United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 05-3799
      ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Allen Steven Mickle, also known as      *
Allen Stevenson Mickle,                 *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *

      ___________
                                            Appeals from the United States
      No. 05-4344                           District Court for the
      ___________                           District of Minnesota.


United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Sylvester Mickle, also known as “Star”, *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: June 13, 2006
                                Filed: October 3, 2006
                                 ___________
Before MURPHY, MELLOY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Twin brothers Allen and Sylvester Mickle pled guilty to conspiring to defraud
the United States with respect to false claims, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286, and four
counts of aiding and abetting false claims against the United States, in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 2 and 287. The charges arose from a scheme in which the two brothers
recruited persons to file fraudulent federal and state income tax returns. The
participants filed tax returns using their own names and social security numbers,
claiming refunds based on false W-2 forms that identified legitimate employers with
accurate corresponding employer identification numbers. Allen and Sylvester also
directed the participants to engage tax preparers, such as H&R Block and Jackson
Hewitt, to prepare and file their federal and state tax returns using the fraudulent W-2
forms, and to apply to the tax preparers for “refund anticipation loans” – cash
advances secured by anticipated tax refunds, which were obtained through the tax
preparers and affiliated financial institutions.

       The government presented evidence that each participant who filed a fraudulent
tax return received $1500 plus the entire refund from the filed Minnesota tax return.
There was additional evidence that a participant in the scheme received a $500 bonus
whenever a return was filed by another person whom the participant had recruited.
Evidence from some participants indicated that the Mickle brothers received the
remaining proceeds derived from the federal refunds and refund anticipation loans.

      The district court1 sentenced Allen and Sylvester to 70 and 41 months’
imprisonment, respectively. The Mickles appeal their sentences, and we affirm.


      1
        The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

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                                           I.

       Allen and Sylvester first contend that the district court erred by applying an
upward adjustment to each of their base offense levels for their roles as organizers and
leaders of the conspiracy. The advisory sentencing guidelines applicable in this case
provide for an upward adjustment of four levels if the defendant was an organizer or
leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants. USSG § 3B1.1(a)
(2002). Factors the court should consider in determining whether a defendant was an
“organizer” or “leader” include the defendant’s exercise of decision making authority,
the nature of the defendant’s participation in the commission of the offense, the
recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the
crime, the degree to which the defendant participated in planning or organizing the
offense, the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and
authority the defendant exercised over others. 

comment. (n.4); United
States v. Brockman, 

, 899 (8th Cir. 1999). More than one participant in
a particular criminal activity can qualify as an organizer or leader. USSG § 3B1.1,
comment. (n.4); see also Morphew v. United States, 

, 1145 (8th Cir.
1990). We examine de novo the district court’s application of the guidelines and
review findings of fact for clear error. United States v. Mashek, 

, 1017
(8th Cir. 2005).

       We conclude that the district court did not err by finding that both Allen and
Sylvester were organizers or leaders of this criminal activity. Both defendants
admitted that they arranged for the filing of tax returns by other individuals, recruited
the participants, and provided the fraudulent W-2 forms. They also testified that they
directed the recruited participants to take the fraudulent W-2 forms to tax preparers,
and urged the participants to apply for refund anticipation loans. For at least some of
the transactions, Allen and Sylvester also explained that after paying participants
$1500 and paying recruiters $500, they shared the remainder of the federal refund.
They both testified that they sometimes accompanied the participant to the tax

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preparer when the loan check or refund was ready, and they also typically held the
copies of the tax returns filed by the participants.

       At the brothers’ sentencing hearing, Special Agent Timothy Nichols, an agent
for the IRS Criminal Investigation Division, summarized information he gathered
from interviews of 29 of the participants in the criminal activity. Nichols testified that
the participants “typically use[d] the same W-2s or the same employers on many of
the W-2s,” that they kept “$1500 of the federal tax refund and the entire state refund,”
while the “balance of the federal refund then would go to the people . . . orchestrating
the scheme,” and that the “wage and withholding amounts are very similar on some
of the W-2s[,] . . . some of them to the penny.” (S. Tr. at 38). Several of the
participants he interviewed explained that “the physical description of the person or
persons involved in the scheme [was of] a black male with braids[,] or twins,” (id.),
and “[s]ome of them knew [the brothers] by name, Allen and Sylvester, and/or Allen
and Star.” (S. Tr. at 39). One participant further explained to Nichols that “[s]he
thought [the two Mickle brothers] were equally involved” in the scheme. (S. Tr. at
17). Nichols testified that from the information he learned through these interviews,
he concluded that Allen and Sylvester fit “[a]t the top” of this conspiracy. (S. Tr. at
47).

