United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 05-3708
                                    ___________

United States of America,            *
                                     *
          Plaintiff - Appellee,      *
                                     *     Appeal from the United States
     v.                              *     District Court for the Eastern
                                     *     District of Missouri.
                                     *
Dennis Wayne Hinkle, Sr.,            *
                                     *
                                     *
          Defendant - Appellant.     *
                                ___________

                                Submitted: May 16, 2006
                                    Filed: August 4, 2006
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, MELLOY and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

       Dennis Wayne Hinkle, Sr., was convicted of two counts of being a felon in
possession of a firearm, one count of possession of an unregistered short-barrel
shotgun, one count of attempt to destroy or conceal a record to impair its availability
for use in an official proceeding, and one count of attempt to escape from custody.
The district court1 sentenced Hinkle to 293 months’ imprisonment. Hinkle appeals,
challenging the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained in
the search of a trailer. He also contends that the district court erred in finding that his
prior conviction for burglary of a commercial building qualified as a crime of
violence for purposes of sentencing as a career offender. For the reasons set forth
below, we affirm.

I. Background

      In January 2003, Hinkle and Eleonore Griffini were cohabitants of a property
on Bender Lane in St. Louis County, Missouri. Hinkle purchased the property with
money he borrowed from Griffini’s estranged husband, William Kuntscher. The
property was placed in Griffini’s name. Although Hinkle provided money on rare
occasions to pay bills, Griffini was principally responsible for paying the taxes and
maintaining the property. There was no evidence that Hinkle paid rent.

       Each had a separate bedroom in the home. Hinkle’s bedroom was generally
open and unlocked. Griffini had access to Hinkle’s room and the drawers in his
room. Although Griffini testified that Hinkle generally did not want Griffini entering
his room, Hinkle expected her to enter his room on a regular basis to place his folded
laundry on his bed. Hinkle would get angry if Griffini did not do so. Further, Griffini
accessed Hinkle’s drawers to put away his socks and to retrieve keys.

        On January 13, 2003, the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
(“SLMPD”) contacted Griffini. The SLMPD informed Griffini that Kuntscher had
been murdered. The investigation of the murder quickly focused on Hinkle. As a
result, the SLMPD conducted searches of the property on Bender Lane on January 13,


      1
       The Honorable Jean C. Hamilton, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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January 16, January 20, and March 20, 2003. Griffini signed consent forms
authorizing each of the searches of the Bender Lane property.2

      A. January 13 Search

       On January 13, the SLMPD asked Griffini to go to the morgue to identify her
husband’s remains. During the same conversation, the SLMPD learned that Griffini
owned, and lived in, the Bender Lane property with Hinkle. One of the officers,
Detective Don Reynolds, presented Griffini with a “Consent to Search” form.
Griffini reviewed the form and signed it, thereby granting the SLMPD permission to
search the property. The permission to search the Bender Lane property necessarily
included consent to search Hinkle’s room. After receiving consent, Reynolds entered
Hinkle’s bedroom and located two boxes of .223 caliber ammunition.

      B. January 16 Search

       On the morning of January 16, 2003, the SLMPD arrested Hinkle for the
murder of Kuntscher. After advising Hinkle of his rights, Reynolds began formal
booking procedures, including the seizure of Hinkle’s personal property. Hinkle’s
personal property included his keys. Hinkle told Reynolds that since he was being
arrested, Griffini would need his keys. After booking Hinkle, Reynolds gave
Hinkle’s keys to Griffini pursuant to Hinkle's request.



      2
        In his brief, Hinkle challenges the “search” of the trailer. However, in this
case, the SLMPD searched the trailer on at least two occasions, January 16 and 20.
It is not clear whether Hinkle challenges one or both of the searches. It is not
necessary, however, for us to determine which search or searches Hinkle is
challenging because our analysis is the same. For purposes of this opinion, we will
refer to the “search” of the trailer in reference to any of the times the police searched
the trailer pursuant to Griffini’s consent.

