United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 05-3289
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Nebraska.
James Anderson,                         *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: March 15, 2006
                                Filed: May 10, 2006
                                 ___________

Before COLLOTON, HEANEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Following a jury trial, James Anderson was convicted of both conspiring to
conduct and conducting an illegal gambling business in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371
and 1955. The district court1 sentenced him to 21 months’ imprisonment and
forfeiture in the amount of $5100. Anderson appeals, and we affirm.




      1
      The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
                                          I.

       In late summer or early fall of 2002, Adam Kyle, a lieutenant with the Omaha
Police Department, started investigating a potential illegal gambling business at 2402
Ames Avenue in Omaha. He sent a confidential informant, Curtis Gatheright, to that
address with instructions to conduct surveillance and place bets. Gatheright worked
with Lieutenant Kyle for 14 months and placed a total of 20 to 25 bets. As a result of
this investigation, Anderson and five others were charged with conspiring to conduct
and conducting an illegal sports bookmaking business, in violation of Nebraska law,
from September 11, 2002, through February 1, 2004. The gambling business was a
“walk-in” operation, where bettors would walk into 2402 Ames, approach the bar, and
place bets. Evidence at trial, taken in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,
showed that Anderson took bets, received money, handled gambling records, and
possessed gambling proceeds at several locations, including 2402 Ames. At
sentencing, the court denied Anderson’s motion for a downward departure, ordered
him to forfeit $5100 in gambling proceeds, and sentenced him within the advisory
guideline range to a term of 21 months’ imprisonment.

                                          II.

       On appeal, Anderson argues that he was unfairly prejudiced when the district
court allowed the government to introduce evidence regarding firearms. Prior to trial,
Anderson moved to preclude the government from introducing evidence of
Anderson’s possession of weapons, but the court denied his motion.

        At trial, Jerome Howard, a police officer with the Omaha Police Department,
testified that he assisted with a search warrant executed at 2402 Ames on December
29, 2002. He stated that after he entered the premises, he handcuffed Anderson, who
was behind the bar at which the government alleged bets were placed, searched him,
and found a .357 Smith and Wesson handgun in his waistband. Anderson objected

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again to the admission of the gun at trial, and the court gave a limiting instruction,
admonishing the jury to consider the gun only as evidence on the gambling charges
and that “there’s nothing unlawful about simply having a gun.” (Tr. at 285-86). The
officer also testified that during his search of Anderson, he found a key to the back
door of 2402 Ames, $444 in cash, and an envelope, which bore the name “James” and
contained receipts and more cash. Police also found a shotgun behind and underneath
the bar. When the shotgun was admitted at trial, the court gave another limiting
instruction.

        Later in the trial, Mark Noonan, also a police officer in Omaha, testified that on
October 10, 2003, during a traffic stop unrelated to the gambling investigation, he
found a .380 handgun in the passenger rear seat of the vehicle Anderson was driving
and a loaded .380 magazine between the front seats. Officer Noonan stated that he
stopped Anderson shortly after he left 2402 Ames. A search of Anderson’s person
revealed $5100 in currency and a white letter appearing to be a gambling record.
Anderson argues that because no witness involved with the gambling operation
testified that Anderson possessed or used a weapon, there is no evidence connecting
his possession of the guns to the gambling operation. The government contends that
his possession of the guns corroborates other evidence that he provided security for
the gambling operation. Given the nature of these operations, the government asserts,
Anderson’s possession of guns in the area where money was frequently exchanged
supports the inference that Anderson used the guns to protect the gambling proceeds.

       We agree with the government that Anderson’s possession of the guns is
relevant to the charged offenses. Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence
are reviewed for an abuse of discretion, with great deference to the district court’s
balancing of the prejudicial effect and the probative value of the evidence. United
States v. Claxton, 

, 422 (8th Cir. 2002). Evidence is relevant if it has
“any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the

                                           -3-
evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. The evidence may be excluded, however, if “its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice” to the
defendant. Fed. R. Evid. 403.

