United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 04-1515
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * District of Minnesota.
Jason Thomas Haslip,                     *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: December 13, 2004
                                 Filed: August 2, 2005
                                  ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

       Jason Thomas Haslip (Haslip) appeals his convictions and sentences. In April
2003, the government filed a superceding indictment charging Haslip with three
counts, including one count of conspiracy to distribute, and two counts of aiding and
abetting possession with intent to distribute ecstasy and methamphetamine. A jury
found Haslip guilty on all counts, and the district court1 sentenced him to 324 months’
imprisonment and five years’ supervised release. Haslip claims the district court


      1
      The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
erred (1) in failing to give a multiple conspiracy jury instruction, and (2) in
calculating drug quantity at sentencing by including a precursor chemical
(pseudoephedrine) a co-conspirator attempted to purchase for manufacturing
methamphetamine. Finding no errors below, we affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       On March 30, 2001, U.S. Customs agents intercepted an Airborne Express
package mailed from Toronto, Ontario, to Minneapolis, Minnesota, which agents
suspected contained the controlled substance ecstasy. Agents sent the package on to
Minneapolis, where, upon arrival, customs agents installed a tracking device. Posing
as an Airborne Express employee, a customs agent delivered the package to a
residence located at 3422 Grand Avenue in Minneapolis. Co-conspirator Marcus Ian
St. James (St. James) signed for the package. When St. James attempted to leave the
residence with the package, agents stopped and arrested him. After giving a police
interview, St. James agreed to cooperate by telephoning Haslip, who came to the
residence and retrieved the controlled package.

       Police officers followed Haslip to a residence located at 4302 Portland Avenue
South in Minneapolis, which was owned by Timothy Ehrmann (Ehrmann). The
officers then obtained a search warrant. While executing the search warrant, the
officers discovered a locked safe, inside of which was a piece of Tupperware
containing 28.1 grams of methamphetamine. Haslip was arrested, and his fingerprints
were later identified on the Tupperware container.

      In June 2002, Arizona Highway Patrol troopers stopped and arrested co-
conspirators Ehrmann and Eugene Blaylock (Blaylock). During a vehicle search, the
troopers found paper and electronic drug ledgers with entries marked for “Jason H.”
A few days later when co-conspirator Jimmie Orr (Orr) was arrested in Phoenix,
Arizona, officers discovered more drug ledgers containing numerous entries for
“Jason Haslip.”

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      In August 2002, Haslip was in West Hollywood, California, when law
enforcement officers observed Haslip making a drug sale from inside a car bearing
Minnesota license plates registered to Ehrmann. After Haslip was arrested, officers
searched the car and found five Ziplock baggies containing methamphetamine,
ecstasy, cocaine, and ketamine, as well as an electronic scale and $1200 in currency.
Haslip told officers his permanent address was 4302 Portland Avenue South in
Minneapolis.

      Following his arrest in California, Haslip moved to Las Vegas, Nevada. In
October 2002, Haslip attempted to purchase two pounds of methamphetamine for
Ehrmann from a supplier named Timothy Range (Range). Range could supply only
one pound of methamphetamine, which he gave to Haslip along with a $10,000
refund. The following month, Haslip gave Range $20,000 with instructions to
purchase two pounds of methamphetamine and ship the drugs to Minnesota. On
December 30, 2002, Las Vegas police raided Range’s apartment and seized drugs and
$16,085 in currency.

       On April 1, 2003, the government filed an eight-count superceding indictment
charging Haslip and five others with conspiracy to distribute in excess of 500 grams
of methamphetamine and ecstasy. Haslip also was charged with two counts of aiding
and abetting possession with intent to distribute ecstasy and methamphetamine on
April 3, 2001. Initially, Haslip pled guilty to the aiding and abetting charges, but later
the district court granted Haslip’s motion to withdraw his plea. Thereafter, Haslip
and four co-defendants proceeded to trial.

