United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 04-1312
                                   ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Plaintiff - Appellee,      *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the Southern
                                       * District of Iowa.
Larry Rennie Stropes,                  *
                                       *
            Defendant - Appellant.     *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: June 17, 2004
                                 Filed: October 28, 2004
                                 ___________

Before BYE, BOWMAN, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

       Defendant-Appellant Larry Rennie Stropes appeals the district court’s1 refusal
to grant a hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 

(1978). He also appeals
the district court’s determination that officers who executed the search warrant made
a legal forcible entry into his home. We affirm.


      1
      The Honorable Ronald E. Longstaff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.
                                          I.

      Mr. Stropes sought a Franks hearing because an officer omitted relevant
information from a search warrant application. The omitted information related to the
credibility of an informant, Elvin Blakely (“Mr. Blakely”). Accordingly, we begin
our recitation of the facts with background information about Mr. Blakely.

        Cedar County Sheriff’s Deputies investigated a burglary at the residence of Mr.
Blakely’s cousin, Buford Blakely. They discovered that burglars stole multiple
firearms. Buford Blakely suggested Mr. Blakely as a suspect because Mr. Blakely
used to live with him, asked him for money earlier on the day of the burglary, and
recently posted bond from jail. The deputies verified that Mr. Blakely was recently
in jail in neighboring Muscatine County following an arrest for interference with
official acts, going armed with intent, and possession with intent to deliver a
controlled substance. They also verified that he was out on bond.

       The next day, police officers in the City of Muscatine responded to a report of
a suspicious person with a shotgun case. The officers arrested Mr. Blakely, who
carried two shotguns and a rifle identified as stolen from Buford Blakely. The
officers called in a detective, Detective Quinn, and told him of Mr. Blakely’s arrest.
At about 10:15 p.m., Det. Quinn met with Mr. Blakely. At the meeting, Det. Quinn
noted that Mr. Blakely slurred his speech. Det. Quinn asked if Mr. Blakely had been
drinking. Mr. Blakely said that he had not been drinking but admitted that he had
taken some pills and was tired. Mr. Blakely claims to have been sound asleep at the
beginning of his first meeting with Det. Quinn.

        Det. Quinn gave Mr. Blakely his Miranda warnings and asked him about a
prior car stereo theft in Muscatine. Mr. Blakely denied involvement with that theft
but said he saw another man with the stolen stereo. Regarding the guns, Mr. Blakely
first claimed he bought them from an unknown man at his girlfriend’s trailer for $200.

                                         -2-
He later claimed he bought them from a known burglar. Still later he claimed that the
man he named as the stereo thief stole the guns and sold them to him. Finally, he
admitted that he went to his cousin’s home with the stereo thief, stole the guns
himself, and gave some of the guns to Mr. Stropes as payment for a drug-related debt.
During the interview, Det. Quinn repeatedly challenged the truthfulness of Mr.
Blakely’s statements and questioned his ability to separate fact from fiction. At one
point before giving his final version of the facts, Mr. Blakely asked if he could “cut
a deal.”

       Det. Quinn then contacted the Cedar County Sheriff’s Department to interview
Mr. Blakely about the burglary. A Cedar County Sheriff’s Deputy, Deputy Fitch,
arrived in Muscatine. Det. Quinn told him of the earlier interview. Deputy Fitch
conducted a recorded interview with Mr. Blakely. Mr. Blakely gave Deputy Fitch the
same final version of the facts, namely, that he was one of the burglars at his cousin’s
residence and that he gave some stolen guns to Mr. Stropes as payment for a drug-
related debt.

      At about 1:15 a.m., Det. Quinn contacted Officer Jirak of the Muscatine Drug
Task Force. Det. Quinn relayed the evening’s events and the stories that Mr. Blakely
told earlier that night. Det. Quinn then obtained from Mr. Blakely and gave to
Officer Jirak a handwritten, notarized statement that contained Mr. Blakely’s final
version of the facts.