        Taken in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence showed that
Anderson participated in a gambling operation that often garnered more than $2000
per day and operated solely through cash transactions. Officer Kyle testified that
gambling operations generally employ a person for “security” whose job is “to be
armed or to get themselves armed if somebody comes in to rob the place.” (Tr. at
166-67). One gun was recovered from Anderson’s waistband while he was at 2402
Ames, one was found in his car shortly after he was observed leaving 2402 Ames, and
both searches also revealed cash and gambling receipts on his person. The shotgun
was found behind the counter where a confidential informant testified that bets were
placed and, according to the informant, where no bettors were allowed. The informant
testified that Anderson usually stood behind the bar observing “us bettors and more
like – like he’s the overseer looking over – you know, that I guess for no one to jack
the place or anything goes down wrong.” (Tr. at 454).

       Anderson’s location behind the betting counter in the gambling establishment
near where the shotgun was found and his possession of the cash and receipts support
the inference that he possessed the firearms to protect the gambling proceeds, which
is probative of his role in the gambling operation. The district court alleviated any
unfair prejudice by instructing the jury that the firearms were introduced “as evidence
on the government’s claim that Mr. Anderson was involved in either a conspiracy to
conduct an illegal gambling business or the actual conduct of an illegal gambling
business . . . but at bottom you can’t convict Mr. Anderson of these crimes because
he had a – merely because he had a gun,” (Tr. at 285-86), and by repeating a similar
warning twice more during the trial. (Tr. at 297, 319). See United States v.
Cockerham, 

, 921 (8th Cir. 2005). We find no abuse of discretion in the
district court’s admission of evidence of the firearms.

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                                           III.

       Anderson also argues that the district court erred in allowing the government
to elicit expert testimony from a witness, Lieutenant Kyle, without first providing
notice of the testimony in accordance with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
16(a)(1)(G). Anderson says he was surprised by the testimony and denied a fair trial.
He also claims that Lieutenant Kyle was unqualified to testify about the general
customs and practices of gambling operations. Kyle, although listed on the
government’s witness list, was not identified as an expert witness prior to trial. The
government failed to provide Anderson with prior notice as required under Rule
16(a)(1)(G). The court nonetheless allowed Kyle to testify both as a fact witness to
his investigation into the gambling operation and as an expert to identify betting
sheets and slips and to provide general background on previous gambling
investigations and modes of operation. Anderson objected to Kyle’s testimony on
numerous occasions, moved to strike the testimony, and moved for a continuance to
obtain his own expert. The district court overruled his objections and denied the
motion to strike and the motion for a continuance.

       “Decisions concerning the admissibility of expert testimony lie within the broad
discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed on appeal unless there has been
an abuse of that discretion.” United States v. Ortega, 

, 943 (8th Cir.
1998) (internal quotations omitted). Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides that a
witness “qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education”
may testify to specialized knowledge that will “assist the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” The structure of a gambling enterprise and
jargon employed by the business are appropriate subjects for expert testimony. United
States v. Scavo, 

, 844 (8th Cir. 1979).

      Anderson argues that Lieutenant Kyle was not qualified to render an expert
opinion, but we find this argument to be without merit. Rule 702 does not rank

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academic training over demonstrated practical experience. Fox v. Dannenberg, 

, 1256 (8th Cir. 1990). Kyle has been employed by the City of Omaha as
a police officer for 17 years, has assisted in a “support role” in “half a dozen or more”
gambling investigations, and has been the leader or in charge of another half-dozen
such investigations. (Tr. at 56-57, 66, 156). We believe that there was a sufficient
basis for the district court’s conclusion that he was qualified to testify concerning the
general operation of a gambling enterprise, and challenges to his skill and knowledge
were properly considered by the jury in determining the weight to be accorded his
testimony. The district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting Kyle to
describe generalized gambling operations and terminology.

