United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-4017
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
              Appellee,                 *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
         v.                             * District Court for the Western
                                        * District of Missouri.
Jessie J. Sprouse,                      *
                                        *
              Appellant.                *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: September 14, 2004
                                Filed: January 5, 2005
                                 ___________

Before RILEY, LAY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

      Jessie J. Sprouse (Sprouse) appeals the judgment and sentence of the district
     1
court following his conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced Sprouse to 260 months
imprisonment. Sprouse contends the district court erred by ruling his two prior felony
convictions for thefts of motor vehicles constituted (1) crimes of violence under the




         1
       The Honorable Richard E. Dorr, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
United States Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines), and (2) violent felonies for
purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). We affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       On August 29, 2002, Springfield, Missouri, police officers stopped a vehicle
for failing to display a front license plate. Sprouse was a front-seat passenger in the
vehicle. A search of the vehicle uncovered a Jennings Firearms Bryco, Model 59
MM, 9 millimeter pistol on the rear passenger-side floorboard. After the vehicle’s
occupants denied owning the gun, a fingerprint was removed from the magazine of
the pistol and later identified as Sprouse’s fingerprint. Because Sprouse was a felon,
he was prohibited from possessing firearms.

       The government charged Sprouse with being a felon in possession of a firearm,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). The indictment also cited four
previous felony offenses committed by Sprouse, two of which involved the theft of
motor vehicles.

       The U.S. Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR),
which reported Sprouse was sentenced to four years in prison in 1991 for stealing a
car and a pickup truck from an auto dealership in New Madrid, Missouri, and driving
the vehicles to Memphis, Tennessee, where Sprouse was apprehended. In 1995,
Sprouse received five years in prison for stealing a pickup truck and a .30-.30 rifle
and then damaging the truck by shooting into it. In 1997, Sprouse received three
years in prison for exhibiting a sawed-off shotgun in an angry or threatening manner.
The PSR recommended a base offense level of 24, because Sprouse violated 18
U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). The PSR also recommended the district court
sentence Sprouse as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) and U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.4, which would result in an increase in Sprouse’s base offense level to 33. The
PSR calculated, based on fifteen criminal history points, a criminal history category
of VI.

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       At sentencing, Sprouse conceded the 1997 conviction for exhibiting a shotgun
in an angry or threatening manner was a crime of violence. Citing United States v.
Sun Bear, 

(8th Cir. 2002), the district court overruled Sprouse’s
objections to the PSR’s crimes of violence assessment and determined Sprouse’s two
felony convictions for motor vehicle thefts were crimes that carried a serious risk of
violent confrontation. As a result, the district court relied on the PSR offense level
calculation, assessed Sprouse’s base offense level at 33, and sentenced Sprouse to
260 months in prison.

      On appeal, Sprouse challenges his enhanced sentence, arguing his two prior
felony motor vehicle theft convictions (1) were not crimes of violence for purposes
of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, and (2) were not violent felonies under 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B). Sprouse argues the district court should have looked at the facts and
conduct underlying the prior felony convictions for motor vehicle theft before
concluding the convictions were crimes of violence and violent felonies. In
Sprouse’s opinion, a person in Missouri can commit the offense of vehicle theft
without violence.

II.   DISCUSSION
      We review for clear error the district court’s findings of fact and review de
novo its application of the sentencing guidelines. Sun 

.

       Sprouse’s arguments on appeal are based on the definitions of crimes of
violence and violent felonies. Section 2K2.1(a)(2) of the Guidelines provides for an
enhanced sentence if the defendant convicted of possessing a firearm had at least two
prior felony convictions for a crime of violence. Crimes of violence include any
offense that “presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.2(a)(2). The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) directs that a person who
violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three prior convictions for a violent felony shall
be “imprisoned not less than fifteen years.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Violent felonies

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under the ACCA include any offense that “presents a serious potential risk of physical
injury to another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). It is no coincidence section 4B1.2’s
definition of a crime of violence mirrors the ACCA’s definition of a violent felony.
In 1989, section 4B1.2’s definition of a crime of violence was amended, and the
current definition “is derived from 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) [i.e., the ACCA].” U.S.S.G.
app. C, amend. 268 (1989). Because the definitions of crime of violence and violent
felony are identical, the same analysis applies in determining whether Sprouse’s
convictions fall within the conduct defined.

       In Sun Bear, we considered whether the attempted theft of an operable vehicle
was a crime of violence. Sun 

. We first recognized our
court has determined walkaway escapes and also burglaries of commercial buildings
constituted crimes of violence. 

With that precedent in mind, we reasoned
that “[t]heft of a vehicle presents a likelihood of confrontation as great, if not greater,
than burglary of commercial property, and it adds many of the dangerous elements
of escape.” 

The crime involves a thief entering a vehicle at a time when
the thief is likely to encounter a returning driver or passenger, a police officer, or a
passerby, who may attempt to stop the theft. 

