United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 05-3791
                                   ___________

Michael Hess, personal representative   *
of the Estate of George E. Hess,        *
                                        *
      Plaintiff/Appellant,              *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
George E. Hess,                         * District Court for the
                                        * Western District of Missouri.
            Plaintiff,                  *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Citibank, (South Dakota), N.A.,         *
                                        *
      Defendant/Appellee.               *
                                   ___________

                              Submitted: June 14, 2006
                                 Filed: August 14, 2006
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, MELLOY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
      Michael Hess, personal representative of his father’s estate, appeals the district
court’s1 grant of summary judgment dismissing the estate’s claims under state law and
the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1667f (“TILA”). We affirm.

                                           I.

      Michael Hess’s father, George Hess, was the holder of a Citibank Visa credit
card when he died on August 29, 1998. At the time of his death, his account balance
was $889.58. On November 6, 1998, the probate court of Jackson County, Missouri,
appointed Michael Hess the personal representative of his father’s estate. On February
24, 1999, Citibank filed a claim for $889.58 in the probate estate and attached a copy
of George Hess’s credit card statement dated September 10, 1998, reflecting this
account balance.

        Michael Hess, on behalf of the estate, sent Citibank a check for $974.96 in
December 2000, apparently relying on the last statement received by his father prior
to his death, which listed this higher amount as the balance due. This older statement,
dated August 11, 1998, did not reflect either a payment of $100 that posted on August
27 or finance charges added to the account by Citibank, which resulted in the balance
of $889.58 on the September 1998 statement. Citibank’s internal statements from
November 1998 through November 2000, which were never mailed to George or
Michael Hess, list an account balance of $968.22. The estate’s payment posted on
December 11, 2000, and Citibank’s internal statements dated December 11, 2000, and
January 10, 2001, both list a credit of $6.74.

     On June 9, 2004, Michael Hess filed suit in the district court, claiming Citibank
owed his father’s estate a refund of $85.38, which represented the difference between


      1
        The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
Citibank’s claim in probate and the estate’s payment, or, at a minimum, $6.74, the
credit balance reflected on Citibank’s internal statements after the payment. He
alleged that Citibank had failed to refund the credit and had instead “swept” the credit
into its own general account, then had “covered up” the allegedly unlawful transaction
by failing to provide periodic statements, in violation of the TILA and Regulation Z,
12 C.F.R. §§ 226.1-226.36. He also alleged violations of state law, including
conversion, breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith, fraud, money had
and received, and unjust enrichment. Hess purported to sue on behalf of a nationwide
class of consumers whose accounts allegedly had been swept by Citibank after 60
days of inactivity.

       In response, Citibank moved for summary judgment, arguing that Hess could
not prove one essential element necessary to every count in the complaint – i.e., that
Citibank had misappropriated an account balance properly due to George Hess’s estate
– and thus could not seek relief on behalf of himself or any member of the purported
class. Citibank claimed that it was entitled to interest that had accrued during the two
years between the date in February 1999, when it filed its claim in the probate court,
and Michael’s payment in December 2000. Citibank contended that, whether the
amount of interest was calculated according to the terms of the cardmember agreement
attached by Hess to his complaint or under Missouri’s statutory interest rate, the
balance on the account as of December 2000 exceeded the $974.96 payment, so
Citibank did not owe any money to George Hess’s estate.

        The district court stayed discovery pending resolution of the motion for
summary judgment, and then granted Citibank’s motion. The court calculated the
amount of interest that would have accrued on the account through December 2000
employing three different potential methodologies. Using the annual percentage rate
of 18.90% listed on the statement dated September 10, 1998, the court calculated the
total interest that would have accrued under both variable and fixed rates, and then,
as a third alternative, calculated the total interest accrued using the statutory rate of

                                          -3-
9% per annum, as provided by Missouri Revised Statutes § 408.020. The court
reasoned that under any method of computing interest, the balance on George Hess’s
account in December 2000 would have been greater than $974.96. The court observed
that the cardmember agreement submitted by Hess states that finances charges
continue to accrue until payment-in-full is credited to the account, and concluded that
once Citibank was notified of George Hess’s death, the TILA and Regulation Z do not
require Citibank to continue to send monthly statements to his estate. The court
concluded that Citibank had demonstrated that it was entitled to interest, and that the
total account balance was more than the payment, so “there was no overpayment and
no credit balance owing to George Hess’ account.” The court therefore held that Hess
could not “prove an essential element of each of his seven claims.” (App. at 439-440).



                                          II.

