police took him home after the hospital visit. Krasnopivtsev said that after this
incident, he was often stopped by the police and taken to do work for them without
pay. He assumed this was because he was Russian, and he feared that, if he refused,
they might make up a reason to put him in prison. Krasnopivtsev also testified that
Georgians would stop him on the street and harass him because he was Russian.
They would ask if he had cigarettes and would hit him if he did not.

       In 1997, Krasnopivtsev traveled from Georgia to Russia on a Soviet passport.
While he was in Russia, there was an incident where he was accused of stealing a cow
and was beaten, but he was not arrested. He offered this testimony to demonstrate
that although he was Russian, he was not accepted in Russia and was not firmly
resettled in another country.

       In 1999, he returned to Georgia. Krasnopivtsev applied for an international
passport in Tbilisi. To complete the application, he was required to obtain from the
police a verification of his residence and that he was not involved in any criminal
activity. Although he said the police had harassed him on the streets because he was
Russian, he obtained the necessary verification without incident, and the international
passport was issued in the normal course of business. He came to the United States
on April 3, 1999.

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       Krasnopivtsev’s sister Vera has been granted refugee status and now lives in
Minnesota. She testified that she is a Baptist who was baptized in 1980 in Tbilisi,
Georgia, and she is an ethnic Russian. She said that Russians are threatened in
Georgia on the basis of nationalism and that Krasnopivtsev would be harmed if he
went back due to nationalism, being a Baptist, and because he had been in the United
States. She testified that their sister Lydmila has been unable to have social
gatherings or birthday parties due to her religion. Vera corroborated the 1995 police
shooting incident and that Krasnopivtsev did skilled work for the police without pay.

       The IJ refused to consider a copy of Krasnopivtsev’s internal passport but
considered exhibits consisting of INS forms and attachments, including an asylum
officer's “assessment to refer” and the Department of State Country Reports from
Georgia for 1999 and 2000. The IJ outlined portions of the Country Report on
Human Rights Practices for Georgia, which stated, among other things, that torture
was used on some criminals and detainees and that “members of the security forces
beat members of religious minorities.” (R. at 65-66.) Also, although the constitution
provides for freedom of religion and the government generally respects this right,
local police officers and security officials have been known to harass several
nonorthodox religious groups, “particularly local and foreign missionaries, including
Jehovah's Witnesses, Baptists and Hare Krishna.” (R. at 66.) Krasnopivtsev had
never been a Baptist missionary.

       The IJ found that Krasnopivtsev’s testimony was not credible. Even if
credible, the IJ further found that Krasnopivtsev’s testimony was meager, general, and
not the type of specific or detailed evidence necessary to obtain asylum. The IJ gave
weight to the fact that Krasnopivtsev still has family members who live in Georgia,
and he knows of no harm that has come to them. The IJ found that Krasnopivtsev
failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating that he had been persecuted or had a
well-founded fear of future persecution, and the IJ denied all relief.



                                          4
       The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision, specifically noting that its adoption or
affirmance of an IJ’s decision is a statement that the Board’s conclusions coincide
with those articulated by the IJ. The BIA then added some of its own reasons and
rejected Krasnopivtsev’s arguments of evidentiary error. Krasnopivtsev petitions this
court for judicial review.

                                          II.

      Because the BIA essentially adopted the IJ’s opinion while adding some of its
own reasoning, we review both decisions. See Siong v. INS, 

, 1036
(9th Cir. 2004); Chand v. INS, 

, 1072 n.7 (9th Cir. 2000). We review
for substantial evidence the BIA’s determination that an alien is not eligible for
asylum or withholding of deportation, and we may not overturn the BIA’s
determination “unless the evidence was so compelling that no reasonable fact finder
could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Perinpanathan v. INS, 

, 597 (8th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           A.
        Krasnopivtsev argues that the IJ erred and deprived him of due process by
admitting into evidence the asylum officer’s referral assessment containing references
to his credibility and by not admitting a copy of his internal passport. We find no
error. First, the referral assessment was properly admitted. “The traditional rules of
evidence do not apply to immigration proceedings.” Nyama v. Ashcroft, 

, 816 (8th Cir. 2004). Instead, the sole test for admission of evidence is whether
it is relevant and whether its admission is fundamentally fair. 

to another INS officer were relevant. Federal regulations prescribing rules
of procedure state that the IJ may receive into evidence any statement that is material
and relevant to any issue, and that the IJ shall make a de novo determination as to
whether the alien could establish eligibility for asylum or withholding, taking into
account the credibility of statements made by the alien and other facts that are known.