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      Shortly thereafter, Reynolds again asked Griffini for permission to search the
property. Griffini stated, both before and after signing a consent to search form, that
it would not be a problem for Reynolds to search the residence. When Griffini gave
Reynolds permission to search, she returned the keys to him. One of the keys Griffini
gave to Reynolds unlocked the padlock on a trailer located on the property. She told
the SLMPD where to find extra keys in the house and how to use the locks. She also
gave specific instructions as to commands her dogs would obey.

        That afternoon, using the keys provided by Griffini, the SLMPD entered the
trailer located next to the house on the property. The officers recovered the following
items: 1) a brown rifle case that contained a Sturm Ruger & Company .223 caliber,
semi-automatic rifle and four magazines for that rifle with approximately thirty
rounds of ammunition; 2) a black nylon gym bag that contained a J. Stevens 16 gauge
single shot shotgun, seven boxes of ammunition, ammunition cartridges, shotgun
shells, a “slapper” (a leather handled object used for self-defense), three documents
from Best-Shot shooting supply relating to the purchase of a firearm by a “Jim
Messenger,” and documents related to the title of a vehicle; and 3) a crowbar.

      C. January 20 Search

       The SLMPD contacted Griffini again on January 20, 2003, with the intent of
showing her the firearms seized during the investigation. Griffini, voluntarily and
without solicitation, showed Reynolds and another detective a hard file cabinet and
a black nylon gym bag. At that time, the detectives again asked for permission to
search. The detectives obtained a consent to search the property and an additional
consent to search the trailer. Griffini helped the detectives locate additional firearms
in the residence. She told them that Hinkle had been known to tape firearms under
drawers. She unlocked the trailer and allowed officers to search it a second time.
The detectives searched the trailer for the murder weapon, firearms, and any other
evidence. While the detectives were searching the trailer, Griffini directed them to

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a FIE .380 caliber Super Titan firearm rolled up in a piece of carpet near a
dishwasher.

      D. March 20, 2003

       Griffini voluntarily consented to a fourth search of the property on March 20,
2003. The detectives searched the property with a metal detector in an effort to locate
any firearms that might be buried.

       On May 13, 2004, Hinkle was charged with three counts of felon in possession
of a firearm and one count of possession of an unregistered short barrel shotgun.
Following his indictment, Hinkle told Griffini to conceal or destroy a Durable Power
of Attorney that named Griffini as Hinkle’s attorney-in-fact. On June 24, 2004, a
superceding indictment was filed, adding a charge of attempt to destroy or conceal
a record with the intent to impair its availability for use in an official proceeding.

       Hinkle filed a motion to suppress the evidence from the trailer. On July 26-27,
a magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing related to Hinkle’s motion to
suppress. Before the magistrate judge could rule on the motion to suppress, Hinkle’s
actions further complicated the legal proceedings. On July 27, Deputy Nick Conrad
of the St. Genevieve County Sheriff’s Department discovered evidence of an attempt
to escape by Hinkle. Deputy Conrad found a bar in a window that had been partially
cut through and concealed by toothpaste. Lt. Chris Joggerst, the jail administrator,
later searched one of Hinkle’s notepads and discovered a hand-drawn map of the area
around the St. Genevieve County Jail and the name and address of “Bill Smelser.”
Jail records indicate that a William Smelser was incarcerated in the same cell block
as Hinkle.

      On September 30, 2004, a second superceding indictment was filed, adding a
charge of attempt to escape from custody. On October 29, 2004, the magistrate judge

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held an evidentiary hearing on the issues raised by the charge of attempted escape.
On December 20, 2004, the magistrate judge recommended denial of the defendant’s
motion to suppress.       The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s
recommendation.

       At trial, Hinkle objected to the search of the trailer, arguing that it was his
property and that Griffini did not have the authority to consent to his search. The
district court denied his motion. Hinkle was convicted on all counts and sentenced
to 293 months. On appeal, Hinkle renews his challenge to the search of the trailer.
He also contends that the court erred in finding that his prior conviction for burglary
of a commercial building qualified as a crime of violence for sentencing as a career
offender.