        On appeal, Hess argues that Citibank violated the TILA because it did not send
a billing statement to the estate disclosing “how and when it supposedly charged the
interest eliminating the positive credit balance” in George Hess’s account.
(Appellant’s Br. at 33 n.9). Under section 127(b) of the TILA:

      [t]he creditor of any account under an open end consumer credit plan
      shall transmit to the obligor, for each billing cycle at the end of which
      there is an outstanding balance in that account or with respect to which
      a finance charge is imposed, a statement setting forth each of the
      following items to the extent applicable: . . . (4) [t]he amount of any
      finance charge added to the account during the period.

15 U.S.C. § 1637(b). Hess argues that upon George Hess’s death, his estate became
the “obligor” entitled to periodic statements, because it “was obligated to pay the debt
and was treated as an obligor by Citibank when it submitted a claim against the estate
in the Hess probate.” (Appellant’s Br. at 32). Hess also claims that Citibank’s failure

                                          -4-
to send account statements to the estate violated the disclosure requirements of
Regulation Z. Citibank responds that it was not required to send statements to George
Hess’s estate for three independent reasons, one of which is that the Hess estate was
not an “obligor” within the meaning of 15 U.S.C. § 1637(b).

       Congress has delegated to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System the authority to prescribe regulations that may contain “such classifications,
differentiations, or other provisions, and may provide for such adjustments and
exceptions for any class of transactions, as in the judgment of the Board are necessary
or proper to effectuate the purposes of [the TILA], to prevent circumvention or
evasion thereof, or to facilitate compliance therewith.” 15 U.S.C. § 1604(a).
Congress has specifically designated the Board as the primary source for interpretation
and application of the TILA, see Household Credit Servs., Inc. v. Pfennig, 

, 238 (2004), empowering it to formulate interstitial policy and to create rules for
administering the statute.

       In reviewing the agency’s construction of the statute, if Congress has “directly
spoken to the precise question at issue,” then we must “give effect to the
unambiguously expressed intent.” Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council,
Inc., 

, 842-43 (1984); see also First Nat’l Bank of Council Bluffs v.
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 

, 1462-63 (8th Cir. 1992)
(finding the statutory phrase “immediate preceding examination” in section
108(e)(3)(i) of the TILA to be unambiguous). Otherwise, where Congress has
“explicitly left a gap for the agency to fill, there is an express delegation of authority
to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the statute by regulation.” Chevron,
U.S.A., 

. Absent a clear expression of congressional intent,
legislative regulations are given controlling weight unless they are “arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” 

Deference to the views
of the Board is “especially appropriate” in the process of interpreting the TILA, given
the agency’s “pivotal role in setting the statutory machinery in motion,” broad

                                           -5-
administrative lawmaking power delegated by Congress, and unique position to
navigate the complexities of the statute striking the appropriate balance between
“competing considerations of complete disclosure and the need to avoid informational
overload.” Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin, 

, 565-569 (1980)
(internal quotations omitted).

       The TILA does not define the term “obligor” used in section 127(b). As we
shall explain below, there is a substantial argument that the text and structure of the
TILA unambiguously excludes an estate from the scope of “obligor,” but at best for
Hess, the term is ambiguous. The Board enacted Regulation Z to implement the
TILA, see 12 C.F.R. § 226.1(a), and it is entitled to deference in applying ambiguous
terms. Sections 226.5-226.16 of Regulation Z include the regulatory provisions that
govern open-end credit plans, see Schnall v. Marine Midland Bank, 

,
266-69 (2d Cir. 2000), and it is evident that the Board intended 12 C.F.R. § 226.7 to
define the scope of a creditor’s obligations to disclose periodic statements for open-
end credit plans. Creditors need “sure guidance through the highly technical Truth in
Lending Act,” and Congress, in delegating regulatory authority to the Board, has
chosen to resolve interpretive issues under the TILA by “uniform administrative
decision, rather than piecemeal through litigation.” Ford Motor Credit 

(internal quotation omitted). We therefore look to whether the pertinent
regulation permissibly defines the disclosure obligations of creditors in this area, and
we “refrain from substituting [our] own interstitial lawmaking for that of the Federal
Reserve, so long as the latter’s lawmaking is not irrational.” 

see also
Household Credit Servs., 

.