        Anderson also claims that because he requested disclosure of any expert witness
reports but was provided no notice of Lieutenant Kyle’s expert testimony, he was
surprised and unfairly prejudiced. According to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
16(a)(1)(G), “[a]t the defendant’s request, the government must give to the defendant
a written summary of any testimony that the government intends to use under Rules
702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence during its case-in-chief at trial.”
If the government fails to comply with this rule, the trial court may order disclosure,
grant a continuance, prohibit the party from introducing the evidence, or grant any
relief that is “just under the circumstances.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2); 

. The government should disclose the substance of any expert testimony
upon request, even if such testimony may be considered “routine” testimony of a case
agent concerning standard criminal operations. But when there is a failure to disclose,
and the court nonetheless admits the testimony, a defendant asserting error must
demonstrate prejudice resulting from the district court’s decision. 

       In Ortega, we affirmed a district court’s decision to permit law enforcement
agents listed only as fact witnesses to testify as experts on drug transactions and
paraphernalia. We observed that expert testimony had become routine in drug cases,
that the defendant did not object to the qualifications of the witnesses or the substance

                                          -6-
of their testimony but only to the lack of disclosure, that the defendant did not move
for a continuance, and that defense counsel had seen every exhibit that was the subject
of the agent’s testimony in the week prior to 

. Our holding
ultimately rested on a conclusion that the defendant failed to demonstrate that he was
unfairly prejudiced by the court’s decision to admit the evidence. 

States
v. Johnson, 

, 925 (8th Cir. 2000), we held that a district court abused its
discretion by excluding the testimony of an undisclosed expert witness, even though
the defendants in that case moved for a continuance to seek their own expert. We
observed that there was no objection to the witness’s expert conclusions, and
emphasized that the court failed to identify any potential prejudice to the defendants
from admission of the testimony.

       Similarly, we conclude that Anderson has failed to show the requisite prejudice.
When Anderson objected under Rule 16(a)(1)(G), the district court found that he was
entitled to notice under the rule and stated that his counsel must have an opportunity
to interview Lieutenant Kyle before he would be permitted to refer to documents as
“betting slips” and “spreadsheets,” or to describe the roles typically played by various
individuals in a gambling operation. Counsel had an opportunity to interview Kyle,
and, the following day, the government provided belated notice of the proposed expert
testimony. The court then heard Anderson’s objections to the proposed testimony.
In response, the court limited the expert testimony to identifying documents as betting
sheets and slips, “‘cause it’s obvious what they are, and nobody’s harmed by that.”
(Tr. at 134). The court also permitted “plain vanilla” testimony about previous
gambling investigations on the condition that the testimony would not be
“particularized” to the alleged conspiracy in this case and would not include an
opinion on the ultimate question of whether Anderson was involved in an illegal
gambling enterprise based on the evidence in this case. (Tr. at 135-40).

       Although Anderson objected to the expert’s qualifications, Lieutenant Kyle was
qualified to testify for the reasons we have explained. Anderson did not object to the

                                          -7-
content of the testimony, and we see no colorable basis for any objection to the
generalized information on gambling operations provided by Lieutenant Kyle. While
Anderson did move for a continuance to obtain an expert, we fail to see how a defense
expert could have refuted what the district court deemed to be the “obvious” nature
of the betting slips or the general operation of gambling establishments. “A claim of
prejudice based on untimely disclosure is less convincing when unaccompanied by an
objection to the object of that disclosure.” 

.

       Anderson also argues that any prejudice was compounded by the prosecutor’s
use of leading questions in developing Lieutenant Kyle’s testimony. Leading
questions generally are not permitted during direct examination, but may be used
where “necessary to develop the witness’ testimony.” Fed. R. Evid. 611(c). The
control of leading questions is a matter generally left to the discretion of the trial
judge. McClard v. United States, 

, 501 (8th Cir. 1967). Anderson
objected on several occasions during Kyle’s direct examination, and the court
overruled these objections. The court once found specifically that while the
prosecutor was leading the witness, “here it’s permissible.” (Tr. at 182). Even if
some of the leading questions were excessive, Anderson was free to probe the witness
on cross-examination, and we see no substantial and injurious influence on the verdict
arising from the manner in which the examination was conducted.

