United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-1840
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Western District of Missouri.
Antwaen D. Reliford,                     *
                                         *
      Defendant - Appellant.             *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: September 26, 2006
                                  Filed: December 26, 2006
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BEAM and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

        Antwaen Reliford pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). At sentencing, the district court1 concluded that he
is an armed career criminal, making him subject to a mandatory minimum fifteen-year
prison sentence and an advisory guidelines base offense level of 34. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e); U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A). The court sentenced Reliford to 188 months in
prison, the bottom of his advisory guidelines range. Reliford appeals, arguing that the
government failed to prove that his prior state court convictions for tampering by

      1
      The HONORABLE FERNANDO J. GAITAN, United States District Judge for
the Western District of Missouri
operation and for criminal threat were violent felonies under § 924(e), and that his
sentence is unreasonable. We affirm.

                      I. The Armed Career Criminal Issues

       A person convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm is an armed
career criminal for sentencing purposes if he has three prior convictions that were
either "serious drug offense[s]" or "violent felon[ies]." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
Reliford concedes that his prior Missouri conviction for sale of a controlled substance
was a serious drug offense under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A). But he argues that his
1996 Missouri conviction for automobile tampering and his 1998 Kansas conviction
for criminal threat were not violent felonies. That term is defined in 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B), which provides in relevant part:

            (B) the term “violent felony” means any crime punishable by
      imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . that --

                    (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened
             use of physical force against the person of another; or
                    (ii) . . . otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
             potential risk of physical injury to another.

We review this issue de novo. United States v. Johnson, 

, 995 (8th Cir.
2005), cert. denied, 

(2006).

       In determining whether an offense under state law is a violent felony for
purposes of § 924(e)(2)(B), we apply the “formal categorical approach” adopted by
the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, 

, 600 (1990), an analysis
that focuses on the statutory elements of the offense rather than the particular facts
underlying the defendant’s prior conviction. When applying § 924(e)(2)(B)(i), the
issue is whether those elements included the use, attempted use, or threatened use of


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physical force against a person. When applying the "otherwise involves" provision
in § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), the issue is whether those elements “described conduct that
necessarily entails a serious potential risk of physical injury.” United States v.
McCall, 

, 970 (8th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (quotation omitted). An
affirmative answer to either question means that the offense is eligible for the violent
felony classification.

       When an offense is eligible for violent felony classification but the state
criminal statute is over-inclusive -- that is, the elements of the offense also encompass
conduct that does not constitute a violent felony -- the sentencing court must consider
the facts underlying the defendant's conviction to determine whether it was a violent
felony for purposes of § 924(e)(2)(B). However, to avoid the practical difficulties and
potential unfairness of retrying the prior case, this inquiry is conducted by examining
a limited universe of judicial documents to determine whether the state court jury
found, or the defendant admitted, that he was guilty of conduct constituting a violent
felony. See 

, applying 

, and
Shepard v. United States, 

, 26 (2005). In these circumstances, if the
defendant fails to object to fact statements in the presentence investigation report
(PSR) establishing that a prior offense was a violent felony conviction, the
government need not introduce at sentencing the documentary evidence that Taylor
and Shepard otherwise require. 

; United States v. Menteer,

(8th Cir. 2005).

       A. The Automobile Tampering Conviction. In 1996, Reliford was convicted
of first degree motor vehicle tampering, a Missouri offense defined as “knowingly
receiv[ing], possess[ing], sell[ing] . . . or unlawfully operat[ing] an automobile . . .
without the consent of the owner.” Mo. Ann. Stat. § 569.080.1(2). A violation of this
statute is a violent felony under the "otherwise involves" provision in 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) if the defendant in fact operated the motor vehicle without the
owner's consent. Like vehicle theft, tampering by operation of the vehicle creates the

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risks of physical confrontation with the owner or police when the vehicle is taken and
of a high-speed chase when the perpetrator attempts to escape. See United States v.
Bockes, 

, 1092 (8th Cir. 2006); 

. However,
some violations of the Missouri tampering statute are not violent felonies, such as
mere possession of another person's vehicle without consent. See United States v.
Adams, 

, 647 (8th Cir.), petition for cert. filed, Sept. 13, 2006.
Therefore, a Missouri motor vehicle tampering conviction is a violent felony for
purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) only if the government proves at sentencing, by means
of evidence authorized by McCall, that the offense conduct included tampering by
operation.