       According to the governing regulation, “[t]he creditor shall furnish the
consumer with a periodic statement that discloses . . . [t]he amount of any finance
charge debited or added to the account during the billing cycle, using the term ‘finance
charge.’” 12 C.F.R. § 226.7(f) (emphasis added). The term “consumer” is defined in
the regulation as “a cardholder or a natural person to whom consumer credit is offered

                                          -6-
or extended,” 12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(11) (emphasis added), while a “cardholder” is
defined as “a natural person to whom a credit card is issued for consumer credit
purposes, or a natural person who has agreed with the card issuer to pay consumer
credit obligations arising from the issuance of a credit card to another natural person.”
12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(8) (emphasis added). Thus, under the plain language of
Regulation Z, a creditor is required to furnish periodic statements only to natural
persons. This duty does not extend to organizations, such as an estate. Cf. 12 C.F.R.
§ 226.2(a)(22) (defining “person” as “a natural person or an organization, including
a corporation, partnership, proprietorship, association, cooperative, estate, trust, or
government unit”); 

(defining “card issuer” as “a person that issues
a credit card or that person’s agent with respect to the card”) (emphasis added).

       We believe that the regulation’s requirement that only natural persons be
furnished with periodic statements is a permissible reading of the TILA, and, indeed,
the better construction of the text, structure, and design of the statute as a whole. See
Household Credit Servs., 

. The TILA, like Regulation Z, also
sets up a clear distinction between “persons,” which may include an estate, and
“natural persons.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1602(c), (d). Section 127, which requires a
creditor to send the “obligor” a statement for each billing cycle in which a finance
charge is imposed, is entitled “open end consumer credit plans,” and sets forth
standards, including the periodic statement requirement, specifically applying to these
accounts. 15 U.S.C. § 1637. In a definition section, the statute explains that “[t]he
adjective ‘consumer,’ used with reference to a credit transaction, characterizes the
transaction as one in which the party to whom the credit is offered or extended is a
natural person, and the money, property, or services which are the subject of the
transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.” 15 U.S.C.
§ 1602(h) (emphasis added). For an extension of credit to be considered an extension
of “consumer” credit, the party to whom the credit is extended must be a natural
person. Am. Express Co. v. Koerner, 

, 241 (1981). Although the statute
does not specifically define the term “obligor,” the use of the term in a section

                                          -7-
regulating open-end consumer credit plans implies that the party to whom credit is
being extended, i.e., the obligor, is a consumer, and thus a natural person. At a
minimum, the Board’s decision to adopt a regulation consistent with that reading of
the statute is not irrational. Therefore, Citibank did not violate the TILA by failing
to send periodic statements to the Hess estate.

                                           III.

       The remaining claims in the lawsuit depend upon whether, under Missouri law,
George Hess’s account had a credit balance at the time Citibank allegedly swept the
funds into its own accounts. Hess argues that Citibank did not include interest on its
claim in probate court. Missouri Revised Statutes § 473.360(1) provides that all
claims against an estate not submitted in the probate proceeding are extinguished, so
Hess contends that Citibank cannot now claim entitlement to interest on the probate
claim or recover on any claims not made in the probate court. Because Citibank only
demanded $889.58 in probate, Hess asserts, his payment of $974.96 resulted in a
credit balance in the account. Citibank counters that it was entitled to both contractual
and statutory prejudgment interest on its claim filed in probate court. It argues that
the amount of this interest, plus the original debt, was greater than the amount paid by
Hess, so there was never a credit balance in the account to be “swept.”

       Under Missouri law, “the strict rules of pleadings in circuit court petitions do
not apply to probate proceedings,” and it is sufficient if the pleadings “give reasonable
notice of the nature and extent of the claim.” Ryan v. Spiegelhalter, 

,
308 (Mo. banc 2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Jensen v.
Estate of McCall, 

, 55 (Mo. 1968); Matter of Estate of Woodrum, 

, 261 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993). Claims filed in probate court “must be
construed liberally and favorably to plaintiffs, giving them the benefit of all inferences
fairly deducible from the facts stated therein.” 

(internal
quotation and citation omitted); see also 

.

                                           -8-
        Even in cases outside of probate, an express allegation seeking prejudgment
interest is not a prerequisite to the award of such interest. Watters v. Travel Guard
Int’l, 

, 111 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004). A probate claim that states a specific
dollar amount, and nothing more, apparently is insufficient to justify an award of
interest, Estate of Strauss v. Schaeffer, 

, 275 (Mo. Ct. App. 1989), but
under the liberal standard of probate pleadings, “reasonable notice” does not require
a specific mention of interest in the claim. For example, a general open-ended prayer
for relief is sufficient to allow recovery of prejudgment interest, see Call v. Heard,

, 853-54 (Mo. banc 1996), and notice of a claim for interest may be
provided by documents attached to a claim and reasonable inferences that can be
drawn from those documents. See 

; see also 

(relying on contracts incorporated in pleading by reference to
discern claim for interest in real property).