                                          5
8 C.F.R. §1003.42(c), (d); see Prokopenko v. Ashcroft, 

, 944-45 (8th
Cir. 2004).

       Krasnopivtsev asserts that admission of the referral assessment was prohibited
by an internal Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum (OPPM), which states
that a document containing reference to INS credibility findings should not be filed
with the immigration court. OPPM No. 96-1 (superseded by OPPM 00-01, Aug. 4,
2000); see also 

. As the BIA noted, there was no error
because this OPPM permits the filing of the referral sheet and all supporting
documents. OPPM 00-01, at 14. We have said that it is doubtful whether this type
of internal agency memorandum could confer any substantive legal benefits to an
alien or be binding on the INS. 

. Regardless of the
memorandum’s legal effect, the IJ used the referral sheet only as a record of fact
statements made by the alien in an interview and specifically disavowed reliance on
any credibility findings that might be contained therein. (R. at 83.) The record
indicates that the IJ made a de novo determination concerning Krasnopivtsev’s
eligibility for asylum after properly considering the credibility of all the statements
he made and other known facts, as required by the regulation. Furthermore, even if
it had been error to admit a referral sheet that contained a credibility finding, the only
credibility determination in that report was a statement that Krasnopivtsev was
credible. (R. at 377.) Therefore, the IJ’s consideration of this report could not have
resulted in prejudice to Krasnopivtsev. See Al Khouri v. Ashcroft, 

, 466
(2004) (noting any alleged error claimed to result in a denial of due process must
cause actual prejudice to the alien).

      Second, Krasnopivtsev argues that the IJ erred by refusing to admit his passport
although she admitted the passport of his nephew, Dimitri Prokopenko, in a
companion case and under identical circumstances. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s
decision to exclude Krasnopivtsev’s passport because it was not translated and was
untimely. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.33 (requiring a foreign language document to be

                                            6
accompanied by an English language translation and a certification signed by the
translator). We find no error. Contrary to the requirements of the regulation,
Krasnopivtsev submitted only a copy of the document, with no English translation or
certification. His claim of unfair treatment because Prokopenko’s passport was
admitted is also without merit. The IJ admitted Prokopenko’s passport as an exhibit,
but she expressly stated in her written decision that she gave it no weight because it
was untimely, untranslated, and not an original document. (Petitioner’s Add., Exhibit
A at 14.) Prokopenko’s claims for asylum and other relief were all denied.

. Krasnopivtsev cannot show that the outcome of his
case would have been any different had the IJ admitted the copy of his internal
passport. Due process is denied only if the proceeding was so fundamentally unfair
that the alien was prevented from reasonably presenting his case, resulting in
prejudice to the alien. See Al 

. No such showing exists here.



                                          B.
       Krasnopivtsev asserts that the IJ erred in concluding that he was not credible.
The BIA did not comment on the IJ’s credibility finding, noting simply that it agreed
with the IJ’s assessment that Krasnopivtsev had failed to meet his burden to show that
he was eligible for relief. We decline to address the credibility issue because even
assuming that Krasnopivtsev was credible, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and
BIA’s conclusions that the events Krasnopivtsev described are not sufficient to
demonstrate that he was persecuted or has a well-founded fear of persecution on
account of his ethnicity or his religion.

      The Attorney General may confer asylum upon a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)
(2000). A refugee is an alien who is unwilling to return to his home country due to
a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A). “Persecution involves a threat to one’s life or freedom” on account

                                          7
of one of those five enumerated grounds. Shoaira v. Ashcroft, 

, 844 (8th
Cir. 2004). If past persecution is established, we presume a well-founded fear of
future persecution unless the government shows by a preponderance of the evidence
that conditions in the applicant’s country have changed to such an extent that a fear
of persecution is no longer reasonable. Hasalla v. Ashcroft, 

, 803 (8th
Cir. 2004); see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13.