       In this case, Reliford argues the sentencing record is insufficient to establish
that his 1996 conviction involved tampering by operation. We disagree. Paragraph
33 of the PSR recited that Reliford was arrested while “driving” a stolen vehicle and
that he later admitted to “driving the stolen vehicles and knowing the vehicles were
stolen.” Reliford filed no objection to paragraph 33. Therefore, the district court did
not err in concluding that his tampering conviction involved tampering by operation,
a violent felony within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii).

       B. The Criminal Threat Conviction. Paragraph 36 of Reliford 's PSR recited
that in April 1998 he was convicted of a Kansas charge that he "did unlawfully,
willfully and feloniously threaten to commit violence and communicated said threat
with intent to terrorize another [person]." At sentencing, Reliford objected to the
underlying facts set forth in paragraph 36 but admitted that this conviction included
as an element “the making of a threat to commit violence.”

      On appeal, Reliford argues that this was not a violent felony conviction because
a “conviction for threats . . . presents neither an inherent potential for harm to others
nor carries a serious risk of physical injury.” However, as the government notes, this
contention ignores the plain language of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i), which defines

                                          -4-
“violent felony” to include the “threatened use of physical force against the person of
another.” Thus, Congress has decided that convictions for threats to use physical
force against another person are violent felonies. The question is whether that type
of threat was an element of Reliford's 1998 Kansas conviction.

      Section 21-3419(a)(1) of the Kansas Penal Code defines criminal threat as
including a threat to:

      (1) Commit violence communicated with intent to terrorize another, or
      to cause the evacuation of any building, place of assembly or facility of
      transportation, or in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror
      or evacuation . . . .

Like the Tenth Circuit, we conclude that a conviction for a threat to commit violence
communicated with the intent to terrorize another person is a violent felony within the
meaning of § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). See United States v. Treto-Banuelos, 165 Fed. Appx.
668, 670-71 (10th Cir.), cert. denied 

(2006); United States v. Mulay,
77 Fed. Appx. 455, 457-58 (10th Cir. 2003).2 As Reliford admitted making this type
of threat, the district court correctly concluded that his Kansas conviction was a
violent felony and that he is therefore an armed career criminal.

                           II. The Reasonableness Issue

      Reliford next argues that his 188-month sentence is unreasonable. At
sentencing, Reliford’s counsel urged the court to impose the mandatory minimum

      2
        Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-3419(a) contains two other subparts that expand the
definition of criminal threat to include threats to contaminate food, drugs, or a public
water supply, and to expose animals to contagious diseases. Because 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i) is limited to the threatened use of physical force against the person
of another, a conviction for committing one of these additional types of criminal threat
might not be a violent felony for purposes of § 924(e).

                                          -5-
fifteen-year sentence. Noting Reliford’s extensive criminal history, the court instead
imposed a sentence at the bottom of Reliford's advisory guidelines range, eight
months above the mandatory minimum 180-month sentence. On appeal, Reliford
argues that the district court failed to consider his addiction to marijuana and cocaine,
and his limited education, lack of employable skills, troubled upbringing, and mental
health issues. The PSR recited that the twenty-eight-year-old Reliford has fourteen
juvenile and adult convictions, including multiple drug and firearm offenses as well
as the tampering by operation and criminal threat offenses. When arrested for this
offense, Reliford was driving a stolen motor scooter and carrying twenty three small
bags of crack cocaine. He committed this offense while on probation and less than
two years after his release from custody for a prior drug conviction. On this record,
the district court’s decision to impose a sentence at the bottom of Reliford’s advisory
guidelines range was not unreasonable.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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