United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-2224
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the District of
                                        * North Dakota.
Kimhong Thi Le,                          *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: November 16, 2006
                                 Filed: January 22, 2007
                                 ___________


Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, MELLOY, Circuit Judge, SCHILTZ, District Judge.1
                              ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

      Kimhong Thi Le was charged with possession with intent to distribute and
conspiracy to distribute marijuana. Le moved to suppress the marijuana upon which
her charges were based, alleging that her Fourth Amendment rights were violated
when an officer impounded and conducted an inventory search of the rental vehicle


      1
        The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, Judge, United States District Court for the
District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
in which she had been a passenger. After the district court2 denied Le’s motion to
suppress, Le entered a conditional plea of guilty to an information charging her with
possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)
and 841(b)(1)(D). Le reserved the right to appeal the denial of her suppression
motion. We affirm.

I.    Background

      On February 9, 2004, Le and Diana Courtney Duong departed from Seattle,
Washington, en route to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in a rented sport utility vehicle
(SUV). Inside the SUV, the women carried four large duffle bags belonging to Le;
the duffle bags contained 216 pounds of marijuana in numerous heat-sealed bags.

      On February 10, 2004, Duong lost control of the SUV as the women
encountered a blizzard while driving eastbound on I-94, an interstate highway through
western North Dakota. The SUV careened off of the road, rolled over onto its side,
and came to rest in a snow-covered ditch about forty feet from the south side of I-94.
Neither woman was injured and they left the SUV.

       At approximately 8:50 a.m. on February 11, 2004, North Dakota Highway
Patrol Trooper Will Vance came across Duong and Le’s overturned SUV. No one
was present at the accident site. Trooper Vance conducted a license check on the
vehicle and, from the information he gathered, concluded that the SUV was either a
rental vehicle or a company car. Trooper Vance contacted various local law
enforcement agencies to determine whether the accident involving the SUV had been
reported, as required by North Dakota law; no reports had been received.




      2
        The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.
                                         -2-
      The North Dakota Highway Patrol Policy Manual states that if a vehicle
“constitutes a hazard, the vehicle will be considered abandoned and will be
impounded and moved to an authorized area for safekeeping.” Because of the SUV’s
proximity to I-94 and the continuing poor road conditions, Trooper Vance believed
the overturned vehicle constituted a hazard and therefore decided to impound it. After
Trooper Vance requested East End Towing impound the vehicle, he learned that a
woman had called the towing company earlier that morning seeking to have the SUV
towed.

       East End Towing was finally able to return the SUV to an upright position at
approximately 10:33 a.m. After the vehicle was righted, Trooper Vance checked the
glove compartment for documents identifying the vehicle’s owner. The compartment
contained a card from Budget Rent-A-Car with the company’s phone number; no
other information was found.

       After checking the glove compartment, Trooper Vance noticed several large,
black duffle bags in the back seat area, along with a suitcase. None of the luggage had
identification tags. Trooper Vance then conducted an inventory search of the vehicle,
consistent with Highway Patrol policy for vehicles being impounded. He removed
one of the duffle bags from the car, opened it, and found numerous heat- sealed bags
of marijuana. The remaining duffle bags, which also contained marijuana, were
removed from the vehicle. Trooper Vance cataloged the contents of the vehicle on the
required inventory search form and completed evidence documentation for the
contraband items found in the vehicle.

      No one associated with the vehicle arrived at the scene during the two hours
before the car was righted, or any time on February 11, 2004, despite contact between
a person claiming an interest in the car and East End Towing.




                                          -3-
       Le was eventually identified as the passenger in the SUV and was charged with
possession with intent to distribute marijuana and conspiracy to distribute marijuana.
Le filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during Trooper Vance’s inventory
search of the wrecked SUV. Le asserted the impoundment and inventory search of the
SUV were unreasonable considering the totality of the circumstances, thereby
violating her Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures. Specifically, Le argued that the SUV was unconstitutionally impounded, and
the subsequent search therefore also impermissible, because the decision to impound
the SUV was made pursuant to a policy vesting officers with excessive discretion.

      The district court rejected Le’s arguments and denied the motion to suppress.
The court held that the impoundment and inventory search of the SUV were
reasonable based upon the totality of the circumstances. In the alternative, the court
concluded that the SUV was abandoned on the morning of February 11, 2004,
rendering Le unable to pursue a Fourth Amendment claim.

       After the district court’s ruling, Le entered a conditional guilty plea to an
information charging her with possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(D). Le was sentenced to thirty
months of imprisonment.