       Krasnopivtsev claimed that he was persecuted on account of being Russian.
His testimony indicated that he was harassed, both by private citizens and the police,
but this harassment does not rise to the level of persecution. The 1995 shooting
began with police harassment because Krasnopivtsev was Russian, but the actual
shooting was the random act of a drunken officer. Other police immediately took him
to the hospital for treatment. The cow-stealing accusation occurred in Russia, and he
admits it is not relevant to support his claim of persecution in Georgia. The only
other specific incidents of mistreatment Krasnopivtsev testified to suffering on
account of his Russian ethnicity were that citizens would harass him on the street and
hit him if he did not have cigarettes and that the police required him to perform
unpaid work.

       Harassment by private citizens does not rise to the level of persecution. See
Rife v. Ashcroft, 

, 612 (8th Cir. 2004). Being forced on occasion to
work without pay for the police is troublesome, but we cannot conclude that this
alone rises to the level of persecution. “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept” and
low-level types of intimidation or harassment are not sufficiently severe. 

(internal marks omitted). We have stated that brief periods of
detention, ethnic conflict, or isolated violence do not necessarily constitute
persecution. See Ngure v. Ashcroft, 

, 990 (8th Cir. 2004) (noting
isolated violence does not compel a finding of persecution); Al Tawm v. Ashcroft,

, 743 (8th Cir. 2004) (noting brief detention not necessarily
persecution); Feleke v. INS, 

, 598 (8th Cir. 1997) (holding political

                                          8
unrest and ethnic conflict do not compel a finding of persecution). We conclude that
substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and the IJ’s determination that Krasnopivtsev
has not demonstrated that he suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of being Russian.

       As to his claim of religious persecution, Krasnopivtsev argues that the
mistreatment of his family members who were granted refugee status in the United
States in the 1990s on the basis of religious persecution is a valid basis for a well-
founded fear of persecution. While he asserts that his family obtained refugee status
in the 1990s because they were persecuted for their religion in Georgia,
Krasnopivtsev has provided no details concerning their persecution, and he has not
related how it affected him. He offers only the much outdated 1929 execution of his
father’s uncle as evidence of violence against family members. He indicated that
since the 1970s, Baptists in Georgia have been prohibited from baptizing people in
a local river, but they continued to baptize in a pool in church. Later, he testified that
they now meet in private homes. He testified that he was never baptized and that he
attended services infrequently in Georgia. Aside from vague allegations that as a
child during the communist regime he was treated poorly on account of his family’s
beliefs, Krasnopivtsev has not introduced any evidence that he suffered any specific
harm on account of his religious beliefs since 1991 or that there exists a pattern of
family persecution that is linked to him. See Nyonzele v. INS, 

, 983 (8th
Cir. 1996) (holding that absent a pattern of persecution linked to the applicant,
persecution of family members is insufficient to demonstrate a well-founded fear of
persecution).

      Additionally, there is no evidence that any harm has come to his remaining
family members in Georgia. The reasonableness of a fear of persecution is
diminished when family members remain in the native country unharmed, and the
applicant himself had not been singled out for abuse. See Wondmneh v. Ashcroft,

, 1098 (8th Cir. 2004). As the applicant, Krasnopivtsev must

                                            9
demonstrate a particularized fear of persecution directed at him, not a fear of general
violence. See Lopez-Zeron v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, INS, 

, 638 (8th Cir.
1993). The record presents no objective evidence to indicate that he would become
a target of persecution based upon his family’s religious beliefs if he returned.
Substantial evidence on the record supports the BIA’s and the IJ’s determination that
Krasnopivtsev does not demonstrate either past persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on the basis of his religious beliefs.

      To be eligible for withholding of removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), the standard
is more demanding. “The alien must show a ‘clear probability’ that he or she will
face persecution in the country to which he or she will be deported.” 

. Because Krasnopivtsev failed to demonstrate that he is eligible for
asylum, he also fails under the higher burden of proof required for withholding of
deportation. See 

claims he is entitled to relief under the Convention Against
Torture. To qualify for relief under Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture, the
applicant must prove that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if
returned to the proposed country of removal, considering the testimony of the
applicant as to past torture, the possibility of relocation within the country, mass
violations of human rights, or other relevant information regarding conditions within
the country. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). Torture is defined as an act by which severe pain
or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted, and it is an extreme
form of cruel and inhuman treatment; it does not include lesser forms of cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1),(2). Our review leads us
to agree with the IJ and BIA that Krasnopivtsev has made no showing that he would
more likely than not be subjected to torture if returned to Georgia.




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                                 III.

Accordingly, we deny Krasnopivtsev’s petition for judicial review.
                _____________________________




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