        At trial, Orr, Range, and another unindicted co-conspirator, Anthony Florian,
testified to Haslip’s pivotal involvement in the narcotics conspiracy. At sentencing,
the district court found Haslip accountable for all of the drugs and the precursor
chemical attributable to the conspiracy, assessed a total offense level of 38 and a
criminal history category of IV, which resulted in a Guidelines’ range of 324 to 405

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months. The district court sentenced Haslip to 324 months’ imprisonment on each
of Counts 1 and 3, 240 months on Count 2, five years’ supervised release on Counts
1 and 3, and three years’ supervised release on Count 2, with all prison and
supervised release terms running concurrently.

       On appeal, Haslip alleges two errors. First, he claims the district court erred
in refusing to give a multiple conspiracy instruction when the evidence adduced at
trial established multiple conspiracies. Second, Haslip contends the district court
clearly erred at sentencing in finding Ehrmann’s attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine was foreseeable to Haslip and including the precursor chemical
amount in the drug quantity determination.

II.    DISCUSSION
       A.    Single or Multiple Conspiracies
       Haslip argues the evidence adduced at trial established at least three
conspiracies: a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, a conspiracy to distribute
ecstasy, and a conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine. For purposes of this
appeal, Haslip admits he played various, changing roles in the first two conspiracies,
but contends he had no involvement in the third conspiracy to manufacture
methamphetamine. Because multiple conspiracies existed, Haslip argues he was
prejudiced substantially by the court’s failure to give a multiple conspiracy
instruction.

        Upon reviewing the multiple conspiracy instruction which Haslip requested
that the district court give, we note the proposed instruction did not allege Ehrmann’s
purchase of a precursor chemical was part of a separate conspiracy to manufacture
methamphetamine. Instead, the proffered instruction suggested the possibility of two,
not three, conspiracies: the first between Haslip, St. James, and Ehrmann to aid and
abet the possession of ecstasy with intent to distribute, and the second between
Ehrmann, Robert Cowan Thomas, Blaylock, and Orr to aid and abet the possession

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of methamphetamine. Haslip’s multiple conspiracy argument on appeal rings of
Monday morning quarterbacking.

        We review de novo the legal question whether sufficient evidence was adduced
at trial to sustain a multiple conspiracy instruction, and we review for clear error the
factual question whether the government proved a single or a multiple conspiracy.
United States v. Contreras, 

, 916 (8th Cir. 2002). We review the denial
of a request for a multiple conspiracy jury instruction for abuse of discretion. See
United States v. Gary, 

, 834 (8th Cir. 2003). If the evidence supports a
finding of multiple conspiracies, we will reverse a conviction for failure to give a
multiple conspiracy instruction only when the failure to give the instruction causes
substantial prejudice to the defendant. United States v. Haren, 

, 196 (8th
Cir. 1991).

       The government may prove a single conspiracy “where the defendants have a
common purpose” and where “mutual dependence or assistance” exists or each
defendant is aware of the nature and scope of the conspiracy and willingly joins. 

drug case, the fact that different individual defendants contributed a portion of
the total drugs to suppliers or participated in numerous separate transactions does not
convert a single conspiracy into multiple conspiracies. United States v. Spector, 

, 935 (8th Cir. 1986). That co-conspirators may change roles throughout the
pendency of a conspiracy or even depart from the conspiracy which may signal only
that the single conspiracy has moved to a new phase, and a conspiracy may have
multiple and varied phases. United States v. Davis, 

, 1342 (8th Cir.
1989).

      In this case, the government adduced sufficient evidence Haslip knowingly and
willingly gave mutual assistance to the single conspiracy charged in the superceding
indictment. The government established Haslip knew his co-conspirators and lived
with several co-conspirators in Ehrmann’s house, where multiple drug transactions

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occurred. In April 2001, Haslip picked up the controlled package containing a
substantial quantity of ecstasy from St. James. Later that same day, the police
searched Ehrmann’s house and found a piece of Tupperware in a bedroom safe
containing 28.1 grams of methamphetamine and bearing Haslip’s fingerprints. At
trial, Orr, a co-defendant, testified that, during the summer of 2002, Haslip traveled
to Arizona with Ehrmann to purchase a large quantity of methamphetamine, which
they shipped back to Minneapolis for distribution. In the fall of 2002, Haslip moved
to Las Vegas, where Haslip and Ehrmann attempted to make multi-pound purchases
of methamphetamine from Range. On the first occasion, Range could procure only
one pound of methamphetamine and refunded Haslip $10,000 for the second pound
he could not procure. Considering Haslip’s close and continuous relationship with
Ehrmann coupled with Haslip’s direct knowledge of the difficulties Ehrmann was
encountering in procuring a continuous methamphetamine source, a jury could
reasonably view Ehrmann’s attempted purchase of a precursor chemical
(pseudoephedrine) for use in making methamphetamine not as part of a separate
conspiracy, but rather as a new phase of an ongoing drug conspiracy. See 