       The admissions of the defendants and the evidence gathered by Agent Nichols
provided a sufficient foundation for the district court to conclude that the Mickle
brothers recruited accomplices, helped plan the offense, claimed a right to a greater
share of the proceeds, and exercised control over other participants by setting the
terms of the arrangement. They also accompanied other participants at critical points
in the process, and maintained possession of important documents. Allen argues that
he played a more limited role in the conspiracy than Sylvester and should not have
been characterized as an organizer or leader. While Sylvester played a lead role in
obtaining or creating the fraudulent W-2 forms, and accompanying participants to
receive a refund check or refund anticipation loan, it is not necessary that each

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organizer or leader be responsible for the same actions in the criminal scheme or even
that each party with an aggravating role be equally culpable. See United States v.
Antillon-Castillo, 

, 1060 (8th Cir. 2003) (“A defendant need not be the
leader of an organization . . . in order to be a leader under § 3B1.1(a).”). Allen’s
involvement in recruiting accomplices, planning the offense with his brother, and
receiving a substantial share of the proceeds provided a sufficient basis to find that he
was an organizer or leader. The district court’s finding regarding Allen’s role in the
offense was not clearly erroneous.

                                           II.

       Allen also contests the district court’s conclusion that he was jointly responsible
with Sylvester for the entire tax loss involved in the conspiracy. The district court
found that the total tax loss, defined as “the loss that would have resulted had the
offense been successfully completed,” USSG § 2T1.1(c)(1) (2002), was between
$200,000 and $400,000, which corresponds to a base offense level of 18. USSG
§ 2T4.1(G), (H) (Supp. Jan. 25, 2003). Allen argues that because of his relatively
limited participation in the conspiracy, as contrasted with his brother Sylvester’s role,
he was responsible for only $80,000 to $120,000 of the tax loss, which corresponds
to a base offense level of 16. 

(G). Allen contends that the offense
conduct was not a single conspiracy encompassing all of the conspirators and
transactions, but rather a set of multiple conspiracies, some of which he says involved
Sylvester but not Allen. Allen asserts that he should not be accountable for a subset
of conspiracies in which he was not involved.

       Each defendant in a “jointly undertaken criminal activity” is accountable for his
own conduct and for “all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in
furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity.” USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)
(2002). Thus, to attribute offense conduct to a particular defendant, the district court
must find that the conduct was in furtherance of the conspiracy, and reasonably

                                           -5-
foreseeable to the defendant. United States v. Rogers, 

, 1246 (8th Cir.
1993); see also United States v. Mellen, 

, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

       The district court found that the entire loss was “reasonably foreseeable in
furtherance of jointly undertaken criminal activity,” and we conclude that this finding
was not clearly erroneous. Allen pled guilty to count one of the superseding
indictment, which charged that he conspired with Sylvester and others to defraud the
United States by obtaining payment or allowance of false claims from February 23,
2002, through April 2003. The indictment alleged that while both brothers
participated in certain fraudulent transactions, on some occasions – within this single
conspiracy – “only one of the defendants or another co-conspirator” would take the
participant to file a false tax return with the tax preparer, or to pick up the check with
proceeds from the refund anticipation loan. (R. at 3, 4). The conspiracy count also
alleged that “[a]s a result of the defendants’ conspiracy, over $200,000 of false claims
were made to the Internal Revenue Service.” (R. at 5).

       We have held that when a defendant pleads guilty, he “admits all of the factual
allegations made in the indictment,” at least where he does not specifically state that
he disagrees with certain facts recited in the charging document. United States v.
White, 

, 402-03 (8th Cir. 2005) (internal citation and quotation omitted).
In this case, Allen agreed that “during the years 2002 and 2003,” he and his brother
arranged for the filing of tax returns by other individuals, (Plea Tr. at 26-27), and
Allen never disputed any of the specific factual allegations in the charges to which he
pled guilty. Under those circumstances, Allen is foreclosed from arguing at this stage
that the false claims making up the $200,000 loss alleged in the conspiracy count were
not actually part of the conspiracy to which he pled guilty.




                                           -6-
                                          III.

       Allen also argues that after the district court found that he accepted
responsibility for his offense and decreased his offense level by two levels in
accordance with USSG § 3E1.1(a) (2002), the court erred by not decreasing the
offense level by one additional level pursuant to § 3E1.1(b). The latter subsection
provided, as of the date of the offense, that if a defendant qualifies for the two-level
decrease under § 3E1.1(a), then the court should apply the additional one-level
decrease if the defendant has assisted authorities by “timely notifying authorities of
his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby permitting the government to avoid
preparing for trial and permitting the court to allocate its resources efficiently.”

