United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 02-4039
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the
                                       * District of Nebraska.
Ramon Mendoza-Mesa,                    *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: June 17, 2004
                                Filed: October 8, 2004
                                 ___________

Before SMITH, BEAM, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Ramon Mendoza-Mesa appeals the district court's1 enhancement of his
sentence for possession of a firearm during the commission of a drug-trafficking
crime. We affirm.

                                 I. Background
     On February 5, 2002, authorities arrested Mendoza-Mesa and his co-defendant,
Ramero Pineda, following a controlled-buy covert drug operation. Mendoza-Mesa

      1
         The Honorable Thomas M. Shanahan, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska.
and Pineda sold one pound of methamphetamine for $5,500 to a confidential
informant ("CI") who was cooperating with drug task force and Federal Bureau of
Investigation agents. The sale occurred in a pick-up truck driven by Mendoza-Mesa
(Pineda was the passenger). Officers stopped the truck and took Mendoza-Mesa,
Pineda, and the CI into custody. The police recovered 453 net grams of
methamphetamine from the CI, who told the police that he had received it from
Mendoza-Mesa. Pineda possessed the "buy money" at the time of the arrest. Officers
also found a loaded 9mm handgun–later determined to be stolen–under Mendoza-
Mesa's car seat. According to officers, during his intake process at the Omaha Police
Station, Mendoza-Mesa admitted owning the gun.

       Mendoza-Mesa and Pineda were charged with distribution and possession with
intent to distribute methamphetamine. Mendoza-Mesa also was charged with
possession of a stolen firearm and with possession of the firearm in relation to a drug
trafficking crime. Mendoza-Mesa pleaded guilty to the distribution and possession
with intent to distribute methamphetamine charge. However, he proceeded to trial on
the two remaining gun counts. A jury acquitted Mendoza-Mesa of the two gun counts.

       Following trial, the district court directed the United States Probation Office
to prepare a Presentence Investigation Report (PSR). Mendoza-Mesa objected to two
paragraphs calling for a sentence enhancement for the gun possession and rejecting
a reduction for serving a mitigating role in the crime. At the sentencing hearing, the
district court overruled Mendoza-Mesa's objections to the PSR. The district court then
found that Mendoza-Mesa possessed the firearm during the commission of a drug
trafficking offense, thus increasing his offense level by two levels. The district court
sentenced Mendoza-Mesa to eighty-seven months' imprisonment, a five-year term of
supervised release, and a $100 special assessment.2 Mendoza-Mesa timely appealed


      2
        For the volume of drugs involved with this crime, the United States
Sentencing Guideline ("U.S.S.G.") § 2D1.1 sets Mendoza-Mesa's base offense level

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the district court's enhancement of his sentence for possession of the gun in relation
to a drug crime.

                                       II. Analysis
       Mendoza-Mesa asserts that the district court erred in assessing a two-level
enhancement to his offense level because the government failed to establish that he
possessed the gun in connection with the drug crime. He argues that the evidence did
not support a finding that there was a substantial nexus between the firearm and the
criminal activity. The government responds that Mendoza-Mesa was in control of the
vehicle, the gun was found under his seat, and the drug transaction took place in the
car, thus establishing the requisite "temporal and spacial relationship" between the
gun, the drug activity, and Mendoza-Mesa. In addition, the government notes that the
district court credited the police officer's testimony that Mendoza-Mesa admitted at
the police station that the gun was his. As such, this credibility determination is



at 30, with a criminal history category of I (Mendoza-Mesa had no prior criminal
convictions). The sentencing range for this offense level fell between 97 to 121
months' imprisonment. Mendoza-Mesa's sentence was enhanced by two levels to 32,
which subjected him to a range between 121 to 151 months' imprisonment. The
district court reduced Mendoza-Mesa's offense level by three levels to 29 for
acceptance of responsibility, thus subjecting him to a range of 87 to 108 months'
imprisonment. He was sentenced to 87 months' imprisonment. Had the district court
not enhanced his sentence by two levels for possession of the gun, Mendoza-Mesa's
offense level would have been at level 27, subjecting him to a sentence between 70
and 87 months' imprisonment. Notably, Mendoza-Mesa's sentence of 87 months is
within the range for both the enhanced and unenhanced offense levels. In light of the
Supreme Court's recent decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. ___, 

(2004), and the interpretation of that decision by a panel of our court in United
States v. Mooney, No. 02-3388, 

(8th Cir. July 23, 2004), vacated
and reh'g en banc granted August 6, 2004, even if the district court plainly erred in
enhancing Mendoza-Mesa's sentence, Mendoza-Mesa suffered no prejudice–and is
due no relief–because his sentence of 87 months' imprisonment fell within the
unenhanced sentencing range.

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practically unreviewable, and is also relevant to support the enhancement. United
States v. Gary, 

, 835–36 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v. Adipietro, 

, 1479 (8th Cir. 1993).

       We review the district court's determination that Mendoza-Mesa possessed a
firearm within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b) for clear error. United States v.
Payne, 

, 762 (8th Cir. 1996). Section 2D1.1(b)(1) mandates a two-level
enhancement if the government proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant possessed a weapon during the commission of a drug offense. United
States v. Braggs, 

, 904 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v. Atkins, 

, 1213 (8th Cir. 2001). The government need only establish that "a temporal and
spacial relation existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the
defendant." 

(internal quotation and citation omitted).
Constructive possession is sufficient to support a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement. 

Proof of ownership, use, or actual possession is not necessary. 

       "It is enough if the gun is 'found in the same location where drugs or drug
paraphernalia were stored, or where part of the conspiracy took place.'" 

–05 (quoting United States v. Jones, 

, 384 (8th Cir. 1999)
(citation omitted)). We have affirmed the imposition of a two-level enhancement
under § 2D1.1(b)(1) based on evidence that the defendant was in the same vehicle
where police recovered a handgun belonging to a co-conspirator and
methamphetamine manufacturing formulas, among other factors. 

; United States v. Alatorre, 

, 1079 (8th Cir. 2000) (per curiam)
(court found constructive possession where shotgun was found in bedroom adjacent
to a dresser containing drugs and a scale in a residence the defendant shared with
others); United States v. Moore, 

, 794–95 (8th Cir. 1999) (court found
sufficient temporal and spatial relation between the defendant, the weapons, and the
drugs after police found firearms in defendant's bedroom, along with drugs in the
bedroom, the next room, and the basement).

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       In this case, the gun was found in the car Mendoza-Mesa was driving, the car
was used to commit the drug crime, and drugs were found in the car. In addition, the
district court credited the police officer's testimony that Mendoza-Mesa admitted that
he owned the gun. As such, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in
finding that a temporal and spatial relationship existed between Mendoza-Mesa, the
weapon, and the drugs sufficient to support the two-level enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b). We affirm.
                         ______________________________




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