        Officer Jirak prepared an affidavit to apply for a warrant to search Mr.
Stropes’s residence for guns. In the affidavit, he did not mention that Mr. Blakely
initially lied to officers and repeatedly changed his story. Also, he did not mention
Mr. Blakely’s prior arrest on charges of interference with official acts, going armed
with intent, and the controlled substance offense. Finally Officer Jirak did not
mention that Mr. Blakely slurred his speech, appeared tired, and admitted that he had
taken pills before his police interviews.

                                          -3-
       In the affidavit Officer Jirak did describe Mr. Blakely’s involvement in the
burglary, possession of the stolen firearms, confession to the burglary, and
implication of Mr. Stropes. In addition, he wrote, “Blakely stated that Stropes came
out to [Mr. Blakely’s] residence . . . and retrieved the known stolen items. Blakely
describes Stropes[’s] residence as being located near Scott’s Outdoors in Muscatine[,]
Iowa.” Officer Jirak claimed in the affidavit that officers verified the exact address
of Mr. Stropes’s residence and verified that it was in the general area of a
convenience store named Scott’s Outdoors. Finally, Officer Jirak wrote that Mr.
Stropes was the brother of Mr. Blakely’s girlfriend, Crystal Stropes.

      Officer Jirak provided, as attachments to the application, a Cedar County
incident report and Mr. Blakely’s handwritten, notarized statement. The Cedar
County incident report described the interview of Buford Blakely in which Buford
Blakely listed the items stolen and named Mr. Blakely as a suspect. Buford Blakely’s
description of his own stolen guns matched Mr. Blakely’s description of the guns that
Mr. Stropes received. The attachment also reported Deputy Fitch’s interview of Mr.
Blakely.

       Officer Jirak obtained a warrant based on the affidavit. He, Det. Quinn, and
four other officers executed the warrant at 5:40 a.m. Uncontested testimony
established that Officer Jirak knocked three times on Mr. Stropes’s door and
simultaneously announced “police, search warrant.” Officer Jirak estimated that he
waited approximately five seconds between each knock and approximately fifteen
seconds after the final knock before he gave one of the accompanying officers the
order to batter the door for entry. Four officers entered the house, one remained in
front of the house, and one remained in the rear. Neither of the outside officers saw
anyone leave the house during the search.

     Once in the house, Officer Jirak encountered Mr. Stropes rising from bed in a
room near the front door. Officer Jirak placed him on the floor and handcuffed him.

                                         -4-
Some of the other officers searched the house. They discovered a gun case that held
several rifles and ammunition. None of the rifles were the stolen guns, and the
officers did not seize any of the rifles in the case. One of the officers encountered Mr.
Stropes’s wife in the kitchen. She admitted that she had just finished smoking
cocaine and that she used cocaine daily. In addition, she disclosed to the officer the
location where she kept drugs in the house. The officers held her in custody only
until completion of the search.

      While officers continued with the search, Det. Quinn advised Mr. Stropes of
his Miranda rights. Mr. Stropes then admitted that he received nine guns from Mr.
Blakely that he believed to be stolen. During this interview, other officers discovered
marijuana and methamphetamine. After completion of the initial search, officers
obtained another search warrant to enable a further search for drugs. The application
for the second search warrant contained additional information related to the
discovery of drugs during execution of the first warrant. Also, Mr. Stropes signed a
“voluntary consent to search and seize” form prior to a second search. During the
second search, officers found and seized the stolen guns and approximately 200
grams of amphetamine.

       The United States charged Mr. Stropes with possession with intent to distribute
amphetamine and amphetamine purported to be methamphetamine in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B), possession and use of a firearm during and in
relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and possession
of stolen firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(j). Mr. Stropes filed a motion to
suppress the fruits of the search under 

, and requested a
hearing. He also contested the officers’ forcible entry and moved for suppression of
the fruits of the search. The district court denied a Franks hearing, denied the motion
to suppress, but referred the forcible entry issue to a magistrate judge for a hearing.