evidence in the light most favorable to the jury verdict, as we
must, 

, we conclude the government adduced substantial
evidence of Haslip’s ongoing conspiratorial involvement in possessing both ecstasy
and methamphetamine with the intent to distribute. The failure to give a multiple
conspiracy instruction also did not cause Haslip substantial prejudice. As such, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on multiple
conspiracies. See United States v. Underwood, 

, 966 (8th Cir. 2004).

      B.     Drug Quantity
      Haslip also assigns as error the district court’s drug quantity calculation that
included 1,360.8 grams of pseudoephedrine, a methamphetamine chemical precursor,
which co-conspirator Ehrmann attempted to purchase from a DEA agent in San
Diego, California, in February 2003. Haslip argues he conspired to distribute

                                          -6-
methamphetamine, but he did not conspire to manufacture methamphetamine. Haslip
contends Ehrmann’s attempted purchase of a precursor chemical (1) was not in
furtherance of the conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, and (2) was not
foreseeable.

       “A defendant convicted of conspiracy is properly held accountable for all
reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of any co-conspirator taken in furtherance
of the conspiracy.” United States v. Mickelson, 

, 821 (8th Cir. 2004)
(quoting United States v. Atkins, 

, 1211-12 (8th Cir. 2001)). Thus, the
district court could consider amounts from drug transactions in which Haslip was not
directly involved, so long as those drug transactions were part of the same course of
conduct or scheme. 

Before attributing the precursor chemical to
Haslip, the court must find, by a preponderance of the evidence, Ehrmann’s activity
in procuring the precursor chemical was in furtherance of the conspiracy, and was
either known to Haslip or reasonably foreseeable to him. 

      At sentencing, the district court correctly considered all of the transactions in
which Haslip was involved and those he could reasonably foresee. The court
declared that “[g]iven the quantities involved here and the depth and breadth of the
involvement of the conspiracy, and in particular, the prime conspirator [Ehrmann]
with whom Mr. Haslip was involved, I find that the possession of the precursor
chemical was foreseeable as that concept is used in the law of conspiracy.”
Reviewing the record, we conclude the district court’s finding was not clearly
erroneous.

      C.     Booker Error
      Haslip also filed supplemental briefs requesting the court review his
convictions and sentences in light of United States v. Booker, 

(2005).
Although Haslip objected to drug quantity at sentencing, his objection was not based
on a Sixth Amendment challenge. Therefore, we review Haslip’s Booker challenge

                                          -7-
only for plain error. United States v. Pirani, 

, 550 (8th Cir. 2005) (en
banc). “Plain error is error that is ‘plain’ (that is, clear or obvious), ‘affects
substantial rights’ (that is, prejudicial) and ‘seriously affects the fairness, integrity or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Rashid, 

,
775 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Olano, 

, 732-37 (1993)).

       The first two factors are satisfied. 

. However, Haslip
has not established the concurrent sentences imposed by the district court affected his
substantial rights. If the district court had not included the precursor chemical in
Haslip’s drug calculation, his adjusted base offense level would have been reduced
by two levels, from 38 to 36, which, when combined with a criminal history category
of IV, would yield a Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months. The district court
ultimately sentenced Haslip concurrently on Counts I and III to 324 months, which
falls within this range. Haslip has failed to show “a reasonable probability” the
district court would have imposed more favorable sentences under the advisory
sentencing Guidelines regime mandated by Booker, 

and we find no reason
to exercise our discretion to remand for resentencing, Johnson v. United States, 

, 467 (1997).

III.   CONCLUSION
       Finding no error below, we affirm Haslip’s convictions and sentences.
                       ______________________________




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