       The district court applied the two-level decrease under § 3E1.1(a), but then
declined to decrease the offense level by the additional level, not because of any
“delay in the trial preparations,” but rather because Allen “greatly minimized his role
in this case,” and had not sufficiently embraced his guilt. (S. Tr. at 203). This was
error. Once the court found that Allen accepted responsibility for his offense, it did
not have discretion to decline to decrease the offense level by an additional level for
reasons unrelated to the steps described in § 3E1.1(b). United States v. Rice, 

, 742 (8th Cir. 1999). If Allen timely notified authorities of his intention to plead
guilty, then he should have qualified for a three-level decrease.

       Nevertheless, we conclude that the error was harmless. “If the sentence
imposed falls within the guideline range urged by the appellant and if it is clear that
the sentencing court would have imposed the same sentence regardless of whether the
appellant’s argument for a lower guideline range ultimately prevailed, there can be no
reversible error in the sentence.” United States v. Harris, 

, 573 (8th Cir.
2004) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Had Allen received a three-level
adjustment under § 3E1.1, the resulting sentencing range under the advisory
guidelines would have been 63-78 months’ imprisonment, rather than the range of 70-

                                          -7-
87 months used by the district court. The sentence of 70 months imposed by the
district court falls within both advisory ranges. The court specifically announced,
moreover, that it would have imposed a 70-month sentence even if it had applied the
full three-level decrease for acceptance of responsibility. The court explained that
“whether one approaches it from the sentencing guideline analysis that I have
discussed or from a more general overarching theme of the objectives for sentencing
as they are set forth in Section 3553(a) ... [s]eventy months is the appropriate sentence
given the totality of the circumstances.” (S. Tr. at 212). We conclude that the sentence
was reasonable with regard to § 3553(a), and the error in calculating the advisory
guidelines was harmless. See 

.

                                           IV.

      Finally, the Mickles challenge the district court’s order of restitution to the State
of Minnesota and the private financial institutions from whom the conspirators
obtained refund anticipation loans. They contend that because the offense of
conviction was limited to a conspiracy to defraud the United States, the court was
authorized to order restitution only to the federal government.

       The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”) provides that in a case
involving an offense against property, including any offense committed by fraud or
deceit, the district court shall order restitution to “the victim of the offense.” 18
U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii). A “victim” means “a person directly and
proximately harmed as a result of the commission of an offense for which restitution
may be ordered including, in the case of an offense that involves as an element a
scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity, any person directly harmed by the
defendant’s criminal conduct in the course of the scheme.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2).
We consider de novo the district court’s application of the MVRA, and review the
restitution order for abuse of discretion. United States v. Liner, 

, 926
(8th Cir. 2006).

                                           -8-
       The Mickles pled guilty to an offense that involves a conspiracy as an element.
Although the offense of conviction involves a conspiracy to defraud the United States,
the MVRA authorizes an order of restitution to any person “directly and proximately
harmed” as a result of the conspiracy, even if the offense of conviction did not require
proof of an agreement to defraud those particular victims. Count one of the
superseding indictment detailed a conspiracy in which the object was “to obtain
money from the United States through the Internal Revenue Service, from the State
of Minnesota through the Department of Revenue, and through various financial
institutions by filing false state and federal 2001 and 2002 income tax returns claiming
refunds to which the co-conspirators knew they were not entitled and, in some
instances, obtaining ‘Refund Anticipation Loans.’” (R. at 2 ¶ 3) (emphasis added).
As part of the charged conspiracy, the defendants directed co-conspirators to hire tax
preparers to file returns based on the fraudulent W-2 forms, and to apply for refund
anticipation loans from the tax preparers. (R. at 3 ¶ 8, 4 ¶ 10). In addition, the
indictment charged that co-conspirators filed fraudulent federal and state tax returns,
and asserted that the filing co-conspirators were generally allowed to keep the entire
state refund. (R. at 2 ¶ 4, 5 ¶ 13).

       The defendants admitted that obtaining state tax refunds and loans from private
financial institutions based on false tax returns was part of the conspiracy to which
they pled guilty. (Plea Tr. at 28-29, 33-35, 65, 67-72, 74, 76-77); see 

. The harm to the State of Minnesota and private financial institutions was
directly and proximately caused by the offense conduct, as the persons recruited to file
false tax returns obtained refund anticipation loans or state tax refunds as a direct
consequence of preparing or filing the false documents arranged by the Mickles. The
district court thus did not err in concluding that the MVRA authorized restitution to
these parties. The court’s decision to order restitution in the amount of the actual
losses caused by the criminal conduct, approximately $127,000, was not an abuse of
discretion.



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                            *       *      *

For these reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                ______________________________




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