II. Analysis

      A. Motion to Suppress Evidence from the Trailer

       Hinkle alleges that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress the
evidence of firearms found in his locked trailer. “We review the denial of a motion
to suppress de novo but review underlying factual determinations for clear error,
giving ‘due weight’ to the inferences of the district court and law enforcement
officials.” United States v. Replogle, 

, 938 (8th Cir. 2002) (quoting
United States v. Wheat, 

, 725-26 (8th Cir. 2001)).

        The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures
. . . .” U.S. Const. amend. IV. A search conducted pursuant to the consent of a
person with the authority to grant consent may be undertaken by government actors
without a warrant or probable cause, and any evidence discovered through that search



                                          -6-
may be used at trial unless it is otherwise inadmissible. United States v. Matlock, 

, 170 (1974).

        A third party with “common authority” over a property, or a third party that a
government agent reasonably believes has “common authority” over a property, may
voluntarily consent to a search. United States v. Janis, 

, 686-87 (8th Cir.
2004) (“Common authority is a function of mutual use, joint access, and control, and
is a question of fact.”); see also 

n.7. In this case, Griffini,
the named property owner and party primarily responsible for the Bender Lane
property, had both actual and apparent authority to consent to the searches, including
the search of the trailer. United States v. Brokaw, 

, 954 (8th Cir. 1993)
(holding that consent to search a trailer given by the owner of a property on which the
trailer was located was sufficient). Besides being the owner of the property on which
the trailer was located, Griffini had joint access to the trailer as demonstrated by the
facts that Hinkle gave her the keys and that she knew what the keys were for and how
to use the corresponding locks.

        Even if Griffini did not have actual authority, she had apparent authority. At
the time consent was given by Griffini, the detectives were aware that: 1) Griffini was
listed as the legal owner of the Bender Lane property; 2) Griffini and Hinkle lived
together; 3) Hinkle had instructed Reynolds to give the keys to Griffini; 4) Griffini
provided the keys to Reynolds; 5) Griffini provided specific information regarding
the use of the keys and the locks; 6) Griffini gave specific instructions as to
commands her dogs would obey; 7) Griffini told the detectives they could search
anywhere they wanted and look anywhere they wanted on the property including the
trailer; and 8) Griffini had stated to Reynolds that everything was in her name
because Hinkle was concerned about going back to prison. This information makes
the detectives’ belief that she had authority to consent reasonable. See United States
v. Oates, 

, 656-57 (8th Cir. 1999) (holding that officers had sufficient
evidence to believe that leaseholder had authority to consent to search of entire

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property, including the bedroom of the defendant who lived rent free). Because the
detectives reasonably believed that Griffini had common authority over the trailer,
and because she consented, the warrantless search of the trailer would be valid even
if she did not have actual authority. 

. Accordingly, the district
court properly denied Hinkle’s motion to suppress the evidence discovered in the
search of the trailer.

      B. Burglary as a Crime of Violence

       Hinkle asserts that the district court erred in finding that his prior conviction
for burglary of a commercial building qualified as a crime of violence for purposes
of sentencing as a career offender. We review the district court’s factual findings at
sentencing for clear error and the district court’s application of the Sentencing
Guidelines to the facts de novo. United States v. Mathijssen, 

, 498 (8th
Cir. 2005).

      We have previously held that burglary of a commercial building is a crime of
violence for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. See, e.g., United States v. Bell, 

, 1088 (8th Cir. 2006); United States v. Mohr, 

, 860 (8th Cir. 2004);
United States v. Blahowski, 

, 594-95 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v.
Sun Bear, 

, 752 (8th Cir. 2002); United States v. Stevens, 

,
749 (8th Cir. 1998). Therefore, the district court did not err in finding that his prior
conviction for burglary of a commercial building constituted a crime of violence for
sentencing as a career offender.

III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Hinkle’s
motion to suppress and its finding that burglary of a commercial building qualifies
as a crime of violence for sentencing a career offender.
                       ______________________________

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