       In this case, Citibank’s claim against George Hess’s probate estate states that
“there is due from the above-captioned estate the sum of $889.58 on account of [a]
Revolving Credit Card Charge for Acct. #(s): 4128003159868812. Please see
attached billing statement.” (App. at 74). The attached billing statement lists a “new
balance” of $889.58, sets forth a minimum amount due of $20.00, and provides a
payment due date of October 5, 1998. The statement also shows that the “new
balance” includes the accrual of $14.62 in finance charges over the thirty days prior
to the statement date, lists an annual percentage rate of 18.90%, and includes a
“balance subject to this charge” of $928.29. (Id.). The ongoing accrual of finance
charges and the notation that the monthly outstanding balance on the account is
subject to finance charges at a rate of 18.90% conveys the information that the balance
on George Hess’s account is subject to interest charges. The incorporation of the
billing statement into Citibank’s probate claim, read liberally and in light of the
minimal pleading requirements of Missouri probate law, leads to the reasonable
inference that Citibank was requesting interest as listed on the statement, and provides
reasonable notice that Citibank’s probate claim included interest.

                                          -9-
       We thus conclude that Citibank adequately pleaded a claim for interest, and we
turn to Citibank’s contention that it was entitled to prejudgment interest based on
either a contract with Hess or the Missouri statute on prejudgment interest. Hess
argues that Citibank was not entitled to contractual interest, because although several
cardmember agreements are in the record, and each of them plainly contemplates an
interest rate well above the rate necessary to defeat Hess’s claim, Citibank did not
produce the specific agreement governing the parties at the time of George Hess’s
death in 1998. Assuming without deciding that Citibank failed to prove its entitlement
to contractual interest, its pleading of a claim for contractual interest authorizes an
award of interest under the Missouri statute. The statute provides that “[c]reditors
shall be allowed to receive interest at the rate of nine percent per annum, when no
other rate is agreed upon, for all moneys after they become due and payable, on
written contracts, and on accounts after they become due and demand of payment is
made.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 408.020. This provision applies whether or not a party
specifies the statutory authority under which it seeks prejudgment interest, Springfield
Land & Dev. Co. v. Bass, 

, 633 & n.9 (Mo. Ct. App. 2001), and if a
demand for payment is not made prior to the filing of a lawsuit, the filing itself
constitutes a demand. 

. As a general rule, “an award of
prejudgment interest in a case where § 408.020 is applicable is not a matter of court
discretion; it is compelled.” 

(internal quotation omitted).

        Citibank was entitled to statutory interest from February 24, 1999, the date that
it filed its claim in probate demanding payment, through December 10, 2000, the date
on which the estate paid $974.96 to Citibank. This interest, at the statutory rate of 9%
per annum, totals $143.89. With an initial balance of $889.58, the estate owed
Citibank at least $1033.47 at the time of the estate’s payment of $974.96.
Accordingly, there was no credit balance at the time of the alleged sweeping, and Hess
cannot prove an essential element of each of his claims.




                                          -10-
                                            IV.

        Hess also argues that the district court erred in staying discovery pending
resolution of the motion for summary judgment. We review a district court’s
determination that a claim is ripe for summary judgment for abuse of discretion,
applying federal law. In re Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Implants Prod. Liab.
Litig. v. Dow Chem. Co., 

, 1488-89 (8th Cir. 1997). Discovery need not
be completed before a court may grant summary judgment, 

and it is not
necessary in every situation. Iverson v. Johnson Gas Appliance Co., 

,
530 (8th Cir. 1999). If the failure to allow discovery “deprives the nonmovant of a
fair chance to respond to the motion, however, summary judgment is not proper and
will be reversed.” 

do not dispute the basic underlying facts upon which the district
court granted summary judgment. While Hess listed a number of allegedly disputed
facts in his appellate brief, these facts either do not bear on the issues before the court,
see, e.g., Newport v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 1167 (8th Cir. 1996), or are legal
questions, suitable for resolution without discovery. See DeGrassi v. City of
Glendora, 

, 643 (9th Cir. 2000). Because the evidence that Hess sought
to discover would not rebut Citibank’s evidence that there was no credit balance at the
time of the alleged sweeping, the district court did not abuse its discretion by staying
discovery. 

; Dravo Corp. v. Zuber, 

, 1228 (8th
Cir. 1994).

                                    *       *        *

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                           ______________________________




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