United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 05-1010
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Western District of Arkansas.
Jorge Castaneda,                        *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: November 15, 2005
                                Filed: February 24, 2006
                                 ___________

Before SMITH, HEANEY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Defendant Jorge Castaneda pleaded guilty to possession with intent to
distribute more than 50 grams of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii). Castaneda reserved the right to appeal the denial of his
motion to suppress contraband seized from his vehicle. The police had probable cause
to believe Castaneda's vehicle contained contraband; therefore, the warrantless search
of Castaneda's vehicle was permissible pursuant to the so-called "automobile
exception." Consequently, we affirm the denial of Castaneda's motion to suppress.
                                   I. Background
       The Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") suspected Demetrio Garcia of
selling methamphetamine in northwest Arkansas. Using a lawful wiretap on Garcia's
phone, law enforcement intercepted several conversations between Garcia and a man
identifying himself as "Jorge." During these conversations, Garcia and "Jorge"
discussed methamphetamine transactions often using code phrases. Each time,"Jorge"
called Garcia using the same cell phone. On one occasion, Garcia directed "Jorge" to
go to a residence in Springdale, Arkansas, that police already suspected for
methamphetamine sales. Following this conversation, police observed a vehicle
registered to Jorge Castaneda arrive at the residence. The police deduced that the
"Jorge" from the phone conversations was Jorge Castaneda.

        Weeks later, Garcia and Jorge were heard discussing a future sale in which
Jorge would purchase a pound of methamphetamine from Garcia on behalf of an
individual who would be coming to town. The next day, Garcia and Jorge arranged
a meeting at Garcia's apartment. Police subsequently observed Jorge Castaneda at
Garcia's apartment. After Castaneda left the apartment, police stopped his vehicle for
a traffic violation. Although a drug dog alerted to the vehicle, no drugs were found.

       On the following day, police intercepted yet another conversation between
Garcia and Jorge, in which Jorge stated that the buyer of the pound of
methamphetamine had arrived. Jorge also stated that he had the money. Garcia and
Jorge initially agreed to meet at the Dollar Store to perform the drug deal. However,
a subsequent call from Garcia, using heavily coded language, changed the location
to Garcia's apartment. Officers arrived at Garcia's apartment and observed Jorge
Castaneda's vehicle parked there. They then observed Castaneda enter his vehicle and
leave the apartment complex. At this time, the DEA agent involved in the
investigation called for Castaneda's arrest and the search of his vehicle because there
was probable cause to believe that he had committed a felony drug offense and that



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contraband would be discovered in the vehicle. Police stopped Castaneda's vehicle
and arrested Castaneda.

       Castaneda's vehicle was taken to the Rogers Police Department and searched
without a warrant. In the search, police found methamphetamine, a cellular phone,
and a handgun. The cellular phone matched the phone used by the individual
identifying himself as "Jorge" to make calls regarding drug transactions with Garcia.

       Castaneda moved to suppress the evidence found in his vehicle, contending
that (1) the police lacked probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained
contraband; and (2) the search of the vehicle was not a valid search incident to arrest.
The district court1 denied the motion, finding that there was probable cause to search
the vehicle based upon all of the facts known to the police. Castaneda pleaded guilty
to possession with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of methamphetamine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii), reserving the right to appeal the
denial of his motion to suppress. He was sentenced to 135 months' imprisonment, and
he now appeals the district court's ruling. We hold that the police had probable cause
to believe that the vehicle contained contraband and therefore affirm.

                                   II. Discussion
      When reviewing a district court's decision on a motion to suppress, we review
de novo the legal conclusion that probable cause existed while reviewing the
underlying factual determinations for clear error. Ornelas v. United States, 

, 699 (1996); United States v. Logan, 

, 532 (8th Cir. 2004). Under
the Fourth Amendment, the "general rule" is that "warrantless searches are
presumptively unreasonable." Horton v. California, 

, 133 (1990); see
also United States v. Ross, 

, 824–25 (1982) (reaffirming the "basic rule


      1
        The Honorable Jimm Larry Hendren, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas.

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of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence" that "searches conducted outside the judicial
process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under
the Fourth Amendment–subject only to a few specifically established and well-
delineated exceptions."(citations and internal quotations omitted)).

       One exception to the general rule is the so-called "automobile exception." See
generally Carroll v. United States, 

, 158–59 (1925) (creating the
automobile exception). "The warrantless search of a vehicle is constitutional pursuant
to the 'automobile exception' to the warrant requirement, if law enforcement had
probable cause to believe the vehicle contained contraband or other evidence of a
crime before the search began." United States v. Wells, 

, 287 (8th Cir.
2003).

       The officers had probable cause to believe that Jorge Castaneda was
transporting drugs in his vehicle on the day of his arrest. The police had intercepted
numerous phone calls between Garcia and a man identifying himself as "Jorge"
regarding drug transactions. The police identified the "Jorge" from the intercepted
conversations as Jorge Castaneda because the police had observed a vehicle
registered to Castaneda at a location that Garcia had earlier specified to meet "Jorge"
on the phone. The police intercepted calls between the two men discussing the sale
of a pound of methamphetamine. Following the call arranging a meeting at Garcia's
apartment, officers observed Castaneda at Garcia's apartment. In addition, the police
intercepted a call discussing the one pound sale and arranging a location. A short time
later, the officers intercepted another call changing the location for the deal to
Garcia's apartment. When surveillance officers arrived, Castaneda's truck was parked
at Garcia's apartment, and he left shortly thereafter. Given this evidence, law
enforcement had probable cause to believe that methamphetamine would be found in
Castaneda's vehicle. 

("Probable cause may be based on the
collective knowledge of all law enforcement officers involved in an investigation and



                                         -4-
need not be based solely upon the information within the knowledge of the officer on
the scene if there is some degree of communication." (brackets and citation omitted)).

       In the alternative, Castaneda contends that the search of his vehicle was invalid
because it was not a valid search incident to arrest pursuant to New York v. Belton,

, 460 (1981). However, Belton and Carroll represent two independent
exceptions to the general warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment. See 

–88 (holding that there was no valid search incident to arrest because
"the search did not follow hard upon the heels of the arrest" but holding that the
search was valid pursuant to the automobile exception). While a search incident to
arrest must be "contemporaneous to the arrest," 

when the automobile
exception applies, the vehicle need not be immediately searched. 

("When police officers have probable cause to believe there is contraband inside an
automobile that has been stopped on the road, the officers may conduct a warrantless
search of the vehicle, even after it has been impounded and is in police custody."
(quoting Michigan v. Thomas, 

, 261 (1982) (per curiam) (brackets
omitted))). Therefore, the search of Castaneda's vehicle was valid notwithstanding the
fact that his vehicle was taken to the Rogers Police Department rather than being
immediately searched where it was stopped.

      In conclusion, we hold that there was probable cause to believe that Castaneda
would have methamphetamine in his vehicle. Consequently, the search of his vehicle
was valid under our decision in Wells, and we affirm the district court's denial of
Castaneda's motion to suppress.
                      ______________________________




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