United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 04-2040
                                    ___________

Kevin J. Morse,                      *
                                     *
          Appellant,                 *
                                     * On Petition for Review from the
      v.                             * United States Tax Court.
                                     *
Commissioner of Internal Revenue     *
Service,                             *
                                     *
          Appellee.                  *
                                ___________

                           Submitted: February 17, 2005
                               Filed: August 22, 2005
                                   ___________

Before BYE, HEANEY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Kevin J. Morse appeals the tax court’s1 decision ordering him to pay tax
deficiencies and civil fraud penalties under 26 U.S.C. § 6663 for unreported income
during the years 1991 through 1994. Morse challenges the tax court’s finding of
fraud, and he argues because a district court previously ordered him to pay $61,700
in restitution for the same unpaid taxes after a criminal conviction for filing false
income tax returns under 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1), the doctrines of res judicata, collateral


      1
       The Honorable Julian I. Jacobs, United States Tax Court.
estoppel, and double jeopardy prevent the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from
relitigating the amount of tax liability and imposing additional penalties. The tax
court had jurisdiction to hear this case under 26 U.S.C. §§ 6213, 6214, and 7442.
This court has jurisdiction over the appeal under 26 U.S.C. § 7482, and we affirm.

                                            I

        In April 1998, Morse, a farmer, was indicted in the United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota on four counts of filing false income tax returns in
violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1). The indictment charged that for four years (1991-
1994), he willfully made and subscribed to federal income tax returns that he did not
believe to be true and correct as to every material matter. He was tried and convicted
on all four counts, and this court affirmed his conviction. See United States v. Morse,

(8th Cir. 2000). Morse was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment, and
he was ordered to pay $61,700 in restitution to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS),
an additional $10,000 fine, and $3,379.62 for prosecution costs. By September 14,
1999, he paid the amount ordered.

       On August 17, 2000, the Commissioner sent Morse a statutory notice of
deficiency, which noted deficiencies in federal income tax plus civil fraud penalties
for the same years (1991-1994). Morse contested the deficiency and penalties in the
tax court. He challenged the Commissioner’s evidence of fraud, and he asserted the
doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and double jeopardy precluded the
Commissioner from relitigating the amount of tax liability because he already paid
criminal restitution to the government.

       At trial, the parties stipulated to the amount of Morse’s unreported income:
$75,799 in 1991, $39,900 in 1992, $24,481 in 1993, and $68,713 in 1994. After both
parties presented their cases, the tax court found Morse liable for tax deficiencies plus
additional fraud penalties for each year. The tax deficiencies were $14,437 for 1991,

                                          -2-
$7,300 for 1992, $2,698 for 1993, and $27,198 for 1994. The fraud penalties (75
percent of the tax deficiencies) were $10,827.75 for 1991, $5,497.50 for 1992,
$2,023.50 for 1993, and $20,398.50 for 1994.

                                          II

                                          A

       Morse first challenges the district court’s finding of fraud. We review this
factual finding for clear error. Scallen v. Commissioner, 

, 1369 (8th
Cir. 1989). 26 U.S.C. § 6663(a) provides if any part of a tax underpayment is due to
fraud, 75 percent of the fraudulent underpayment is added to the tax. Thus, the
Commissioner must show (1) there was an underpayment of tax,2 and (2) part of the
underpayment was due to fraud. 

If the Commissioner proves any
portion of the underpayment is attributable to fraud, the entire underpayment is
considered fraudulent unless the taxpayer establishes which portions are not
fraudulent. 

. The Commissioner has the
burden to prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence. 

;
26 U.S.C. § 7454(a).

      To support a finding of fraud, the Commissioner must show the taxpayer
intended to evade taxes he knew or believed to be owing by conduct intended to

      2
        Morse argues “the checks offered as evidence of omitted income [by] the
Commissioner were [not] supported by competent foundation,” Appellant’s Br. at 25,
and “[i]f the amount represented by all these checks is not accepted as valid evidence,
then any amount allegedly under-reported by Kevin Morse would have to be reduced
by the sum total of these questionable checks and then the taxes would have to be
determined on this lower amount,” Appellant’s Br. at 26. We note the Commissioner
presented these checks as evidence of fraud, not as evidence of omitted income.
Morse stipulated to the amount of income he omitted from his income tax returns in
each relevant year.