                                         IV.

       Anderson’s several remaining arguments do not merit extended discussion. He
contends that the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 

(2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 

(2004), require that a jury
considering a charge under 18 U.S.C. § 1955 must find beyond a reasonable doubt
that his gambling activities had an effect on interstate commerce. Anderson makes
no argument that Congress lacks authority under the commerce clause of the
Constitution to regulate gambling, and § 1955 does not require a showing in each

                                         -8-
individual case that the gambling activities of a particular defendant affected
commerce. Schneider v. United States, 

, 541 (8th Cir. 1972). Because
an effect on commerce is not an element of the offense that must be proved in each
case, the decisions in Apprendi and Blakely have no application.

       Anderson also argues that because there was “no ingredient in the conspiracy
which was not present in the completed crime,” Anderson’s convictions of both
conspiracy and the substantive violation of § 1955 violate the constitutional
prohibition on double jeopardy and Wharton’s Rule, the judicial presumption that
when an offense requires concerted criminal activity, an agreement to commit the
offense cannot be prosecuted as a conspiracy if the crime could not be committed
except by the actual number of participants involved. See Black’s Law Dictionary
1626 (8th ed. 2004). The Supreme Court, however, has held that Wharton’s Rule does
not preclude convictions for both conspiracy to violate § 1955 and the substantive
offense. Iannelli v. United States, 

, 782, 791 (1975). An analysis of the
elements of the two offenses shows that the convictions also do not contravene the
Double Jeopardy Clause. To prove conspiracy, the government must provide
evidence of an agreement, which is not required to prove the substantive offense,
while to prove a violation of § 1955, the government must prove that the defendants
actually did “conduct, finance, manage, supervise, direct, or own all or part of an
illegal gambling business,” which is not required to prove a conspiracy. 

n.17.

       Anderson argues finally that the district court acted unreasonably in refusing
to grant his request for a downward departure, “so that his sentence [would be] more
in line with the sentences meted to his co-conspirators.” He claims that the district
court’s statement that “intercase disparity is not a reason for departure” is incorrect,
because after Booker, “downward departure is permissible under the sentencing
disparity provision of 18 USC § 3553(a)(6).” After Booker, the district courts
“continue to determine whether a defendant should be granted a traditional downward

                                          -9-
departure under the rubric of the now-advisory guideline scheme,” United States v.
Frokjer, 

, 875 (8th Cir. 2005), and the district court correctly recognized
that a sentencing disparity among co-defendants is not a proper basis for a departure
under the guidelines. United States v. Polanco, 

, 897 (8th Cir. 1995). The
discretionary decision not to depart under the guidelines continues to be unreviewable
on appeal. 

.

       Once the court has calculated an appropriate guidelines range, it must then
consider the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to determine whether to vary from
the advisory range, United States v. Bueno, Nos. 04-2289, 04-2338, 

,
at *3 (8th Cir. Apr. 17, 2006), and we review the sentence for reasonableness. 

A sentence within the guidelines range is presumptively reasonable. 

Anderson to 21 months’ imprisonment, the district court stated that it was
“recognizing the guidelines are advisory and considering all of the statutory goals of
sentencing.” (Tr. at 824). The sentence was within the advisory range of 15 to 21
months. The court stated that while some of the co-defendants received lesser
sentences, this disparity was “a product of the fact that the defendants are not similarly
situated.” The court observed that unlike Anderson, the co-defendants were disabled,
and did not possess pistols while carrying cash. (Tr. at 807). The court also
considered Anderson’s relationship with his partner and child, but found the
circumstances insufficient to warrant a lesser sentence. (Tr. at 820). For the reasons
stated by the district court, we conclude that Anderson has not rebutted the
presumption of reasonableness and that the sentence within the advisory range is
reasonable.

                                    *       *       *

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                          ______________________________



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