II.   Discussion

       “When considering the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we review the
district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.”
United States v. Petty, 

, 1011 (8th Cir. 2004).

      Le contends that the SUV was unlawfully impounded, rendering the
accompanying inventory search unconstitutional. Le further argues that the search
was unreasonable, considering the totality of the circumstances. Thus, Le asserts the

                                         -4-
marijuana found during the inventory search must be suppressed. We disagree.
Because we conclude the SUV was properly impounded and the subsequent search
was permissible and reasonable, we affirm the district court’s denial of the motion to
suppress.

       The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S.
Const. amend. IV. Generally, searches or seizures conducted without prior approval
by a judge or magistrate are unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. United
States v. Marshall, 

, 1173 (8th Cir. 1993). However, there are “a few
specifically established and well-delineated exceptions” to this “cardinal principle.”

omitted). The Supreme Court has recognized such an
exception to the warrant requirement for searching a vehicle lawfully impounded by
law enforcement officers. Cady v. Dombrowski, 

, 446-48 (1973).
“Impoundment of a vehicle for the safety of the property and the public is a valid
‘community caretaking’ function of the police,” which does not require a warrant.

(quoting 

).

       The impounding of a vehicle passes constitutional muster so long as the
decision to impound is guided by a standard policy – even a policy that provides
officers with discretion as to the proper course of action to take – and the decision is
made “on the basis of something other than suspicion of evidence of criminal
activity.” Colorado v. Bertine, 

, 375 (1987). These parameters are
designed “to ensure that impoundments and inventory searches are not merely a ruse
for general rummaging in order to discover incriminating evidence.” 

(internal quotation omitted).

      Trooper Vance acted according to standard procedures when he decided to
impound the SUV he found overturned on the side of the interstate during extreme
weather conditions. The North Dakota Highway Patrol Policy Manual provides for
the impounding of a vehicle that constitutes a hazard. While this policy vests officers

                                          -5-
with some discretion to determine whether a vehicle is a “hazard,” the criteria listed
in the Policy Manual are sufficiently standardized to comport with the Fourth
Amendment’s reasonableness requirement. See 

(stating that
a policy requiring officers to use their judgment to determine whether a driver is
“available” or a car is “abandoned” is sufficiently standardized to satisfy the
reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment). “So long as the officer’s
residual judgment is exercised based on legitimate concerns related to the purposes
of an impoundment, his decision to impound a particular vehicle does not run afoul
of the Constitution.” 

encountered the overturned SUV early in the morning following
a blizzard. The accident had not been reported to law enforcement and no one was
present with the vehicle, nor did anyone ever appear to claim an interest in the SUV.
The wreck was forty feet from the roadway. Trooper Vance expressed a legitimate
concern that passing motorists would feel compelled to stop and attempt to assist any
occupants of the vehicle, a hazardous endeavor considering the continuing poor road
conditions. There was no evidence suggesting any motive other than a concern for
safety underlying Trooper Vance’s decision to impound the SUV. Based on these
circumstances, Trooper Vance had a sufficient basis to conclude that the SUV should
be impounded.

      Having concluded that the decision to impound the SUV passes constitutional
muster, we turn to the ensuing search. Law enforcement may search a lawfully
impounded vehicle to inventory its contents without obtaining a warrant. See South
Dakota v. Opperman, 

, 376 (1976); United States v. Pappas, 

, 771 (8th Cir 2006) (“An inventory search by police prior to the impoundment of
a vehicle is generally a constitutionally reasonable search.”). The reasonableness of
an inventory search is determined based upon the totality of the circumstances.
United States v. Beal, 

, 954 (8th Cir. 2005). Those circumstances



                                         -6-
include whether the search was conducted according to standardized procedures.

.

       Trooper Vance’s search of the SUV, including opening the duffle bags
containing the marijuana, was consistent with North Dakota Highway Patrol policy
to “conduct a detailed inspection and inventory of all impounded vehicles.” Trooper
Vance testified that he was trained to open closed containers during inventory
searches and that it is his standard practice to do so. Such oral testimony is sufficient
to establish the requisite standardized procedures required to comport with the Fourth
Amendment. See United States v. Lowe, 

, 46 (8th Cir. 1993) (holding that
evidence of a written policy is not required and that oral testimony about a standard
policy to open closed containers during an inventory search is sufficient to meet the
Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness requirement). Thus, the search did not run afoul
of the Constitution.

      Because we conclude the search and seizure of the SUV did not violate the
Fourth Amendment, we need not consider the district court’s alternative holding that
the SUV was abandoned.

III.   Conclusion

       For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                             ______________________




                                           -7-