                                         -3-
conceal, mislead, or otherwise prevent their collection. Spies v. United States, 

, 499 (1943). Fraud may be inferred from “any conduct, the likely effect of
which would be to mislead or conceal.” 

the evidence at trial, the
tax court found Morse had the requisite fraudulent intent. The court based its finding
on three “badges of fraud”: (1) substantially understating income for four years
without a satisfactory explanation (his explanation was that the omitted income “must
not have got in to the tax preparer”); (2) providing incomplete information to his tax
preparer; and (3) being convicted of filing false tax returns under 26 U.S.C.
§ 7206(1). See 

(identifying various “badges of fraud”); see
also Klassie v. United States, 

, 101 (8th Cir. 1961) (“A consistent pattern
of underreporting large amounts of income over a period of years is substantial
evidence bearing upon an intent to defraud, particularly where the reason for such
understatement is not satisfactorily explained . . . .”); Korecky v. Commissioner, 

, 1569 (11th Cir. 1986) (finding taxpayer’s provision to bookkeeper of only
a summary of his retail sales that omitted a portion of those sales constituted evidence
of fraud); First Trust & Sav. Bank v. United States, 

, 100 (8th Cir. 1953)
(“[T]he filing of false returns is affirmative fraudulent conduct which is adapted to
bring about deficiency of tax and an intent to evade tax may be inferred from it.”).

      Morse argues because the Commissioner did not plead collateral estoppel, the
Commissioner cannot offensively use his criminal conviction to establish fraud. The
Commissioner, however, did not seek to estop Morse from contesting fraud liability
by entering his criminal conviction as evidence.3 Rather, the Commissioner used
Morse’s criminal conviction as probative evidence of fraud, an issue on which Morse
was free to present his own evidence. See 

; Considine v.
United States, 

, 1287 (9th Cir. 1982); Wright v. Commissioner, 

        Indeed, the tax court noted the Commissioner could not use collateral estoppel
to establish civil fraud liability “because a conviction under section 7206(1) does not
require a showing that the taxpayer willfully attempted to evade tax.” Tax Court Op.
at 10.

                                          -4-
636, 643-44 (1985). The conviction—together with consistent underreporting of
income, lack of a satisfactory explanation, and failure to provide the tax preparer with
complete information—provide a substantial body of evidence to support the tax
court’s finding of fraud. We find no clear error in the tax court’s conclusion that this
evidence is clear and convincing.

                                           B

       Next, Morse argues the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel
preclude relitigation of his tax liability because he was already ordered to pay
$61,700 in restitution to the IRS. Whether either doctrine applies is a question of
law, which we review de novo. United States v. Brekke, 

, 1046-47 (8th
Cir. 1996). We conclude neither doctrine precludes the imposition of civil liability
for tax deficiency or fraud penalties.

      Under the doctrine of res judicata, when a court enters a final judgment on the
merits of a cause of action, “the parties and their privies are thereafter bound ‘not
only as to every matter which was offered and received to sustain or defeat the claim
or demand, but as to any other admissible matter which might have been offered for
that purpose.’” Commissioner v. Sunnen, 

, 597 (1948) (quoting
Cromwell v. County of Sac., 

, 352 (1876)); see also 

. Morse believes res judicata prevents the Commissioner from seeking a civil
fraud penalty because in the criminal prosecution, the prosecutor “could have, as a
matter of judicial economy, asserted an additional amount [of restitution] equal to the
fraud penalty, but did not.” Appellant’s Br. at 18.

       Res judicata is available only where “(1) the prior judgment was entered by a
court of competent jurisdiction; (2) the decision was a final decision on the merits;
and (3) the same cause of action and the same parties or their privies were involved
in both cases. 

. We conclude res judicata is inapplicable here

                                          -5-
because a criminal prosecution for filing false income tax returns does not involve the
same “cause of action” as a civil tax deficiency case. “The government may have
both a civil and a criminal cause of action as a result of a single factual situation,” and
thus the government does not surrender its right to seek civil fraud penalties by
undertaking a criminal tax prosecution. Id.; see also United States v. Barnette, 

, 1562 (11th Cir. 1994) (noting absence of “any case from any jurisdiction
that even hints that a prior criminal restitution order is res judicata against a
subsequent damages action”). Because the criminal prosecution and the civil fraud
action are distinct causes of action, the civil fraud claim is not barred by res judicata.

       Morse also argues the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars the Commissioner
from relitigating the amount of tax liability, as that amount was already determined
to be $61,700 in his criminal restitution order. Collateral estoppel bars relitigation
of an issue where (1) the party sought to be precluded in the second suit was a party,
or privy to a party, in the prior suit; (2) the issue sought to be precluded is the same
as the issue involved in the prior action; (3) the issue was “actually litigated” in the
prior action; (4) the issue was determined by a valid and final judgment; and (5) the
determination in the prior action was “essential to the judgment.” Anderson v.
Genuine Parts Co., 

, 1273 (8th Cir. 1997).