These encounters carry
a serious risk of violent confrontation. 

We also applied common sense to
recognize a thief fleeing in a vehicle operates a potentially deadly or dangerous
weapon, the vehicle itself, with which he is likely unfamiliar, and the thief may be
pursued, or perceive a threat of pursuit, and drive recklessly, turning any pursuit into
a high-speed chase with potential harm to innocent people, to the police, and to the
thief himself. 

categorically that the “serious potential risks”
associated with automobile theft “compel a holding that the theft or attempted theft
of an operable vehicle is a crime of violence.” 

Sun Bear, we must conclude Sprouse’s two felony motor vehicle theft
convictions are crimes of violence and violent felonies, because the crimes present



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a “serious potential risk of physical injury to another.”2 Because this court already
has addressed the arguments Sprouse raises here, we are bound by precedent. United
States v. Wright, 

, 788 (8th Cir. 1994) (“[A] panel of this Court is bound
by a prior Eighth Circuit decision unless that case is overruled by the Court sitting en
banc”).

III.  CONCLUSION
      Accordingly, Sprouse was subject to enhanced punishment as an armed career
criminal under the ACCA. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

LAY, Circuit Judge, concurring.

      Because I believe we are bound by our holding in United States v. Sun Bear,

, 752-53 (8th Cir. 2002), I concur in the judgment of this case. I write
separately to voice my agreement with Judge Melloy in his dissent in Sun Bear, as
well as the five judges who voted to rehear Sun Bear en banc.

      The defendant in this case was charged and convicted of felony stealing. MO.
REV. STAT. § 570.030. Like the prior offense at issue in Sun Bear, stealing of an
operable motor vehicle under Missouri law is not a separate offense, but included as
one of several offenses in a statute prohibiting the appropriation of the property or
services of another. See 

that attempted theft of an automobile is a
crime of violence, the Sun Bear court found that:



       2
        Although the court need not consider the facts underlying an individual
defendant’s prior convictions in order to determine whether they constitute “crimes
of violence,” see Taylor v. United States, 

, 600-602 (1990), we note, in
passing, that Sprouse’s 1995 pickup theft included theft of a .30-.30 rifle and a
shooting into the pickup, and his 1991 theft entailed driving vehicles to another state
where Sprouse was confronted by police and apprehended.

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      The crime begins when a thief enters and appropriates a vehicle, a time
      when he is likely to encounter a returning driver or passenger, a
      passerby, or a police officer, any of whom may be intent on stopping the
      crime in progress. As we observed in Solomon, an encounter between
      the thief and such a person carries a serious risk of violent confrontation.
      Once the thief drives away with the vehicle, he is unlawfully in
      possession of a potentially deadly or dangerous weapon. While he is
      absconding in the vehicle, with which he will probably be unfamiliar,
      the thief may be pursued or perceive a threat of pursuit. Under the stress
      and urgency which will naturally attend his situation, the thief will likely
      drive recklessly and turn any pursuit into a high-speed chase with the
      potential for serious harm to police or innocent bystanders.

Sun 

(citations omitted). With this description, the Sun Bear
court at most described the potential risks attendant to extreme instances of car theft,
but by no means did it describe a generic case of simple car theft.

       Most simple car thefts do not result in encounters between the felon and the
owner of the vehicle, a police officer, or a passerby. Nor do most simple car thefts
result in a pursuit, reckless driving, and high-speed chases. While it is true that the
potential harm to persons from these scenarios may be described as the potential risks
of a car theft, I do not think they may properly be described as serious potential risks.
In my view, there must be some aggravating circumstance beyond simple car theft in
order to categorically classify car theft as a crime that, by its nature, is a crime of
violence.

       For these reasons, I would not place simple car theft on the same level as
burglary of a commercial dwelling, theft from a person, or escape. See United States
v. Griffith, 

, 885 (8th Cir. 2002) (finding that theft from a person is a
“violent felony”); United States v. Nation, 

, 472 (8th Cir. 2001) (ruling
that all escapes constitute crimes of violence); United States v. Hascall, 

,
904 (8th Cir. 1996) (finding that second degree burglary of a commercial building is


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a crime of violence). In each of these cases, the probability that another person will
be encountered during the commission of the crime is far greater than the potential
of a harmful encounter during a simple automobile theft. See Sun 

(Melloy, J., dissenting) (noting that the proximity of victim and felon in theft
from a person, the enhanced law enforcement response to an escape, and the risk that
a felon is not aware that a commercial building is occupied create greater potential
risks of harm to a person than simple automobile theft). As the Fifth Circuit
recognized in United States v. Charles, 

, 314 (5th Cir. 2002), simple
automobile theft does not present a serious potential risk of physical injury, it
presents “a risk of injury to property, that is, the automobile.” 

original). Judge Melloy correctly noted in Sun Bear that simple car theft, by its
nature, does not involve the same potential risks of injury to a person. Sun 

.
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