                                          -5-
       At the hearing, Officer Jirak testified that he knew there was a high probability
that there were drugs and guns in Mr. Stropes’s residence. In addition, he claimed he
was concerned for the officers’ safety because Mr. Stropes’s sister was Mr. Blakely’s
girlfriend, and she might have told Mr. Stropes about Mr. Blakely’s arrest. Officer
Jirak did not have any knowledge concerning contact between Mr. Blakely and Ms.
Stropes. No officers claimed that they saw lights or movement in the residence in the
early morning before their forced entry. All officers testified that Officer Jirak
knocked and announced. At least one of the officers provided an estimate of the time
between the knocks and between the knock and entry that closely matched Officer
Jirak’s estimate. No officers contradicted these estimates. The magistrate judge
found “overwhelming evidence” that the officers knocked and announced prior to
their forcible entry. However, because there was no specific evidence to suggest Mr.
Stropes might be violent and because the evidence (rifles) could not be easily
destroyed, the magistrate judge found there to be no exigent circumstances.
Ultimately, the magistrate recommended that the district court find the forcible entry
unreasonable and grant the motion to suppress.

       The district court accepted the magistrate judge’s findings regarding the
sufficiency of the knock and announce, but rejected the magistrate judge’s
recommendation to suppress. The district court specifically found that it is not
necessary to reach the issue of exigent circumstances when there is a specific finding
that officers satisfied the knock and announce requirement. Mr. Stropes then pled
guilty, but reserved his right to appeal the Franks and forcible entry issues. We
affirm.

                                          II.

       We review the district court’s refusal to grant a Franks hearing for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Fairchild, 

, 610 (8th Cir. 1997). “[T]he
common-law knock-and-announce requirement . . . is part of the reasonableness

                                          -6-
inquiry under the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Goodson, 

, 614
(8th Cir. 1999) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). We review the
district court’s legal determinations surrounding the forcible entry issue de novo.
United States v. Lucht, 

, 549 (8th Cir. 1994). Mr. Stropes does not
challenge the district court’s factual findings regarding the officers’ knock-and-
announce entry.

       Under Franks, if an officer omits critical information from a search warrant
application and obtains a warrant, the resultant search may be unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment. 

. “To prevail on a Franks claim
based on omissions of fact, [a defendant] must prove first that facts were omitted with
the intent to make, or in reckless disregard of whether they make, the affidavit
misleading, and, second, that the affidavit, if supplemented by the omitted
information, could not support a finding of probable cause.” United States v. Allen,

, 795 (8th Cir. 2002). In other words, the defendant must show “that the
alleged omission[s] would have made it impossible to find probable cause.” United
States v. Mathison, 

, 548 (8th Cir. 1998).

       Here, the affidavit omitted certain information that Officer Jirak possessed at
the time he prepared the affidavit. In particular, Officer Jirak failed to note that Mr.
Blakely spoke with slurred speech and admitted that he took pills earlier in the
evening; that Mr. Blakely initially lied to officers about the stolen firearms; that
criminal charges were pending against Mr. Blakely regarding interference with
official acts; and that Det. Quinn questioned Mr. Blakely’s ability to separate fiction
from fact. These omissions did not make the affidavit misleading because even if the
omitted information had been included, there would have remained “a fair
probability” that stolen firearms were in Mr. Stropes’s residence. See Illinois v.
Gates, 

, 238 (1983) (stating that probable cause exists where there is “a
fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular
place”).

                                          -7-
       We agree with all the arguments the district court set forth to support this
conclusion. First, Mr. Blakely made a statement against his own penal interest related
to criminal activities beyond the investigation. He admitted that he gave Mr. Stropes
stolen guns to pay a drug debt even though the ongoing investigation related solely
to a burglary. Such a statement carries considerable reliability because Mr. Blakely
took responsibility for actions unrelated to the burglary investigation rather than
“merely trying to blame someone else for his own crimes.” United States v. Tyler,

, 1039 (8th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. LaMorie, 

, 553 (8th Cir. 1996).