       We conclude collateral estoppel is also inapplicable here. An order for
criminal restitution is not essential to the judgment of conviction against a criminal
defendant “because it [is] not an element of the crime of conviction.” Hickman v.
Commissioner, 

, 538 (6th Cir. 1999). In a criminal conviction, the “jury
[is] not asked to determine [a] specific tax liability [and] the district judge enjoy[s]
considerable discretion as to whether he should order restitution, and if so, as to the
amount. Id.; see also United States v. Helmsley, 

, 102 (2d Cir. 1991)
(stating where tax evader is required to pay restitution for tax loss, the government
may also seek to collect “unpaid taxes, penalties and interest in a civil proceeding”).
Because the amount of restitution was not essential to the judgment in the criminal

                                           -6-
prosecution, the Commissioner is not precluded from litigating Morse’s civil tax
liability.4

                                             C

      Finally, Morse argues the civil fraud penalties violate the Double Jeopardy
Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as he has already been punished for the same
conduct. Morse’s double jeopardy claim is a legal question, which we review de
novo. 

.

       The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against “multiple criminal punishments
for the same offense.” Hudson v. United States, 

, 99 (1997). The
Supreme Court instructed in Hudson, “whether a particular punishment is criminal
or civil is, at least initially, a matter of statutory construction.” 

Civil fraud
penalties are imposed administratively, see 26 U.S.C. § 6665, and the Supreme Court
has stated this is “prima facie evidence that Congress intended to provide for a civil
sanction,” 

. We will only override the legislature’s intent
where the statutory scheme is “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to transform
what was clearly intended as a civil remedy into a criminal penalty.” 

(quotations and citations omitted). We believe § 6663 is remedial, rather than


       4
        As the tax court noted, payments made under the district court’s restitution
order in the criminal proceeding should be credited against the civil tax deficiency
judgment. Tax Court Op. at 16 (noting tax court has jurisdiction under 26 U.S.C. §
6512(b) to determine whether Morse has overpayed his tax liability, and noting
“[t]hat is so whether payments were made under the District Court’s restitution order
or for any other reason”); see also 

(“[W]e believe it is self-
evident that any amount paid as restitution for taxes owed must be deducted from any
judgment entered for unpaid taxes in . . . a civil proceeding.”); cf. United States v.
Tucker, 

, 962 (8th Cir. 2000) (“Of course, any amounts paid to the IRS
as restitution must be deducted from any civil judgment IRS obtains to collect the
same tax deficiency.”).

                                            -7-
punitive, in nature and therefore should not be regarded as a criminal penalty for
double jeopardy purposes.

       In Helvering v. Mitchell, 

(1938), the Supreme Court directly
addressed whether the constitutional protection against double jeopardy barred a civil
fraud penalty where a taxpayer had previously been subjected to criminal prosecution
for willfully attempting to evade and defeat the tax.5 The Court held the penalty was
remedial rather than punitive, as it was enacted “primarily as a safeguard for the
protection of the revenue and to reimburse the Government for the heavy expense of
investigation and the loss resulting from the taxpayer’s fraud.” 

It has
become well-established that such civil fraud penalties are remedial rather than
punitive. See I & O Publ’g Co. v. Commissioner, 

, 1316 (9th Cir.
1997) (“Mitchell is alive and well in this circuit, as in others.”); United States v. Alt,

, 782-83 (6th Cir. 1996) (holding 50 percent and 75 percent additions to
the tax for fraud under former § 6653 were civil rather than punitive for double
jeopardy purposes); Thomas v. Commissioner, 

, 100 (4th Cir. 1995) (“For
over fifty years, the addition to the tax [for fraud] has been regarded as remedial,
rather than punitive, in nature.”). Morse has brought nothing to our attention to
distinguish this case from Mitchell, and we therefore find § 6663's civil fraud
penalties (75 percent of the fraudulent underpayment) to be remedial in nature. The
penalties are therefore not barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause.

                                           III

      For the reasons provided above, we affirm the tax court’s decision.
                      ______________________________

      5
       In Mitchell, the fraud statute provided, “if any part of any deficiency is due to
fraud with intent to evade tax, the 50 per centum of the total amount of the deficiency
(in addition to such deficiency) shall be so assessed and paid.” See 

.

                                           -8-