       Second, the omission of Mr. Blakely’s initial false statements to the
investigating officers and the omission of Mr. Blakely’s criminal record did not make
the affidavit misleading. The affidavit showed that the Muscatine County Jail
recently released Mr. Blakely on bond, and officers arrested him carrying stolen
weapons. Judicial officers asked to sign warrants understand that criminal suspects
often have criminal records and frequently are uncooperative or untruthful before they
eventually cooperate and provide truthful admissions. 

.
Accordingly, the omission of this information did not make the application
misleading.

       Third, Mr. Blakely’s desire to “cut a deal” and his ability to create a
handwritten confession demonstrate that he understood the interrogation that took
place and was able-minded when, finally, he confessed. Mr. Blakely’s earlier
sleepiness, slurred speech, and admitted use of pills does not detract from the
reliability of the information he provided later, when he was lucid. Accordingly,
Officer Jirak’s failure to mention Mr. Blakely’s sleepiness, slurred speech, and use
of pills cannot be viewed as fatally prejudicial to the affidavit. Finally, the
application contained additional assurances of reliability because officers
corroborated the location of Mr. Stropes’s residence, and Mr. Blakely’s description



                                         -8-
of the guns given to Mr. Stropes matched the description of guns that Buford Blakely
reported as stolen.

       As to the issue of forcible entry, the district court found that the brief five
second delays between repeatedly knocking and announcing and the subsequent
fifteen second wait with no response after the final knock was a reasonable amount
of time to delay before battering the door. The district court based its legal
conclusion on that facts that officers suspected the presence of drugs and guns and
reasonably believed their yelling and pounding on the door would alert people in the
house of their presence. We agree.

       “The determination of whether an officer was justified in forcing entry after
announcing his presence and purpose does not turn on any hard and fast time limit,
but depends upon the circumstances confronting the officer serving the warrant.”

; see also, United States v. Vesey, 

, 916 (8th Cir.
2003) (approving a ten second delay where the residence was small and officers
suspected the presence of drugs); 

(approving a twenty
second delay where officers suspected the presence of drugs and expressed a
legitimate concern for officer safety). Here, contrary to Mr. Stropes’s arguments, the
officers’ probable cause was based on specific, credible, corroborated evidence. Mr.
Blakely incriminated himself when he claimed that he traded guns to pay his drug
debt to Mr. Stropes. He also specifically identified the guns he gave to Mr. Stropes,
and the officers knew Mr. Blakely’s description matched Buford Blakely’s own
description of the missing guns. With this reliable, corroborated tip, officers
reasonably suspected that they faced a drug dealer who sought multiple firearms and
traded drugs for those firearms. Further, Officer Jirak pounded on the door and yelled
loudly enough that an officer at the rear of the house heard him. Under these
circumstances, officer safety is a clear concern and fifteen to twenty seconds is a
sufficient time to wait before entering the home of a suspected drug dealer to search
for multiple stolen firearms.

                                         -9-
       Although Mr. Stropes focuses on the facts that he had neither a criminal record,
a history of resisting arrest, nor a history of violence, these factors are not
prerequisites to a finding that officers had a reason to suspect danger. Mr. Stropes
also argues that quick entry was unnecessary because officers reasonably could not
have believed that he might quickly destroy the large guns that were the object of the
warrant. Mr. Stropes’s argument is misplaced because the information from Mr.
Blakely clearly showed that officer safety rather than the destruction of evidence was
the primary concern surrounding the search of Mr. Stropes’s residence. See 

(“The need to force entry may result from danger to the safety of the
entering officers or from the imminent destruction of evidence.”). On the facts of this
case, the wait was sufficient. We need not address the issue of exigency further
because the officers satisfied the knock-and-announce requirement. See 

(finding the execution of a warrant constitutional under the Fourth
Amendment based on officers’ satisfaction of the knock and announce requirement).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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